Iipropati Physical nemichiza kwamafutha. Ukufumana iipropati ezityebileyo imichiza

Iqela ebalulekileyo oganikhi khompawundi - lipids - kunye steroids kunye amafutha ziquka amafutha. isiqulatho yabo ezikwiiseli eziphilayo isusela ukususela-5 ukuya kwi-10% ngokobunzima iseli owomileyo. Ezi zinto ngaye, ezisekelwe phezu iimpawu zabo isakhiwo lwalusanda, obe ubaqhiphukisa iimpawu imichiza kwamafutha. Imichiza Organic iikhompawundi ingqalelo ezi izinto njengoko imveliso indlela esterification phakathi glycerol utywala trihydric kunye umda ephakamileyo okanye asidi ezihluthiyo carboxylic.

Kweli nqaku, siza kuhlolisisa nje ukusetyenziswa kwazo kolu shishino kunye nexabiso, kodwa kwakhona nokufumana amafutha kunye neepropati yemichiza ziqhelekile kolu didi lwe iikhompawundi.

History of izovela

Isakhiwo iye kufundwe kwinkulungwane yama-19. usomachiza French E. Chevrel elibaselwe ngumoji ngamanzi phambi kwealkali imveliso efumaneka abasabela ngayo molecule okunamafutha acid kunye glycerol. M. Berthelot waba ngumbala: xa itshiswe kunye nomxube glycerol acids palmitic steorinovoy wafumana triglycerides - ngamanqatha. Ngokusekelwe kwezi amalinge, oko Kwagqitywa ukuba izinto bafunda kwakucingwa ukuba udidi esters. Iimpawu imichiza kwamafutha ziye ukuqinisekisile oku.

Amafutha - esters

Njengoko kwaba yi-eksperimenti kunye E. M. Berthelot Chevrel, triglycerides ezi esters of glycerol utywala trihydric acids eziphezulu monocarboxylic. Amafutha equlethe steorinovuyu okanye palmitic acid yinto eqinileyo, umzekelo, inyama yenkomo, inyama yehagu, yanye imvana emnyaka. Esi silwanyana amafutha. Ukuba ukwakhiwa triglycerides ziquka asidi ezihluthiyo ezinamanqatha - oleic, linoleic, linolenic - amafutha ulwelo enjalo ibizwa ngokuba oyile (zikajongilanga, namandongomane, linseed).

iimpawu lwemichiza amanqatha ahluka ukusuka kwezinye esters yinto yokuba ubume molekyuli inokuquka ezininzi ezahlukeneyo asidi carboxylic.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Zombini zendalo kunye zokwenziwa, afana nemargarine, triglycerides ezineefitsha eqhelekileyo. Chief phakathi kwabo - hydrophobicity, lobushushu ukunyibilika eliphantsi mninzi ethile ephantsi. Bona ukunyibilika kakuhle izinyibilikisi ze-oganikhi, umz, benzene, carbon tetrachloride. Zonke amafutha lula kwelifunekayo izinto misindo okanye ezinezikhondo. Ngokutsho kwithiyori lwesakhiwo yemichiza ye-oganikhi khompawundi M. Butlerov, iimpawu zomzimba imichiza kwamafutha ezinxulumene. Ukuqinisekiswa oku kuya kunikelwa ngezantsi.

ekudibaneni kwemichiza triglycerides

kuqamba ubuninzi nobulunga ezi molekyuli amanqatha, kwakunye uqwalaselo layo komhlaba kungqina isibakala sokubandakanyeka esters iklasi triglyceride. Zazo eziphambili impahla kwemichiza - yokusabela ngamanzi (haydrolisis). It lula eyenzeka phambi ehlanganisa - kwealkali, oxides nemagnesium, izinc okanye calcium. Bekubona iimveliso abasabela umxube asidi carboxylic kunye legliserina. Ekubeni ukusabela ingathityazwa ngamanzi, nenqatha, nemboni iimeko phantsi sidlule ukuba ekupheleni - malunga nokusekwa glycerol kunye asidi eziphezulu monocarboxylic. Ukulungiselela le njongo, umxube lovukelo ukuba ngokuqhubekekayo anikwe isicombululo kwealkali kunye weemveliso alahlwa ngqo ukusuka kwindawo reaction. Ezi ndlela kuthintela ithuba ingenzeka yenkqubo umva, ekhokelela ekumisweni ngamanqatha. Haydrolisis lisetyenziswa organic njini chemistry ngenxa ukuvelisa izinto ngasentla.

Ukusabela saponification kwealkali

Sidlulisa ukufunda izinto eziphilayo - esters. Amafutha kunye neepropati yemichiza ezo zimelwe indlela haydrolisis, nazo awasabela ngayo kunye kwealkali. Le yokusabela kuthiwa saponification, kwaye ngokuchasiweyo inkqubo esterification. onesiphumo saponification obrak okunamafutha acid kunye glycerol khomiwa hi sodium carbonate okanye sodium hayidroksayidi. Ngenxa yoko a isepha.

Luqine, umntu ifomula C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COONa ebizwa kwezoqoqosho. Ukuba kongezwa noko colorants, glycerin phunga izithambiso, ukufumana isepha. isepha elulwelo, ngokungafaniyo iintlobo eziqinileyo lwafunyanwa ukuba amanqatha indlela saponification hayi zixubene ne sodium hayidroksayidi kunye hayidroksayidi potassium. Umzekelo, potassium palmitate, C ₁₅ H ₃₁ Cook - iisepha potassium ulwelo. Ekrwada izinto kuba basabela saponification kukho amafutha cheap koqoqobo kwesilwanyana okanye yemifuno.

amafutha Ulwelo - oyile

Le nto ndiyibhalayo molecule asidi ezihluthiyo carboxylic ukuba bonds kabini. kwamafutha Imifuno ukuba kuhlelwe kwi imiphantsi reticulum endoplasmic sisenzo enqanda ukusuka glycerol uyadinga asidi. Yaye, bona, akhiwa kule Calvin reactions kumjikelo ukuba kwenzeka ngenxa photosynthesis. Amathontsi oyile yande iimbewu, iziqhamo, ubuncinane kwezona kwezityalo zesityalo kwaye kube sisixa kwezondlo. Iipropati Physicochemical kwamafutha lisekwa izityalo, ngenxa phambi kwesi iimolekyuli zabo bonds double upi. Kwindawo komsipha zenzeka Ukongeza reaction, umzekelo, atom hydrogen. Oku kukhokelela ukuyilwa triglycerides eqinileyo hydrogenated.

Iimpawu imichiza kwamafutha yemifuno

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, triglycerides imvelaphi emifuno ziqulathe kumafa babo eliphezulu carboxylic acid unsaturated. Oyile kwenziwa hydrogenation. Le nkqubo yenziwa phantsi zokufudumeza kwaye phambi ngumnxibelelanisi - kwamaqondo eparticulate nickel.

Imveliso reaction - amafutha eziqinileyo (amanqatha hydrogenated). ukusetyenziswa kwayo steorina imveliso, glycerol kunye nesepha yokwenza. Ukuba salomas bongeze iswekile, ityuwa, ubisi kunye umbala ukutya, ngoko ukufumana amafutha yokutya - imajarini. Xa ukudibanisa kuso iivithamini kunye namasi yendalo Zilungiselele-kuthiwa ioli ukukhanya - kwasasazeka.

amafutha zokwenziwa

Ewe zitshiphu zendalo, kwaye zizakubalulwa triglyceride ukwakhiwa kwawo yendalo. Enye mithombo iphambili ezityebileyo eyenziweyo - yirhasi yendalo yaye enxulumene petroleum, kunye ne-oyile ngokwayo. paraffins Higher iqulethwe kwezi izimbiwa zendalo, oxidized. Ngenxa yoko okunamafutha acid zokwenziwa. intsebenziswano yabo ethylene ethers uvelisa fat zokwenziwa. Oku kusetyenziswa kwishishini yesikhumba (kuba fatliquoring zezintsu uboya kunye ifihla). Kushishino izithambiso triglycerides zokwenziwa ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa iisepha yangasese, izithambiso, lotions. Kushishino ngezinto zokwakha amafutha ngumntu ekuveliseni Ipeyinti, putties, iipeyinti.

Iimpawu imichiza kwamafutha ezifunyenwe ngeendlela ngumntu, kodwa eyahlukileyo ukusuka zendalo. Kwakhona kuza haydrolisis reaction ekho iasidi ize ke inyanzeleke ukuba i kwealkali (saponification reaction).

Njengoko triglycerides ziveliswa emzimbeni womntu

Ngenxa reactions pathways kwamafutha iiseli umzimba kuhlanganiswa ukusuka carbohydrate kwemfuneko. Oku kucacisa into yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwamalweyile ngendlela ezityebileyo kwisitatshi kunye sucrose (iimveliso umgubo, irayisi, iitapile, iilekese), kukhokelela ekubeni umzimba. Kwinkqubo iimveliso ukwetyisa equlathe kwamafutha kwi duodenum lwanamathela glycerol uyadinga asidi. haydrolisis yabo kwenzeka esisinyanzelo inxaxheba lipase - enzyme pancreatic kunye inyongo secreted sisibindi. Njengoko isepha, inyongo emulsifies amafutha, okt waphula iimolekyuli ezinkulu zibe ngamathontsi entle lipase ngokulula cleavable.

Le villi yethumbu ezincinane kuhlelwe molekyuli ezityebileyo ezithile umzimba womntu, kwaye ke iye yangena nkovu. Iimpahla nkovu amafutha faka iseli, nokunyoluka yabo ifakwe ongama amafutha okanye oil seal.

Indima yezinto eziphilayo lipids

Ngokufundisisa iimpawu eekhemikhali amafutha, ingqalelo ubuchule babo cell ukuba izixa ezikhulu amandla, yegram enye amanqatha inikezela 37.8 kJ yamandla ukusuka igcwala epheleleyo. Ngoko ke triglycerides - mpahla generic. Ngenxa yoko, amafutha - Kukudla ezixabisekileyo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba triglycerides yokugcina angachananga elide 'ubudala, "yaye rancid, ukufumana i ivumba elibi. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa uqhagamshelane ngeoli yi-oksijini emoyeni. Baqala baba muncu neoli lula ukufumanisa ukuba kongeza kuyo potassium iodide. Peroxides equlethwe imveliso, le ephindeneyo oxidized ukukhulula iodine, nto leyo ebangela umbala oluhlaza phezu ukunxibelelana izinto starch aqulethe.

Amafutha nawo zokwakha ezibalulekileyo kwaye ziyinxalenye inwebu kumaza organelles. Inkulu indima yabo eziphilayo thermoregulation. Umzekelo, izilwanyana eziphilayo kubunzulu ezinkulu apho lobushushu yamanzi iphantsi kakhulu, abe ephuhliswe kakuhle umaleko ongama namanqatha, umz, iminenga oko ukufikelela okusuka ka-1.5 m. Izilwanyana emathafeni, intlango kunye nezo zibuntlangorha kwakhona yande emzimbeni wayo imali eyaneleyo kwamafutha. Kuyimfuneko kubo njengomthombo wamanzi iqala ngaphakathi, njengokuba kwi igcwala kwamafutha ukongeza amandla, isixa esikhulu bolwelo. izilwanyana ezinjalo ziquka iinkamela, nempuku, shrews.

Lipids zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni izibilini. Le ndoda ephuhliswe kakuhle itywina oyile ukukhusela isisu, ingaba sokugaya ngenxa yokulimala ngaphakathi. amalungu abalulekileyo afana izintso, kufuneka ukuba umaleko okunamafutha. Ezinobunzima ilahleko elibukhali kwi ngokushiywa yabantu sezintso kunokwenzeka ngenxa thinning of umaleko, nto leyo ngezifo esinzulu, kuphazamisa inkqubo excretory.

ixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu lipids kukwenziwa inwebu cell. Kunye carbohydrate kunye neeproteni, ukuba amabili ukuba isakhiwo emihle. Zithako kwamafutha kwiiproteni ebizwa lipoproteins. Bakufikise permeability akhetha ingaphandle cell.

Eli nqaku bahlola ubume iikhemikhali kunye neempawu amafutha, ngokunjalo isicelo kweli candelo.