Inzululwazi Postnonclassical nendawo yalo ifilosofi nesayensi

Phakathi kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini yaba ixesha ocacisa ukuba isakhono ubuntu zenzululwazi. Kukho imfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wenzululwazi kwi imiba yentlalo nenkcubeko, kwakunye neziphumo okukhokelele inkqubela kwezenzululwazi neteknoloji. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho yokuziqhelanisa kwintanda-bulumko nenzululwazi, kwakunye yokuba baqalisa ukwenza into efana inzululwazi post-nonclassical. A nefuthe elikhulu kokuhluma kulo kwaba iimbono zeentanda kunye enzululwazi yeengcinga mbono wokuqala iintlobo ezahlukeneyo epistemological kunye nemisebenzi zenzululwazi, lifana ixesha post-imfazwe. Kwaye umxholo kunye izixhobo ingqiqo oku ethile kwasekwa ngexesha elinye kunye nophuhliso kwintanda-bulumko nenzululwazi, kwaye umxholo umdla bulumko nohlalutyo.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX umzekelo wezinto inzululwazi liqulunqe imigaqo ukuzisa umsebenzi epistemological ngokungqinelana noMthetho ofanelekileyo methodological, nto leyo ekhokelele emgangathweni kolwazi ethile lwezenzululwazi, kwakunye yimbonakalo modeli lweMathematika logic, leyo ukuba ukucacisa iimpawu noshowo ulwazi lwenzululwazi. Ngelo xesha kwenzeka ukuba uphuhliso olu lwazi uhlobene kwintlekele, nokuba amabango ezenzululwazi yamandulo nokufumana ulwazi ngokupheleleyo, ngaba alisayi kuwathathela ngqalelo ubukho ekuthiwa-ulwazi ayinyani kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo luqiqo kunye kwiinkqubo eziguquguqukayo. Ngoko ke waqalisa eqongeni, apho baqalisa ukunxiba igama ebeliya: inzululwazi post-yamandulo.

Noko ke, ezama ukwakha inzululwazi emanyeneyo liqhubeka ngokwesiseko ulwimi physics nemathematika. Ekupheleni kuka-1960, le nkqubo normativist ubhalo-yezibalo neo wabangela ukuphoxeka okukhulu ukuba angathandabuzi uluntu kunokwenzeka nayiphi na inkqubo Ukwabiwa epistemological. Oku incediswa bulumko postnonclassical, ezifana post-structuralism kunye postpositivism, babeka phambili ingcamango yokuba methodology of positivism kufuneka kufakwe ezininzi kweekhonsepthi methodological, ukugxeka omnye komnye yaye isondela inyaniso. Phakathi kwezi mbono, ukuze kuthiwe imfundiso ukuguqula Karla Poppera, ingqiqo yeenguqu zenzululwazi Kuhn, imethodoloji lweenkqubo zophando lwezenzululwazi Lakatos, ingcamango ulwazi siyavumelana Polanyi, kunye nabanye abaninzi.

isayensi Postnonclassical uneempawu zawo. Okokuqala, oko luphawulwa sele wakhankanya ingcamango kwezinto lolwazi imithetho entsimini yenzululwazi kunye nezenzo ezinxulumene. Ukongeza, njengenxalenye umfuziselo inzululwazi ukugxeka bahambisa ekuthiwa fundamentalism lwezenzululwazi, leyo ezama ukunciphisa ngokupheleleyo zonke isiseko solwazi olukhoyo ukuba ezinye iintlobo yayo. Xa obunzulu kunye nendlela ngayo ibonisa ukuba elinye kunye nexesha inye ephila emibonweni ezikhuphisanayo ezahlukeneyo "buka ihlabathi" kwakunye ukusukuzana iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Kulo mzekelo, nogxininiso ekuveliseni ukwahluka ubudlelwane phakathi yemibono ezahlukeneyo kunye namaqela abo, nkqu nezo azikhethe ngokufanayo, kuquka ukhuphiswano, Ukongeza, ukugxekwa njalo njalo. Kwangaxeshanye, lo mxholo uphambili yimfuneko ukuze ndiphilisane ngoxolo iintshaba kunye nokuphikisa kunye nokulawula ungquzulwano ngendlela enoxolo, ngemvumelwano - hayi kuphela uphando kodwa kwi ongqongileyo kwezentlalo.

Enye neengqikelelo ezingundoqo, noqhuba inzululwazi postnonclassical le nguquko. Ibhekisela ingqibelelo iinkolelo, imilinganiselo kunye neendlela eyamkelwe luluntu yenzululwazi kunye ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka isiko. Sinokuthi ukuba wenguqulo na isenzeko ezisa ndawonye abo zibalwa phakathi kuluntu lwezenzululwazi. Kwakhona ichaza uluhlu iingxaki abaqwalasela ngayo. Xa wenguqulo iyatshintsha kukho revolution yenzululwazi kunye ukuguqulwa olupheleleyo okanye olungaphelelanga umfanekiso zehlabathi, nto leyo ubonisa inzululwazi, nangona bizela kusengqiqweni nje kuphela, kodwa iingcamango axiological.

isayensi Postnonclassical linophawu phambi iyasebenzisana. Le iindidi ezahlukeneyo izifundo ezahlukeneyo ukuba bafuna imigaqo jikelele ngenxa yomzimba, imichiza, zebhayoloji yezoqoqosho, ezentlalo kunye nezinye iinkqubo, nokuzeyisa-umbutho. Ukuze kwenziwe ulungelelaniso kukwaquka ingqikelelo isiphithiphithi njenge umyalelo entsonkothileyo kakhulu, nto leyo esoloko ibe ukulungele ukuzibonakalisa ezahlukeneyo zezakhiwo odwa. Kuthetha ayeke umfanekiso zehlabathi, eyakhiwa, ngathi izitena amasuntswana sabaqalayo, wakhetha uxolo lizizixokelelwano ezizalanayo, njengoluhlu lweenkqubo.