Kwemvelo ubungqina ngezidalwa zamandulo. Imbali eziphilayo emhlabeni

Ukufundisa nge Evolution na impikiswano. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba uThixo wadala ihlabathi. Abanye bathi nabo, besithi Darwin wayenyanisile. Bakhombe ezininzi ngeziganeko zazivelela ngezidalwa zamandulo ngubani kakhulu ukuxhasa imfundiso yakhe.

Iintsalela zezilwanyana nezityalo, adla ukubola, uze shwaka ngaphandle, azafunyanelwa ndawo. Noko ke, maxa wambi izimbiwa ababambeleyo izihlunu eziphilayo, nto leyo ukwakheka iintsalela. Izazinzulu eziqhele ukufunyanwa oonokrwece iifosili okanye amathambo, oko kukuthi, i-zamathambo, iindawo nzima zezinto eziphilayo. Ngamanye amaxesha bafumana ezidibene lwenkunkuma yezilwanyana, okanye imizila yabo yeminwe. Nangakumbi ngamaxesha uyakwazi ukubona izilwanyana ngokupheleleyo. Bona afumaneka sikumkhenkce permafrost kunye evuthiweyo (intlaka nezityalo) okanye igada (intlaka zendalo).

kwesayensi Science

Palaeontogy - isayensi izifundo iifosili. rocks ngentlenga bakholisa ifakwe umaleko, ngenxa yokuba into ingxenye yaso iqulathe ulwazi malunga elidluleyo iplanethi yethu (umgaqo superposition). Izazinzulu bayakwazi ukujonga yobudala isalamane iintsalela ezahlukeneyo, oko kukuthi ukuqonda ukuba uhlobo eziphilayo baphila Emhlabeni ngaphambili, kwaye kamva. Oku kwenza kube lula ukwenza izigqibo malunga indlela zazivelela.

Yokuba ingxelo yefosili

Xa sijonga ingxelo yefosili, siyabona ukuba ubomi kulo mhlaba itshintshiwe kakhulu, maxa wambi ngaphezu ingqalelo. lenyama lokuqala (prokaryotes), ayinayo Kwavela inucleus lweselula Umhlaba zimalunga nesi-3.5 billion kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Malunga 1,75 billion kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, kwakukho eukaryotes olunye-elilodwa. Emva kweminyaka a billion, malunga 635 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, kwabonakala izilwanyana multicellular, owokuqala eyaba isiponji. Emva emashumini ezimbalwa ngaphezulu kwezigidi zeminyaka, ezi squid yokuqala nemibungu kwafunyanwa. Emva kweminyaka million 15 emva koko kwakukho ezinomqolo likumgangatho lampreys zifana mihla. Bamalunga nama-410 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kukho jawed intlanzi, nezinambuzane - malunga 400 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.

Kule elandelayo 100 Myr ikakhulu yefeni igqunyiweyo ilizwe, elo bantu eziphila nezinambuzane. Nge 230 yezigidi-65 eyadlulayo, iidayinaso alawula emhlabeni, uze izityalo ziqhelekileyo baba cycads kunye nezinye gymnosperms iqela. Ukusondela ixesha lethu, kokukhona ukufana wayiphawula phakathi izilwanyana entsalela kunye nezityalo ukuya mihla. Lo mfanekiso siqinisekisa imfundiso yokuba izinto zazivelela. Ezinye iinkcazo yenzululwazi yena hayi.

Kukho ubungqina ezahlukahlukeneyo ngezidalwa zamandulo ukuba izinto zazivelela. Omnye wabo - ukwandisa UBUDE ubukho zeentsapho kwisizukulwana.

Ukwandisa eside iintsapho kunye kwisizukulwana

Ngokutsho data ekhoyo, ngaphezulu kwama-99% yazo zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo baphila ngonaphakade kwi planethi ophilileyo - nto eziphilayo ukuba akazange sisinde ukusa kwixesha lethu. Izazinzulu ziye ichazwe malunga 250 lamawaka. Fossil, nganye kuzo ifumaneka kuphela omnye okanye ngaphezulu maleko abakufuphi. Xa sikhangela data ezifunyenwe paleontologists, ngamnye kubo kwakukho malunga 2-3 yezigidi kwiminyaka, kodwa amanye kakhulu okanye ixesha elide kangako.

Isixa kwisizukulwana efosili ezichazwe ziinzululwazi, malunga 60 lamawaka, kunye neentsapho - 7000. Yonke usapho kunye intsapho nganye, nayo, kupapashwa echazwe kakuhle. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba ukuzalwa ekhaya abaninzi ezigidi zeminyaka. Njengoko neentsapho, ubude ubukho babo kuqikelelwa amashumi okanye amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka.

Uhlalutyo data ngezidalwa zamandulo ibonisa ukuba kule minyaka izizigidi 550 idlulileyo, ixesha ubukho iintsapho kunye kwisizukulwana ikhule ngokuthe chu. Oku kuchaza kakuhle imfundiso yokuba izinto zazivelela: ngcembe yande umhlaba onokuphila ezininzi "zilwanyana" iqela nzile eziphilayo. Basemngciphekweni ukuba ezingakhuli ukumelana ngakumbi utshintsho lobume.

Kukho nobunye ubungqina zazivelela (kwesayensi). Umkhondo ukwabiwa eziphilayo, oosonzululwazi baye data umdla kakhulu.

ukwabiwa eziphilayo

Ukusasazwa amaqela ngamnye eziphilayo, kwakunye nazo zonke kubo kunye, uyakuqinisekisa ukuba izinto zazivelela. imfundiso kaDarwin kuphela ukuba bachaze zokuhlala kwabo emhlabeni. Umzekelo, phantse naliphi iqela iifosili ezifunyaniswe "ezintlwini evlolyutsionnye." Ngoko wabiza utshintsho eziye iqatshelwe ubume eziphilayo, ngokuthe ngcembe indawo omnye. Ezi nguqu sengathi bavame ejoliswe, kwezinye iimeko singakwazi ukuthetha ukuhla ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi random.

Ubukho iifom eziphakathi

ubungqina ezininzi zamandulo kwemvelo ziquka ngobukho esiphakathi iifom (yexeshana) of eziphilayo. eziphilayo ezinjalo ukudibanisa iimpawu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo okanye kwisizukulwana, iintsapho njalo njalo. D. Ethetha iintlobo lotshintsho, njengoko umthetho, ziquka ngeefosili anqongophele. Noko ke, oku akuthethi ukuba iintlobo eziphakathi kufuneka afe ngaphandle. Le ngcamango yokuzivelela ngokusekelwe kulwakhiwo umthi phylogenetic qikelela nguwuphi iindlela zotshintsho ikho ngokwenene (kwaye ngoko kungabonwa), yaye yintoni - akukho.

Okwangoku, uninzi ezi ziprofeto ziye zazaliseka. Ngokomzekelo, ukwazi ubume iintaka ezirhubuluzayo, nabaphandi ukufumanisa iimpawu ifomu Intermediate phakathi kwabo. Kuyenzeka ukufumana iintsalela zezilwanyana, ezifana izirhubuluzi, kodwa amaphiko njengabangenabo; okanye njengentaka, kodwa imisila elide okanye amazinyo. Ngoko ke kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukuqikelela ukuba iifom lotshintsho phakathi ezincancisayo neentaka akayi andibhaqwa. Ngokomzekelo, zange zabakho ezanyisayo waba iintsiba; okanye iintaka njengazo eziphilayo kunye namathambo indlebe eliphakathi (oku uphawu ezanyisayo).

Ukufunyanwa Archeopteryx

Bubungqina ngezidalwa zamandulo ukuba zazivelela ziquka eziliqela iziphumo umdla. Ilungu lokuqala Archeopteryx amathambo lweentlobo yafumaneka ngomhla obekiweyo kudala emva kokupapashwa umsebenzi Charles Darwin kaThixo "The Origin of Species." Lo msebenzi ubonelela ubungqina theoretical nasekusungulweni lezilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Archeopteryx luhlobo oluphakathi phakathi ezirhubuluzayo neentaka zezulu. Kalula yaqulunqwa ngayo, nto leyo eqhelekileyo ukuba iintaka. Noko ke, isakhiwo amathambo isilwanyana esi phantse akukho kwahluka dinosaur. Archeopteryx waba nomsila elide ingamathambo, amazinyo, on imilenze yawo engaphambili baba inzipho. Njengoko kuba iimpawu uphawu amathambo lasezintakeni, akazange abe kakhulu (wishbone, emancamini - ameva ehlanganisiwe). Kamva, oosonzululwazi baye bafumanisa ezinye iindlela, oluphakathi phakathi ezirhubuluzayo neentaka zezulu.

Efumanisa amathambo bokuqala

Bubungqina ngezidalwa zamandulo kwemvelo ziquka kukufunyanwa ngo ngo1856 le amathambo yokuqala yabantu. Esi siganeko senzeke kwiintsuku kwiminyaka-3 phambi kokuba kupapashwe "The Origin of Species." Izazinzulu babengazi incwadi ukuya kwenye indawo kwimveliso efosili, nto leyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba bangafani kunye abantu bavela kukhokho eqhelekileyo. Ukususela ngoko paleontologists baye bafumanisa inani elikhulu kwamathambo eziphilayo iindlela otshintsho phakathi bangafani kunye nabantu. Kuyinto ubungqina ngezidalwa zamandulo kubalulekile ukuba izinto zazivelela. Imizekelo ezinye zazo ziya thaca ngezantsi.

Iifom lenguqu phakathi zemfene kunye nabantu

UCharles Darwin (umfanekiso wakhe ezinikwe apha ngentla), ngelishwa, wayengazi malunga ezafunyanwa emininzi eyafunyanwa emva kokufa kwakhe. Mhlawumbi, bekuya kuba nomdla ukufumanisa ukuba ubungqina organic zazivelela ukuqinisekisa imfundiso yakhe. Ngokutsho kwakhe, njengoko siyazi, sonke evela ezimfeneni. Ekubeni ukhokho oqhelekileyo bangafani kunye nabantu abahamba phezu imilenze emine, kunye nobungakanani balo ubuchopho ayidluli ubungakanani ingqondo imfene, ngexesha zazivelela, ngokutsho ithiyori, kwaba ngayo ekugqibeleni ukuphuhlisa bipedalism. Ukongeza, umthamo we-buchopho ukuba lenyuke. Ngenxa yoko, kudingeke ukuba nayiphi na lunee ezintathu ifomu yenguqu:

• ebuchotsheni, bipedalism ongaphuhliswanga;
• bipedalism eziphuhlileyo, ubungakanani kobuchopho zemfene;
• asakhasayo bipedalism, umthamo ingqondo eliphakathi.

Amanxiwa Australopithecus

E-Afrika, ngo-1920. iintsalela eziphilayo zifunyenwe, nto leyo ethe ogama Australopithecus. Eli gama lanikwa kuye Raymond DART. Oku bobunye ubungqina bokuba izinto eziphilayo zazivelela. Eziphilayo kuye efunde ulwazi eziliqela iziphumo ezifanayo. Kamva, izazinzulu ziye wafumanisa iintsalela nezinye izidalwa, kuquka Ufudo AL 444-2 kunye uLucy odumileyo (ingasentla).

Australopithecus babehlala eMantla kunye naseMpuma Afrika, ukususela kwiminyaka-4 ukuya-2 million eyadlulayo. Baye umqulu ingqondo thile omkhulu ngaphezu kwabo zemfene. Ubume be-amathambo abo zangasese zibe kufutshane ebantwini. Skull kubume uphawu izilwanyana bipedal. Oku kumiselwa umngxuma ekhoyo kwi ithambo Occipital ukuba kanga emjelweni nomqolo kwisisu cranial. Ngaphezu koko, mlilo uvalo e Tanzania afunyanwa mkhondo "zabantu" babesele malunga 3.6 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Australopithecines ngakho uhlobo yesibini intermediate lweentlobo ngasentla. Ubuchopho unamalunga ngokufanayo imfene, liqulunqe bipedalism.

Amanxiwa Ardipithecus

Kamva, oosonzululwazi bafumanisa ezafunyanwa ezintsha ngezidalwa zamandulo. Omnye wabo - amathambo Ardipithecus, owayephila malunga ne-4.5 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Emva kokuhlalutya amathambo ayo, bafumana ukuba Ardipithecus enambuzelayo emhlabeni phezu ooxhongo ababini nemazi, kwakunye sikhwele imithi yonke zone. Baye a bipedalism ephuhliswe kakubi ezingaphezu koko ezibumnturha (Australopithecus kunye nabantu). Ardipithecus ayikwazanga ukuhamba imigama emide. Basimisela ifomu yexeshana phakathi ngukhokho oqhelekileyo bangafani kunye nabantu kunye Australopithecus.

ubungqina ezininzi ifumene sele kwembali yabantu. We sithetha nje abanye babo. Ngokwesiseko yonke ingcaciso ayifumene, izazinzulu ingcingane malunga nendlela ezibumnturha lutshintshe njani na ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Kwemvelo of ezibumnturha

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kude kube ngoku ezininzi azikholelwa yi ubungqina zazivelela. A theyibhile ngokufaka ulwazi ngemvelaphi yomntu, nto imelwe zonke incwadi kwisikolo eziphilayo, ngaba haunted ebantwini, ibangela iingxaki ezininzi. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba ziquka olu lwazi kwikharityhulam yesikolo? Abantwana kufuneka bafunde ubungqina bokuba izinto eziphilayo zazivelela? Le tafile linaloo umlinganiswa familiarization, imisindo abo bakholelwa ukuba umntu wadalwa nguThixo. Phofu ke, siya kunika ulwazi malunga nasekusungulweni ezibumnturha. Wena isigqibo ngokwakho ukuba inyangwa njani.

Ekuhambeni kwe nasekusungulweni ezibumnturha kwi ukuhamba yokuqala tye kwasekwa, kwaye umthamo ingqondo wabo kakhulu anda kakhulu kamva. Australopithecus, waphila iminyaka yezigidi 4-2 eyadlulayo, kwaba malunga 400 cc, phantse ngathi imfene. Emva kwabo ngokohlobo iplanethi yethu kumiwa Homo. Found amathambo akhe, ogama ubudala Kuqikelelwa ukuba kwiminyaka kwezigidi ezi-2 ubudala, wafumana izixhobo ezingakumbi ilitye yamandulo. Malunga 500-640 cc yaba ubungakanani engqondweni yakhe. Kamva ngethuba zazivelela kwakukho umntu ukusebenza. ubuchopho engekazani emikhulu. umthamo yawo 700-850 cc. Uhlobo elandelayo, Homo erectus, ngakumbi njenge kwabantu kwala maxesha. Umthamo we ingqondo kuqikelelwa 850-1100 cc. Kwandula ke kwafika uhlobo Heidelberg womntu. ubukhulu ingqondo sele ifikelele 1100-1400 cc. Okulandelayo beza Bamandulo Phaya yaba umthamo ingqondo 1200-1900 cm³. Homo sapiens isuka amawaka-200. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Lubonakala bubungakanani ingqondo 1000-1850 cc.

Ngoko ke, siye thaca ubungqina engundoqo nasekusungulweni zehlabathi ephilayo. Indlela abhekisele kule nkcukacha, wena isigqibo. Uphononongo yokuzivelela kwezinto kuyaqhubeka unanamhla. Mhlawumbi ezafunyanwa ezintsha umdla kuya kufunyanwa elizayo. Ngapha koko, ngoku kukho inzululwazi efana kwesayensi ayenziwa. Ubungqina kwemvelo amadini kulo ngenkuthalo ngazo zombini zizazinzulu kunye nabantu kude inzululwazi.