Iintlobo ezilula. Types, iimpawu kunye nokubaluleka elula

izilwanyana ingqalelo eziphilayo-elilodwa single abaninzi bakudala ngamalungu ubukumkani. Bakha uhlobo eninzi lenyama, iindidi apho siza kuqwalasela namhlanje. Kwigama lesiLatini olu hlobo - lenyama. Ekubeni elilodwa olunye-kunzima izilwanyana eyahlukileyo (lenyama) kunye nezityalo (Protophyta), badla ezidityanisiweyo kwiqela Protista. Iintlobo ngeentlobo zogwayimbo ezilula. Inani labo iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-30 000, uninzi lwazo ayibonakali ngeliso lenyama, ngokuba ubukhulu bangabi saba kwincam inaliti. Makhe zama ukuchaza ngokufutshane iindidi lenyama.

Inkcazelo emfutshane ye elula

Zonke ezi zinto ziphilayo zahlulwe kwiiklasi-4 kuxhomekeke indlela yokuhamba. Sarkodovyh (Sarcodina) lihambe pseudopodia; ukuba ezi becala ezamahala-eziphilayo kubamba ixhoba. Flagellates (Mastigophora) beqhutywa yinto ngokusebenzisa misila enye okanye ngaphezulu. Sporozoa (Sporozoa), yaye equka i-Plasmodium sp, -. Iifom ezidlayo oswele zolo ezizodwa ukuhamba. Ciliates (Ciliata) ziye ezidityanisiweyo becala ezamahala-form, leyo azamazama ngokusebenzisa isiliya. Ngokufanayo ukujikeleza ityhubhu ciliate Stenior, ukondla, izityalo nezilwanyana zasemanzini iqhotyoshelwe kumphezulu.

Njengazo zonke ezinye izilwanyana, lenyama, ngokuqhelekileyo mobile, ukuba adle iintlobo zokutya afana ezintsonkothileyo. umzimba yabo yahlukana, ngokubonelela amandla. Zonke iintlobo iimfuno ezilula kwimeko-bume emanzini. Nangona uninzi lweentlobo bahlala amanzi yolwandle okanye acocekileyo, ezininzi kuzo indlela ekumfimfitheni yobomi kwizilwanyana aphezulu, kuquka abantu, apho zidla unobangela zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Iintlobo ngeentlobo lenyama izifo enkulu.

flagellates

Ngu flagellar kukho iintlobo ezimbini - Euglena kunye Chlamydomonas, abameli eziqulathe yiklorofili kwaye ngenxa yoko bayakwazi photosynthesis. Kukwaquka kunye flagellates transport (Dinoflagellata), enxibe capsule neselulosi kwaye ziyinxalenye ezincinane. Le ndoda uhlala, ebangela isifo yokulala, uhlobo ekumfimfitheni of Trypanosoma (eliboniswe ngezantsi).

sarkodovyh

Sarkodovyh - elinye iqela, apho kukho inani elikhulu kweentlobo bobabo. Okunene wona umahluko nje kunzima ukuchaza, ngoko ke masithi amagama ambalwa malunga edumileyo. Thina sonke uqhelene nale sarkodovyh ummeli evela esikolweni njengendlela free-ophilileyo Amoeba proteus (eliboniswe ngezantsi). Amoeba - eyodwa isilwanyana bobabo uhlobo olubanzi lenyama, leyo ikhule yonke kakhulu ifumile.

ubungakanani zawo ezincinane amaphelo Babesia igazi foraminifera enkulu, ogama oonokrwece-5 cm ubude.

Pod, Dory kunye sporozoans

Pod (Radiolaria) kunye Dory (Heliozoa) abe amathambo dust. Ngako oko ke, maxa wambi ziqokelelwe yaye zisetyenziswa njengento esirhabaxa. Eziwa yetotali imithetho ukwahluka Sporozoa ukubonisa iqondo eliphezulu efanayo, leyo ayahlukanga ukwahluka lenyama. elibangela ekumfimfitheni - zonke iintlobo zazo. Ngoko ke sporozoans abanazo organelles ezifunekayo isindululo namandla: Akuyomfuneko ukuba ukuhamba, yaye lokugaya ukutya sele kwetyiswe. Umjikelo wobomi babo idibanisa eqongeni, ukuzala zombini asexually kwaye ngokwesondo, nto leyo uluhlu lwe mbewu unako ukuvelisa amakhulu amaninzi abantu.

Ciliate-Slipper

Paramecium (ciliate-yezihlangu) - a kweseli olunye-isilwanyana ezizodwa. On lulandelwe ngokuqinisekileyo ukuxelelwa, echaza ukwahluka lenyama emanzini. Umaleko olungaphandle imixholo yeseli - ectoplasm - kuphela iqokobhe ashinyeneyo ethwele nobuninzi isiliya ezincinane. izimangalo zabo ngesingqi wokubambisana ukuvumela silwanyana ukuhamba. Peristome kukhokelela ibe izalelwe blind - umqala engqongwe endoplasm granular. Amasuntswana Ukutya kufakwa emqaleni ngokwentshukumo ciliary uze kweyela vacuole. Imixholo vacuoles wokudla, kusiya endoplasm nokugaya enzyme. iintsalela Undigested ukuba betekisi nge poroshitsu. balance Water kusetyenziswe umsebenzi vacuoles ezimbini eliguquguqukayo. Of eziba ezimbini ezinkulu (macronucleus) ezinxulumene ne nethe esiseleni, kwaye ezincinci (micronucleus) kubandakanyeke kwinkqubo ngokwesini.

Plasmodium vivax

Khawuqwalasele enye ifomu eyaziwa, echaza ukwahluka lenyama. elibangela olwaye lwamfimfitha baninzi, kodwa ekutyeni nasemakhalaneni seengcongconi unika ingakumbi engxakini abantu. Plasmodium vivax, ukuba ungene egazini abantu emva usatya ingcongconi abangamabhinqa bohlobo, lingena kwizisele esibindini, apho uyandisa. Xa aqanduselwe iiseli achaphazelekayo Plasmodium nesifo ezintsha. Emva koko kuqaliswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo iiseli ezibomvu zegazi, phinda kubo, anitshabalalise. Okokugqibela, kukho zesini namabhinqa (gametocytes). Ukufumana igazi kwenye ingcongconi, gametocytes iinkunzi yahlulwe esiswini sakhe, ukwakha gametes. Ukususela imveliso kudityaniswa - le elilodwa - kukho i-Plasmodium entsha, zingene kwamadlala amathe le ingcongconi ngayo. Kwaye nomjikelo phindaphindana.

buphindwe elilula

Xa ukuzala maqanda of lenyama zahlulwa kubini, ukwakha abantu ababini. Loo sigaba abunjwe ngokupheleleyo iiseli kwaye inyathela protoplasm kunye isiqalo. Ngenxa yale fomu ezimbini iiseli twatse intombi. Phantsi kweemeko ezingentle ezinye flagellates kwaye cell sarkodovyh esingxotyeni ashinyeneyo kungenwa yokhuselo (cyst) apho iseli hlanganyela. Xa lesitofu izimo cyst ibhuqiwe, kwaye kukho abantu ukuba ande asexually.

ukuzala zeendlela zilula zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Paramecium, umz, ngokuthi conjugation iphindaphindeka: abantu anesibini imigca ezahlukeneyo ukudibanisa macala, kwaye ke emva kokuba ngokucandeka yenyukliya kunye nezinto exchange zenyukliya diverge. Kamva omabini amaqabane bakwazi ukwabelana, ukuvelisa ukuya kwisibhozo (ezine) leesampulu ezinxulumeneyo enalo nuclei kunye ufuzo mixed. Amoeba, zizalana asexually, yahlulwe kwizisele ezimbini intombi. Banalo ubukhulu efanayo. Xa ngokucandeka ekuqaleni kweli core, nto leyo iba imfutshane kwaye ziyatyeba kuvela chromosome; ngalinye ubunjwe chromatids ezimbini. vacuole izwekazi wahlulelene, kunye iihafu bayo bebodwa. Ngelo xesha ngaphandle kunye chromatids, kwaye kukho icytoplasm uqalisa isiqingatha pereshnurovyvatsya. Icandelo ekupheleni zofuzo ezahlulwe sisithuba kwaye kukho icytoplasm. Iiseli kuphumela intombi zifana ncam.

Power elilula

Njengezinye izilwanyana, lenyama kufumana amandla, ukutya iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo organic. Amoeba sp. pseudopodia ithumba amasuntswana ukutya, yaye zifunxe kwi vacuoles yokwetyisa ezibandakanya enzyme. Paramecium sp. Sihlala ikakhulu ngenxa iintsholongwane, azigqogqayo xa iintshukumo kagesi of isiliya. Trichonympha sp. It uhlala ethunjini ziintubi yaye feeds kunye izinto ukuba kwelifunekayo umkhosi. Acineta sp. (Kumfanekiso ngezantsi) lisetyenziswa xa ukutya kuphela kwiintlobo ezithile ciliates, ezo maxa wambi iba ngaphezu ngokwabo.

movement

Uhambise elula ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili. Sarkodovyh "alawule" ngenxa ukuyilwa outgrowths protoplasm. Umbutho wadala yi indlela yangoku kwicala elinye kunye nokuguqulwa kwayo endoplasmic ingathityazwa kwimiphetho ngendlela ectoplasm gelatinous. Ngenxa ifuthe usiko flagellates msila ukuhamba. Le ciliates beqhutywa yinto jinga ezininzi kuThixo isiliya ezincinane.

Kwiintsholongwane

iimpawu ngokubanzi ezahlukeneyo kwaye kufuneka nje ukuba kuxhaswa ibali emfutshane malunga kwiintsholongwane, leyo basoloko bexakaniseka nabo. Beninikela kwiinkathazo emntwini, kodwa badlale indima ekhethekileyo indalo. Kwiintsholongwane - eziphilayo lincinci kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. Nangona kulula kakhulu imibutho abantu, ungasibizanga ukuba kwakudala. Bakwazi ukukhula kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu, kunye nobungakanani enkulu ukumelana neemeko ukutshintsha kubabeka belingana kunye iifomu kakhulu-phambili kunye nempumelelo. Virus - akukho iiseli; ngoko ke akukho sezandleni eyodwa-elilodwa, kodwa iintsholongwane ingqalelo ngolo hlobo. Noko ke, asingabo ezilula, ngenxa yokuba kungekho inucleus. Siya kukuxelela ngakumbi ngabo.

Kuhlala amagciwane

Ngokungafaniyo iintsholongwane iintsholongwane - iseli. Noko ke, ukuba isakhiwo lula kakhulu iiseli yeemanyano kakhulu abantu, kwaye zahlukene kakhulu ubukhulu kunye nokumila. Le ntsholongwane zifumaneka kuyo yonke. Bayakwazi bayiphile phantsi kweemeko leyo enokuthintela ubukho eziphilayo ezimbaxa ngakumbi. Abahlangana elwandle, maxa wambi nobunzulu km 9. Kunye nokuhla komgangatho iimeko zokusingqongileyo iintsholongwane benza nqanaba yokuphumla ozinzileyo - endospores. Yeyona iyizinzise ye eziphilayo eyaziwa abaphilayo: ezinye endospores bangafi naxa kuphekwa.

Kuzo zonke iindawo zokuhlala zonke eyingozi kunazo kunokwenzeka - nasiphi na isilwanyana. Iintsholongwane angene oko ngokuqhelekileyo inxeba. Kodwa, akuba wasukuma ngaphakathi, kufuneka sixhathise imikhosi ukhuseleko ixhoba, ingakumbi ngokuchasene ziiphagocytes (iiseli ekwaziyo lokufaka ekwetyiseni) kunye antibodies ezinokuthi yokungenelela iziphumo zazo eziyingozi. Ngoko ke, ezinye iintsholongwane siphahlwe ngaphandle isifo, anihlasele ukuba ziiphagocytes; abanye ngemva kokubanjwa yabo ziiphagocytes aphile ngazo; Ekugqibeleni, izinto imveliso yokugquma wesithathu kubanceda ukufihla phambi kwayo iiseli ezosulelwe, kwaye yokugqibela musa ukhuphe izilwa-buhlungu.

iintsholongwane ayingozi kwaye siyingenelo

Le ntsholongwane ingabangela umonakalo ngeendlela ezintathu: umzekelo, ukuvaleka imijelo ezahlukeneyo ebalulekileyo umzimba ngenxa yenani elikhulu; ukukhupha izinto eziyityhefu (yoluvo umhlaba ngentsholongwane ye zeClostridium tetani (eliboniswe ngezantsi) ngqi ebangela, libhekisela buthi inamandla nesayensi); kwakunye nokukhuthaza ziyabagulisa amaxhoba.

ezinye eselwa izifo ngeentsholongwane antibiotics olusebenzayo, iintsholongwane ezininzi ziye zafunda ukumelana iziyobisi. Bathi zivelisa ngokukhawuleza, nesabelo iimeko zivuma emva kwemizuzu eli-10. Kakade ke, amathuba imbonakalo eziguqulwe ukuba ukumelana elwa kuyanda ezithile. Kodwa asingabo bonke bacterium ahlala kwezinye izinto, eziyingozi. Umzekelo, kwisiqwenga zesisu lenkomo, imvu okanye ibhokhwe kukho isebe okhethekileyo - ibala, apho eninzi iintsholongwane ohlala ukuba uncedo izilwanyana ukugaya izityalo nefayibha.

mycoplasma

Mycoplasma - loluncinane okunene kuzo zonke izinto zeselula kunye, mhlawumbi, liqonga lotshintsho phakathi iintsholongwane neebhaktiriya - efumaneka lwendalo amanzi, kodwa zingachaphazela izilwanyana baza izifo ezifana, ngokomzekelo, ezinye iintlobo samathambo ezihagwini.

amagciwane meaning

Ngenxa yezi eziphilayo ukuze ukubola imizimba ibuyiselwe umhlaba eziqulathwe mbandela organic kuyo. Ngaphandle kulo mjikelo rhoqo yokwakha izinto eziphilayo ayikwazanga ayisekho iiyunithi. umsebenzi ngamnye ebalulekileyo iintsholongwane esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi lokuguqula izinto inkunkuma ephilayo zibe ziimveliso ezinoncedo ngexesha nokwenza umgquba, ekwenzeni samasi, ibhotolo, iviniga.

Ekuphetheni

Njengoko ubona, iindidi kunye nexabiso elikhulu ezilula. Nangona yokuba ubukhulu zabo ezincinane kakhulu, badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuzinziseni ubomi emhlabeni. Kakade ke, siya kancinane nje uchaze ukwahluka protozoans. Siyathemba uthanda ukuba ukwazi kubo. Systematics kunye neyantlukwano elula - nesihloko umdla ibende.