Iimpawu zesakhiwo seeseli zamathambo ezigciniweyo. I-Palisade (columnar) yamathambo amaqabunga eqabunga lesityalo

Ukwahlukana kweeseli kunye nezicubu kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwendalo. Ukuhlukana kwemisebenzi nganye yeseli kunokuthelekiswa nokuhlukana kwabasebenzi kumveliso: ukuba nganye iyunithi yenza umsebenzi wayo kuphela, umphumo wonke unokufumaneka ngexesha elifutshane. Kuyafana kwanoma yimuphi umhlobo ophilayo ophethe umgangatho wobomi kuxhomekeke kwinkimbinkimbi yayo yentuthuko kunye niche.

Iyintoni iseli: i-biology yobomi

Isisele yunithi yesakhiwo kunye nesisebenza kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ngaphandle kweyintsholongwane - i-noncellular form of life. Ingubo - iqoqo leeseli kunye ne-intercellular substance, enesakhiwo esifanayo, imisebenzi kunye nemvelaphi. I-biology yomsebenzi weseli isekelwe kwisakhiwo sayo, esichazwe ngumlinganiselo wokubambisana kwezilwanyana okanye isityalo.

Ukwahlukana kweeseli kwizilwanyana kunye nezityalo kwenzeka nakwi-ongenisis. Ngamnye wabo uvela kwi-tissue yangaphambili: ukuba izilwanyana ziyi-cell stem, kwaye izityalo zidibanisa.

Yintoni iseli? I-biology kunye nokwakhiwa kweeseli kusenza siwahlukanise ngamaqela amabini.

1. Iiseli ze-Eukaryotic. Ezi zibandakanya iinqununu zesakhiwo sezilwanyana nezityalo zezityalo.

2. Iiseli zeprokaryotic. Ziyabonakala ngokungabikho kwenucleus kunye nezinye i-organelles. Izinto zeParyotic ziquka iibhaktheriya.

Ukwakhiwa kweseli lesilwanyana

I-Biology ihlola isakhiwo seeseli. Isakhiwo seseli yesilwanyana safumaniswa nguHooke ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, kodwa yafundwa ngokubanzi kufuphi ne-20 millennium.

Iselwanyana sesilwanyana sisistim ejikelezwe yiplasmalemma. Kwi-cytoplasm, i-organelles eyahlukeneyo kunye ne-inclusions "ibhukuda". I-Organelles iquka i-lysosomes, i-mitochondria, i-Golgi zixhobo, i-endoplasmic reticulum, i-peroxisomes. Iziphumo zizinto ezichithwa kwi-cytosol kwaye zilinde zide zifunekayo ukwakha isakhiwo seeseli.

Ngokungafani nesityalo, kwiseli yezilwanyana akukho donga leseli, i- vacuole kunye ne-chloroplast. Ukungabikho kwesigxina esongezelelweyo sithintela, umzekelo, iimpawu zokuguqulwa kwe-plasmalemma ngethuba lokuhluma.

Ulwakhiwo lwesitimu sesityalo

Okubhaliweyo kwangaphakathi kweseli yesityalo kucebile kakhulu kunesilwanyana. Okokuqala, unokufumana apha izakhiwo ezimbini zeembrane - i-chloroplasts. Kwaye umsebenzi ukuqinisekisa inkqubo ye-photosynthesis, ebaluleke kakhulu kwizityalo ngokwemithombo yamandla eyongezelelweyo kunye nokuphefumula, kunye ne-glucose.

Isitya sesityalo esivela ngaphandle sinyongezelwa ngodonga lweseli. Iqukethe ii-fiblulose ze-cellulose, kunye ne-pectin isaphila kwindawo yokudibana neeseli ezimbini ezikufutshane. Apha, inkunkuma enamandla enje yangaphandle ayivumeli ukunxibelelana njengeseli zezilwanyana. Indima ephambili kwizothutho idlaliswa yisakhiwo seseli. IBakala 6, i-biology apho ingazange ifundwe ngokucace kakhulu, ayinikezeli ulwazi malunga ne-atmosmosomes-iipressi ezikhethekileyo eludongeni lweeseli ezihambisa ukuhambisa izinto ukusuka kwiseli enye ukuya kwelinye. Ngokuncedwa kwezi zakhiwo, i-vacuoles inokuqhagamshelana nebhuloli encinane ngapha kwelikhulu.

I-Vacuole yinto enye ulwahlulo phakathi kweseli lesilwanyana kunye nesitimu sesityalo. Umsebenzi walo kugcina i-alkaloids, i-acids, i-calcium, eyenza ukuzinzisa uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic. Ngaphezu koko, i-alkaloids kunye ne-acids inokuchaphazela kakubi iziqulatho ze-cytoplasm, ngoko kufuneka zibe segumbini elikude kunye nomlenze okhethekileyo apho kungenakwenzeka ukungena kwiimlekyuli zesi sikhulu. Umlenze we-vacuole ubizwa ngokuba yi-tonoplast.

Zonke iimpawu zesakhiwo seeseli zamathambo eziqhelekileyo zifana nesi cwangciso singentla sakhiwo seeseli zityalo.

I projekyo

Iibhaktheriya (njengabameli beprokariyti) zizinto eziphilayo ezingekho phantsi kwezinto eziphilayo. Iseli yebhakteria yinto ye-cytosol ejikelezwe yimbumba, udonga lwamaseli kunye ne-capsule ye-mucous. Ngaphakathi, akukho ziqumrhu ezenzeka kwiiukriyoti. I-nucleus ayikho, kwaye yonke imveliso yendalo ikhona kwiibhaktheriya ezininzi ezine-chromosome enye kuphela.

I-metabolism yeseli isekelwa izakhiwo ezizodwa - i-mesosomes. Bamele ukuphuma komlenze we-cytoplasm ngaphakathi kwiseli, kwaye umsebenzi wabo uphefumlelwe okanye u-photosynthesis, xa kuziwa kwiibhakteria ze-photosynthetic.

Ukungabikho kwenucleus kunceda ukwandisa isantya sombhalo kunye nokuguqulelwa. Kwakhona, isantya sesahlulo se-cell binary sanda: i-colony yebhaktheriya inokuphinda iphindwe kabini inombolo yayo yonke imizuzu engama-20.

Imisebenzi yeseli

Isisele njengeyunithi yesakhiwo kunye neyasebenza kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo zingenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo enxulumene nokugcina imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yendalo. Inxaxheba ephambili apha idlalwa yisakhiwo seseli. IBanga 6, i-biology apho yafundiswa kwinqanaba lokuqala, isichazela izinto eziphambili zentlangano yezixhobo zeselula.

Ukumiselwa kweeseli zezityalo yinkqubo yamanyathelo amaninzi, ngenxa yokokuba ezinye izicubu zomzimba zakhiwe kwi-meristem: i-cover, i-excretory, i-conductive, mechanical. Iiseli nganye zezicubu zihluke kwisakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi. Ngokomzekelo, umsebenzi weeseli ezinokuthi awuvumelekanga ukuba unikwe amaqela angaphandle kwiimpawu, xa kukho izinto zokuqhuba ezifunekayo ukuthutha izinto eziphilayo kunye nezamaminerali kwisityalo.

Ukusebenzisana kweeseli kufezwe ngoonxibelelwano olukhethekileyo, okubizwa ngokuba yi-plasmodesmata. Ummiselo usebenza kwinqanaba le-biochemical ngoncedo lweezymes ezahlukeneyo kunye neemetabolites.

I-Leaf - isityalo sezityalo

Umsebenzi wezityalo zityalo kukugcina umsebenzi obalulekileyo wesityalo kwizinga eliphezulu. Iqabunga likwale qela, ngoko ke umsebenzi walo oyintloko ngu-photosynthesis.

Iimpawu zekholomu yizona zihloko eziphambili ze-photosynthetic zeqabunga. Iqukethe amaseli e-parenchymal, apho kukho ezininzi i-chloroplast. Iiseli zamathambo ezi-columnar zi kufuphi nommandla ophezulu weqabunga ukuze zithole amandla angaphezulu kwelanga kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, ukwandisa isivinini kunye nemveliso ye-photosynthesis.

Kwakhona kwindlela yokwenziwa kweqabunga kwimizimba ye-spongy, enee-chloroplast, kodwa inani labo lincinci kakhulu xa lifaniswa ne-polysaccharous parenchyma. Inyaniso kukuba umsebenzi oyintloko weeseli zezicubu ze-spongy ukutshintshwa kwegesi ngenxa yeendawo ezinkulu eziphakathi.

Iimpawu zesakhiwo samaseli e-columnar amaqabunga amaqabunga

I-parenchyma ye-parasitic iphezulu kwiqendu leqabunga ukuqokelela inani elikhulu lamandla elanga. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuhamba kakuhle kwemigangatho yokukhanya kunye emnyama ye-photosynthesis, idlula kuphela kwimeko yokukhanyisa.

I-cellar cell isisitye esithintekayo sesimo se-cylindrical, umsebenzi oyintloko wenkqubo ye-photosynthesis. Ukwenza oku, iindidi ezininzi ze-chloroplast zifumaneka kwiiseli zamathambo e-columnar, ezifumaneka ngasecaleni kweseli. Uluhlu olunjalo kwindawo ye-cytosol luchazwa ngenyuka ekukhutsheni kwelanga.

Kwi-C4 izityalo zamahlathi ashushu kunye ne-equatorial, isakhiwo seqabunga lihluke kakhulu. Zinezicubu zekholomu kwiindawo eziphezulu nakwezona ziphantsi kwelilungu. Oku kungenxa yeziganeko zobumnyama be-photosynthesis kulezi zityalo.

Iimpawu zesakhiwo seeseli zelumzimba zisetyenziswe sisityalo ukunyusa ukusebenza kwe-photosynthesis.

Yintoni i-photosynthesis?

I-Photosynthesis yinkqubo ye-biochemical multi-stage, apho amandla akhiwa ngohlobo lwe-ATP kunye ne-glucose-carbohydrate, egcinwa sisityalo.

I-Photosynthesis ihlukaniswe zibe zigaba ezimbini: ukukhanya kunye nomnyama. Ngexesha lokuqala, i-photolysis yamanzi iyenzeka, ukukhululwa kwe-oksijini njengomveliso kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-ATP, i-NADPH. Isigaba somnyama se-photosynthesis simele senze i-cascade yeempendulo ezilandelelanayo, ngenxa yoko i-glucose okanye i-analogues zeshukela zenziwe.

Kutheni izityalo zifuna i-photosynthesis?

Ukuze ugcine ubomi obuqhelekileyo, isityalo sithengisa isixa esikhulu se-starch. Isitashi siyi-polysaccharide, i-monomer esebenzisa i-glucose. Akumangalisi ukuba kwimizimba yesityalo inxalenye enkulu kunazo zonke zihlala kwiiklasi-carbohydrates kuzo zonke iiklasi ezikhoyo ezibonakalayo.

Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zesakhiwo se-cellar tissue cell yenza ukuba kube lula ukufumana amandla okukhanya okuyimfuneko ekuphenduleni kwe-biochemical of photosynthesis ukuqhubeka. Ngexesha elimnyama, i-glucose kunye nezinye i-hexoses zenziwe zenziwe, zigcinwe ngendlela yee-molecule ezinkulu ze-polymer zesitashi kwiseli ye-parenchyma. Kwanama-chloroplast ngokwawo, ngamanye amaxesha isamba se-starch singabonwa.