Yintoni na ke isikali sexesha neznye?

Yintoni na ke isikali sexesha neznye? Kuba apho zadalwa? Ngale mibuzo neminye uya kufumana iimpendulo kwinqaku. ixesha yokwakheka abasakhasayo (isikali stratigraphic) ubizwa ngokuba isikali nezenyama imbali zejoloji Umhlaba. Lusetyenziswa kwesayensi yokuma - uhlobo lwe ikhalenda kumathuba ixesha elininzi.

Age of iplanethi yethu

Akuyazi into isikali geochronological kwexesha neznye? Iingcali ubudala yoMhlaba iqikelelwa kwi kwiminyaka 4.6 billion. On iplanethi yethu, safumana izimbiwa kunye namatye ezinokuthi ubungqina indalo yayo. Ukucutha lobudala umhlaba azezi ubudala iiyunithi yakudala esiluqilima kwinkqubo iiplanethi - inclusions eliyinjubaqa esisityebi calcium aluminiyamu (cai) loMthetho chondrites carbon.

Kulandela iziphumo eliphezulu zovavanyo neyuranium-kukhokela indlela cai kweminyaka Allende zimpahla kukuthi 4.568.500.000 iminyaka. Okwangoku, yinto ingcamango ubudala kwenkqubo solar ithathwa kakhulu echanekileyo. Emhlabeni abunjwe kakhulu mva xesha - emashumini ezimbalwa okanye amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka.

isikali ixesha yokwakheka - izinto pretty eyonwabisayo. Ithuba ezalandela kwimbali Umhlaba kaThixo yahlulwe kumathuba ixesha ezahlukeneyo. imida zabo kuchaphazela iziganeko ezibalulekileyo eziye zenzeka.

Umda phakathi Phanerozoic siyavela ngamaxesha ngamaxesha iziganeko ezinkulu yendaleko - zabadla jikelele. Ukusuka Mesozoic Paleozoic wakwahlula likhulu kwimbali Triassic-permovym Ukunyamalala koMhlaba yezinto eziphilayo. Cainozoe and Mezozoic wabahlula ngetshokhwe-paleogene emzimbeni.

Ibali koluhlu

It wadala isikali ixesha neznye? Nokuhlelwa kunye lwemigangatho yabasemagunyeni uninzi iiyunithi ezikhoyo geochronological zokuphelisa 1881-1900 gg. II-VII ukuya kwiiseshoni Ngamazwe kwinkongolo neznye. Okulandelayo World isikali geochronological lisulungekile rhoqo.

Amaxesha ekubhekiselwe kuyo ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Amagama eendawo asetyenziswa kakhulu qho. Ngenxa yoko, igama ixesha Devonian wavela okwilizwe Devonshire eNgilani, സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe - ezintabeni yaseYurophu Jura, i Permian - isixeko Perm, kunye Cambrian - ukusuka kwisiLatini. Cambria, amagama Wales.

izigaba Vendian, Silurian kunye Ordovician zithiywe ezizwe yamandulo. Amagama ezinxulumene ukwakheka iintlobo, ziye zasetyenziswa enqabile. Coal eziqaphelekayo ukuze igama ngenxa yenani elikhulu beentanda amalahle, kunye netshokhwe - ngenxa popularization yokubhala wokulinganisa.

ngenxa yokwakha

Isikali ixesha yokwakheka wadalwa ukuchonga geognozicheskogo yobudala olunemiqathango lwe zeengxondorha. ukuguga Mda, kulinganiswa ngeminyaka, yokwakheka komhlaba kubaluleke yesibini.

Earthliving yahlulwe iiphiriyodi ezimbini eziphambili: kriptozoy (Precambrian) kunye Phanerozoic, phezu isenzeko ematyeni lentlenga iintsalela lwakudala. Xa kriptozoe khona kuphela eziphilayo athambileyo-eyomeleleyo musa imizila zingashiyi ezike. Esi sigaba ubomi ongabonakaliyo.

Phanerozoic waqala ngalo mzuzu legophe kunye Ediacaria Cambrian (Vendian) Iifomu ubunzima kweembaza kunye nezinye izinto, ukuvumela paleontologists ukwahlula kwikholam ukusuka ezafunyanwa zezilo entsalela kunye nohlaza.

Yokwakheka komhlaba ixesha isikali Umhlaba has division enye enkulu, eyahluke kokuba amalinge okuqala ukwahlula kwimbali iplanethi yethu ngexesha kwisithuba inkulu. Ke lonke umlando iye yahlulahlulwa izihlandlo ezine: primary, elingana Precambrian, secondary - Mesozoic kunye Paleozoic, ephakamileyo - ngaphandle ngokupheleleyo zokugqibela Cenozoic koqeqesho era. Isigaba koqeqesho usesikhundleni okhethekileyo. Kuyinto umjikelo elincinane, kukho inani elikhulu kweziganeko, loo imizila zisekhona ngcono kunabanye.

engenakubalwa

Yokwakheka komhlaba isikali ixesha - sisixhobo kuyimfuneko for Geography nganye. Kriptozoy okanye Precambrian waba 4bn indawo - kwiminyaka million 542 eyadlulayo. Oo ungachazwa ukuba izinto akazange abe oonokrwece nzima zamathambo. khona kwabo imbali nzima ukubona, kuphela iimpawu enqabileyo ematyeni.

Ixesha kukwisakhelo Phanerozoic - kwiminyaka million 542 eyadlulayo ukuya namhlanje. Kuchaziwe ngongqameko kumphezulu obuphathekayo izinto kunye zamathambo, ngoko ke umlando kuphuhliso yobomi ingalandwa ngoncedo lweentsalela. Hidden Life wadlulela ecacileyo, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba umoya izele mpilo. Okulandelayo kwafika ozone, ukukhusela umhlaba kwimitha sisemajukujukwini.

Ezi uwabonisa utshintsho kudalwe yi ukusebenza komzimba. Mhlawumbi iye yakhokelela ekutshabalaleni kweentlobo ezininzi apho oxygen iyityhefu.

Palaeozoic

Ngoko, kakade into isikali ixesha zejoloji Phanerozoic. Kwaye yintoni ke Paleozoic? Lo ubomi mandulo ezazikho izigidi 542-251 iminyaka nazazh, "ngaphambi kokuba Dinosaurs." Yahlulahlulwe yaba la maxesha alandelayo:

• Isigaba Cambrian kwiminyaka yezigidi 542-488 eyadlulayo. Kuyinto Ngokusisiseko ubomi ulwandle. Iqela uqhelekileyo kwiseli ezi trilobites. Noko ke, iintlobo zezilwanyana ezifana alusayi kuba kwimbali (sinokuthi "dubulo Cambrian").
• ixesha Ordovician kwiminyaka yezigidi 488-444 eyadlulayo. yesilwanyana saselwandle esineqokobhe Common coral. Kwakukho ezingenamqolo yokuqala - intlanzi-ezifana jawless kunye nezityalo ezisentlabathini.
• Inqanaba Silurian: Iminyaka yezigidi 444-416 eyadlulayo. Izinambuzane kwaye izityalo apha naphaya kulo ilizwe, kukho intlanzi jawed. Ubomi ezilwandle uqalisa efana isipho.
• interval Devonian: Iminyaka yezigidi 416-359 eyadlulayo. Naziphi na izinambuzane, izigcawu kunye nezinambuzane. umhlaba ibonakala. Nomhlehlo ophezu-finned kunye lungfish apha naphaya ukuba ubomi emhlabeni.
• Carbon okanye ilahle-kwisigaba 359-299 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Kumiselwe zinto komhlaba nohlaza (kwixesha elidlulileyo ngayo phesheya Earth efanayo). Kukho arthropods ngxilimbela, ezirhubuluzayo. Izinambuzane ilifa indiza lokwenyaniso. ingabi abaninzi, njengoko iintsholongwane izityalo moribund abanalo ixesha lizisebenzise. Xa ezilwandle sharks bolawulo kunye nezinye iintlanzi cartilaginous.
• Permian okanye Era Permian: Iminyaka yezigidi 299-251 eyadlulayo. On Earth, ukuba wazalwa archosaurs yokuqala - iminyanya Dinosaurs, kunye Cynodont heterodonta - ookhokho ngqo ezincancisayo. Ukuba zveroyaschery elikhulu, ngathi dimetrodon, ukuqokelela kwelanga usebenzisa i "iiseyile".

Ixesha Mesozoic

Nkqu nabantwana bayazi ukuba isikali xesha enjalo neznye. BeBakala 7, ngokungqinelana nenkqubo yesikolo, ukufunda umba. Abafundi bazi ukuba Mesozoic - ke Ixesha Dinosaurs, ebe ikhona kwiminyaka yezigidi 251-65,5 eyadlulayo. Esi sigaba yaziwa lemijikelo zilandelayo:

• Triassic: Iminyaka yezigidi 251-200 eyadlulayo. Ukwahluka ekuyo sele lehlile kakhulu, njengoko kuye kwenzeka ehlabathini ekutshabalaleni jikelele. Kukho iingwenya, amasele, megazastrodony (ezincancisayo oyinyaniso), Ufudo kunye pterosaurs - lomqolo yokuqala ndingabhabha.
• സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe: Iminyaka yezigidi 200-146 eyadlulayo. Amanzi esilawulwa malovane zaselwandle kumhlaba - i Dinosaurs, kwaye emoyeni - i pterosaurs. ezincancisayo സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe mancinci kakhulu kwaye zifana beempuku kwaye izinambuzane - niche nje lowo perepala emva ezirhubuluzayo.
• ixesha Cretaceous ixesha: Iminyaka yezigidi 146-65,5 eyadlulayo. iintlobo ezininzi idayinaso ifikelela ubungakanani bayo ubuninzi. Kukho izinambuzane zentlalo, izityalo eneentyatyambo, iinyoka, iintaka langoku, ezanyisayo placental.

eziphilayo

Ngubani ongathanda kwendawo? isikali ixesha yokwakheka - enye bokuqonda ezibalulekileyo kwesi sifundo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Mesozoic kunye Cenozoic izabelo kakhulu odumileyo, kodwa hayi ziphele nya ezona zininzi kwimbali iplanethi yethu. Nangona yonke microfauna yaphela, kuquka ulwandle. Iingcali kulandelelwa phantsi eninzi ubungqina iziganeko bafa elo xesha, kodwa iinkcukacha kunye nolandelelwano zokufunda kude kube ngoku.

Isiseko igqalwa kuwa elikhulu Meteor sangqa-11 km (ngakumbi Everest) kummandla Yucatán.

era Cainozoic

Ixesha kukwisakhelo Cenozoic: Iminyaka million 65,5 eyadlulayo - namhlanje. Lo mjikelo siquka lamathuba:

• isigaba Paleogene (65.5 - 23 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo).
• Umjikelo Neogene (23 million - 2,588 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo).
• kwinqanaba Anthropogenic (koqeqesho) (kwi-2,588 eyadlulayo-namhlanje).

neocene

Olukhulu wabiza esiqaphelekayo ezingenzeka zejoloji, nto leyo kwixesha elizayo uya kuza indawo Holocene. Ukususela kwixesha elizayo liye akakafiki, kusenokubakho iinketho ezininzi umbono wayo. Noko ke, iingcali ulaziyo iziganeko ezithile, ezisekelwe kwiinyaniso utshintsho ngoku ehlabathini: ulwalathiso isantya nentshukumo amazwekazi, orientation ukuthambeka axis koMhlaba, ajike yolwandle.