Gas Bog: kunye nefomula nokusebenzisa

Irhasi babalekayo emazantsi amadama - igesi nomgxobhozo odorous (ngakumbi igama generic - methane). Ukusuka point of iindlela lwembono, hydrogenous okanye imethyl yenzululwazi. Ubukhulu becala ibandakanya methane (CH _4). Kusenokwenzeka kubakho, initrogen, argon, hydrogen, phosphine kunye carbon dioxide.

iimpawu eziphambili

ukwakheka Standard, ifomula chemical negesi nomgxobhozo - konke oku kubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba fanele ukuba iikhompawundi carbon zilula. Around le ngxenye neyenziwe amaqela amacandelo eseleyo. igesi Marsh kwenzeka ngokwendalo zikarhulumente simahla njenge umxube icarbon dioxide okanye nitrogen. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokubola kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko sibanjwe phantsi kwamanzi kunye evinjwa lokufikelela kwisityalo emoyeni.

emadamini - kwenye indawo apho igesi nomgxobhozo lzinto kwakhiwa. Yena oluhlala phakathi kwamatye emva yokubola organic iintsalela. Oku lula mgodini abaninzi. igesi ezinjalo banduluka xa ngengozi evela umngxuma.

iindawo zemfundo

Ngaphandle nje kwegama layo ngokufanelekileyo ayintsonkothanga, igesi Marsh (okanye mandithi, methane) ohluka nokuba ukusuka neentanda emhlabeni kufuphi emasimini ioli. Le meko zokuqala anjalo ingxelo kwi-United States of America, phezu kweenxweme Allegheny River, kwakunye eRashiya kummandla lweCaspian. E Baku, ngenxa yesi sizathu, ixesha elide kwakukho lamandulo malunga izibane eliyimfihlakalo Baku. imvelo ziye ugalelwe carbon dioxide, nitrogen neoli umphunga negesi nomgxobhozo.

Ngenxa kuphuhliso lwamashisini kunye nobuchwepheshe kwemigodi, abantu bafunda ukuba bavuselele ukukhulula methane. Lo mzi-mveliso lokuqala ezifana wabonakala Pennsylvania. igesi Marsh ungachazwa esenzelwa rhoqo, oko sivakala nayiphi kumgxobhozo okanye echibini. Ngokufuthi, ngokuba le ilula kwebala malunamathele ukuya lendle. Emva koko, le egesi zidade ngaphezulu emanzini.

Isizathu gas Marsh

Formation becandelo ephambili yerhasi yendalo iintsholongwane (methane) uncedo. Ngenxa yazo, iqala igwele izityalo ifayibha, igalelo imbonakalo methane. Methane kakhulu nyulu kukholeleka ukuba uphawu mlilo udaka e Absheron kunye Kerch Peninsula.

Ukongeza, ivela kwi Ityuwa, imithombo kunye fumaroles - zinemingxuma neentanda, leyo imi emazantsi mlilo. Methane ekhoyo ethunjini yabantu. iimveliso zayo ziquka nomphunga kwezinye izilwanyana. Omnye ubungqina yokuqala ebhaliweyo ngale lombandela ungadluliselwa ingqalelo imisebenzi Umbhali antique uPliny ukhankanya iikhompawundi sukube ukutsha.

explosiveness

Uninzi gas nomgxobhozo waziwa ngeempawu zakhe siqu yokubhubha. Xa ucinezelo yindlela umxube kunye nomoya, ibangela-dubulo. Isizathu soku ke iimpawu methane. Kukuqhushumba nomgxobhozo igesi kunye efanayo khompawundi sele kudala nye abantu, ukuba uchaze ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kwiinkolelo. Izizathu anomaly zacaca kuphela emva kokuba isifundo zesayensi yale meko.

igesi Marsh, igesi kunye nezinye ezimbaxa iziqhushumbisi kwenza abantu ukuba zizakhele uDavy Lamp. Kuye kusetyenziswe zombini kwi imigxobhozo kwaye emigodini yamalahle. Kule isibane iimveliso yokutsha asuswe yi igridi ekhethekileyo apho ukuvala amathuba ucinezelo umxube igesi.

History of izovela

igalelo elikhulu ekufundweni gas nomgxobhozo (methane), laqalisa nzulu Italian Alessandro Volta. Ngowe-1776, uye wabonisa ukuba eyona ndawo yahlukile hydrogen, ekubeni kufuna ioksijini kabini ngakumbi ngenxa yokutsha. Ngaphezulu, Volta wayezimisele ukuba nomgxobhozo yegesi - umthombo ye asidi.

methane Italian afumaneka kwi kumda eSwitzerland kunye Italy, ecaleni Lake Maggiore. Kwempefumlelo ukuba sisazinzulu yaba inqaku isazinzulu yaseMelika kunye wezopolitiko Benjamin Franklin malunga mkhuba "moya-fuel". Volta kuqala wafumana methane ukuqokelela igesi kumgxobhozo ekhutshwa.

yophando oluqhubekayo

Abanye abaphandi ebalulekileyo kwizimanga zendalo baba semichiza French Klod Bertolle yemichiza yaseBritani Uilyam Genri. Abokugqibela babo ngo-1805 wagqiba ekwakhiweni igesi nomgxobhozo kwaye kulahlula ethylene (a ebizwa ngokuba yi-maslorodnogo gas).

into Iyadubula Riddle efihliweyo kwiCandelo ezisisiseko - methane. Kuye ichazwa irhasi ezizizembiwa ukukhanya (ngokuchasiweyo ezizizembiwa lunzima gas ethylene). Ekuhambeni kwexesha tywa enye kwikota - methyl hydrogenous. UHenry waqhubeka efunda Dzhon wayeseDalton kunye UJens Jakob Berzelius.

Ngowe-1813, i-yemichiza IsiNgesi kunye komhlaba Gemfri Devi lacazulula firedamp waza wagqiba ukuba ubuncwane - umxube methane, icarbon dioxide kunye nitrogen. Ngaloo ndlela ke wabonisa ukuba umxube enokutsha kwiwebhsayithi kwimigodi, ukuzichaza umxube efanayo nezimbuku.

Ifuthe kokusingqongileyo

Uphawu Marsh methane igesi kwenzeka ngenxa ngayo ezithile chemical. Eyokuqala i neyanamhlanje elomileyo zenkqunto ephilayo (ezifana umgquba okanye imithi). Afana methane olunyulu walungisa ngokuthi ngamanzi yokubola tsinkmetila (bayibhalayo zinc oxide). Namhlanje, le nto kutsala kwezenkolo ezininzi ngenxa yokubandakanyeka kwayo ekubunjweni greenhouse effect le. Oku kubangelwa ukuqokelelana methane emoyeni. igesi Marsh imisebe thermal kuloo ngingqi infrared ecacicleyo. Ngesi parameter ke wesibini kuphela icarbon olunyulu dioxide. Kwezenkolo ukuvavanya igalelo methane isiphumo oluphuculweyo gases malunga nama-30%.

Properties, ukwakheka, imichiza ifomula igesi nomgxobhozo ngoku efundwayo kwisifundo eempembelelo njani umoya umhlaba wethu. Amanani zendalo, eveliswe ngemvelo, wayengekho yingozi njengoko unobangela greenhouse effect le. Nangona kunjalo, le ngxaki iza kuxhomekeka kukuba eninzi methane emoyeni ngenxa isiphoso abantu ngokwabo. igesi analogu Marsh eveliswe kwi mveliso ezahlukeneyo. Le methane abiotic ekuthiwa. Enye into eyenzeka kwi imigxobhozo, ingqalelo biogenic - oko ngenxa ngenxa yotshintsho into ephilayo.

methanogenesis

Biosynthesis methane (kungoko ke ukwenzeka igesi kumgxobhozo) nayo ibizwa methanogenesis. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ezi ntsholongwane Archaea. Ba aerobic, ithetha ukuba unako ukuvelisa amandla ubomi, ngaphandle kwesidingo ioksijini. Archaea ungabi organelles inwebu kunye isiqalo.

Iintsholongwane ukuphehla methane, abuyisele-carbon omnye umzi usebenzisa le khompawundi carbon-carbon kunye alkoholi. Enye indlela - disproportionation acetate. I-eneji eyakhiwe lithuthwa bacteria enzyme ATP synthase. Xa methanogenesis ababandakanyekayo ezahlukeneyo iimolekyuli: coenzymes, methanofuran, tetragidrometanopterin etc ...

methanogens

Science uyazi kwisizukulwana-17 kunye neentlobo 50 archaea ekwaziyo okuvelisa igesi kwesiseko kumgxobhozo. Bakha amathanga abangekaphuhli multicellular. Zezilimo kakhulu bafunda ezifana archaea - Methanosarcina acetivorans. Bona iguqulelwe kwi acetates methane , carbon monoxide, esebenzisa i-enzayim atsetatkinazy kunye phosphotransacetylase. Kukho kwakhona ingcamango yokuba ezi archaea ngamakhoboka ukuba uguqulwe ube thioester, ngaphandle kokuba ke udaka has a xi ophezulu emanzini yentsimbi.

Isizathu sokuba emililweni yasemahlathini

E ezaneleyo lamanani komoya negesi nomgxobhozo, vozgorevshis kunokubangela umgquba enkulu yendalo kunye nomlilo ihlathi. Namhlanje, kukho lonke uluhlu yokulwa enjalo izenzakalo. Iinkonzo ezizodwa ukuziphatha esweni irhasi kwiindawo ezininzi amanzi. Banoxanduva lokhuseleko kunye nolawulo ngokulinganayo ubuninzi inamacandelo igesi ezinokuba yingozi.

Ngokomzekelo, omnye imigxobhozo kummandla eMoscow ummandla osempuma Shatursky. Xa amanzi ayo osisityebi iintlanzi (zeCARP, zakhele, gobies, zeCARP, Pike, zeCARP), leenewt, amasele, iinyoka, muskrats, iintaka (ookhwalimanzi, bitterns, wazo, amadada). Amathambo yezi zilwanyana eziqulethwe phosphorus. Oku kusingathwa ziibhaktheriya, ngoko kukho nezinye izinto eziliqela. Le diphosphine kunye phosphine. Bona lwabasunguli eziphambili ze-chain reaction umlilo okhawulezileyo. Uqalile ngale ndlela imililo - yingxaki kakhulu kwezendalo. Ukususela emililweni evuthayo kwi imigxobhozo, kungekuphela nje ehlathini kodwa amadobo afanayo. Umlilo utshisa nzulu kuzo. nja- ngolo batshise iminyaka yonke.

In Russia eziwudibanisayo malunga esithathwini ezibini zesishumi se-imigxobhozo zehlabathi. Abahlangana nabo embindini inxalenye yaseYurophu eRashiya, Western eSiberia ena. Ummandla ogcweleyo emanzi Russia - malunga 340 sezigidi zeehektare,-210 kuzo zigqunywe yamahlathi. Uninzi bonke irhasi eveliswa ehlotyeni. Kwisithuba yosuku kummandla ngehektare mntu unokumelana malunga ezimbini kunye neekhilogram enesiqingatha methane.

Ukudibana ne mpilo chlorine

Irhasi yendalo Marsh, ifomula wakhe chemical - CH _4, ngenkankulu utshisa nelangatye baluthuthu ezikhanyayo. Kukhala inamandla nalo lwenzeka kwi ngokwayo umxube equlathe imiqulu 7.8 umoya 2 yobungakanani oksijini. Igesi enyibilikayo kancinane emanzini (ngokungafaniyo utywala). Idityaniswe kuphela halogens.

Ukusabela neefom igesi yeKhlorini nomgxobhozo imethyl chloride CH ₃ Cl. Le izinto lalungiselela iindlela elebhu. Ukulungiselela le njongo, igesi hydrochloride ocande kumxube okubila utywala kunye metilnogo etyhidiweyo zinc chloride. Isiphumo irhasi enemibala emihle, esibonakala ivumba kaEtere kamnandi incasa elithozamisayo. Phantsi koxinzelelo onamandla okanye ukupholisa, ukuba uba lulwelo.

Ukusetyenziswa kunye abasabela ngayo halogens

IMethane (gas nomgxobhozo), apho ifomula kunye nokusetyenziswa njengoko zokubasa bafunda kwinkqubo yesikolo ngamandla oko lisebenzisana halogens. Ngenxa yoko, ezi izinto reactions ngokufakela wavelisa zinto zilandelayo: bromide, chloride, fluoride, chloride fluoride. Owokugqibela kubo ifunyenwe kuqala semichiza Russian Aleksandrom Butlerovym. Methyl iodide - refracting ngamandla ukukhanya ulwelo elityheli. kwithempritsha yayo lukanina - 180 ° C.

Njengoko ebizwa igesi nomgxobhozo, endaweni ngokupheleleyo yi halogens? Le tetrachloride carbon. Kuye kwavulwa yi yemichiza yaseFransi Anri Reno ngo-1839. Oku ulwelo kunye vumba kuphawu zinongiwe. It onesiphumo iintlungu. Enye into efanayo - carbon tetrabromide. It licatshulwa eluthuthwini izityalo nezilwanyana.

Health Iingozi

Ngokwawo, methane nomgxobhozo yi physiologically engeyongozi. Lingcwaba lomfo hydrocarbon iparafini non-ityhefu. Eli qela kwezinto luphawulwa inertness imichiza nonyibilikiso ephantsi plasma yegazi. Emoyeni nge xi eliphezulu yerhasi nomgxobhozo inokubulala ukuba uza kufumana i yokunqongophala kwe-oksijini kuphela.

imiqondiso yokuqala ukutsarhwa (zizalwa) wabonakalaliswa ezinomthamo ka-30% methane. Kulo mzekelo, ukwandisa umthamo yokuphefumla, izinga intliziyo ophilisayo, kuphazanyiswa uququzelelo kweentshukumo kwezihlunu. Kodwa ke amathuba Kwiimeko ezinjalo lincinane kakhulu. Into yokuba methane elula komoya, nto leyo ayikuvumeli ukuba yande kuyo enkulu ngokugqithisileyo.

Kwangaxeshanye, abaphandi umyinge intshukumo berhasi kumgxobhozo kwi psyche yabantu isenzo of diethyl kaEtere. A nomphumela ofanayo ulinganiswa a ezidakumbisayo. Abantu, ixesha elide babesebenza emigodini kunye enamandla eliphezulu methane, ukhuphela utshintsho kule nkqubo yawo luvo (hypotension, oculocardiac reflex HIV kwaye njalo njalo. D.).