Ikhontrakthi nethiyori ezoqoqosho zamaziko: kakuhle, imigaqo esisiseko

Imfundiso yeenkontileka yabonakala ngee-1970. Kwakuloo ndlela ezoqoqosho zorhwebo ezidumile emhlabeni zaqala ukukhangela izibonelelo ezitsha zomsebenzi osebenzayo kwimakethi yamahhala.

Ingqungquthela yesivumelwano, engazange yaziwe ngokubanzi kuluntu jikelele, ithande ingqalelo kwihlabathi lonke emva kokuba abaphandi Oliver Hart noBangt Holmstrom, abaphanda, bafumana umvuzo weNobel kwizoqoqosho ngo-2016. Le ngcamango ithintele kakhulu iindawo ezikufutshane. Impembelelo yayo iye yasasazeka kwezoqoqosho lwezopolitiko zanamhlanje kunye nembono yezemali zenkampani.

I-Essence

Iingcamango zontrakthi zisetyenziselwa ukuchonga umvuzo ochanekileyo wabangaphantsi. Isicelo sawo sisonke. Le ngcamango ifaneleke ngokulinganayo kumashishini anabasebenzi abalula kunye nenxalenye okanye ukuhlawulwa okuthe ngqo kunye neemeko ezinezikhundla eziphezulu ezihlawulayo abaphathi abaphezulu okanye abaphathi abahlukeneyo beenkampani (kodwa isicwangciso semvuzo wabo ngumyalelo wobunzima obunzima kakhulu). Ngoncedo lweendlela ezenziwe ngabaososayensi kunye nezoqoqosho ezikhokelayo zehlabathi, kunokwenzeka ukukhetha indlela yentlawulo efanelekileyo kakhulu kumabini omabini. Ziphakamisa ukhetho olufanelekileyo phakathi kweebhonasi ngendlela yohlobo lwemali, izabelo zenkampani okanye iindlela zokukhetha zokuthenga.

Izinto ezisemgangathweni zeengqiniselwano zengqesho ziyakunceda kummandla wolawulo lwezomnotho. Ukuphanda kule ndawo, uMvuzo weNobel ngo-2014 wanikezelwa kuJean Tyrol. Enye indawo ebalulekileyo yesicelo kukulawulwa kwenkampani kunye nezimali zenkampani. Ukufundisisa kwabo kusetyenziswe ukusetyenziswa kwemimiselo yeejensi.

Kwakhona, imfundiso yeenkontileka idibene nenkolelo yeevenkile. Ezi nkalo zoqoqosho lolwazi zifana kwaye zifana nokufana. Namhlanje, abaqoqosho bezona zikhokelo benza umsebenzi wokuphuhlisa ivenkile ezikhokelayo. Ngomsebenzi wabo basebenzisa iindlela eziye zenziwa ngaphandle, kubandakanywa nenkolelo yezivumelwano. I-intanethi elungiselelwe kakuhle ivelisa inzuzo ngomyalelo wobungakanani obukhulu kunomcimbi ofanayo, ukuba ihlelwe ngemida.

Ukungquzulana emsebenzini

Imigaqo ephambili yesivumelwano sekhontrakthi, iimodeli kunye nemisebenzi yalo myalelo unciphisa ukwakhiwa kwezinto ezingabonakaliyo, umzekelo, "ophakamileyo-ophakamileyo" okanye "i-ejenti-inqununu". Kukho ubuso obuninzi kuwo. Bobabini baneenketho zabo kunye nezinto ezithandayo. Ikhontrakthi yekhontrakthi ibona imeko apho iingxabano phakathi komphathi kunye nabangaphantsi zivela ngenxa yeenjongo kunye nemisebenzi eyahlukileyo.

Ingxabano ayithethi ukuba elinye icala lifuna ukulimaza omnye. Inendawo yokubambisana kunye nentsebenziswano. Iinjongo eziphambili zeengcamango zithintela imeko efana nomnye xa umnqweno efuna ukuba phantsi kwakhe asebenze nzima, kwaye umvuzo wakhe awunyuli ngexesha elinye. Umnqweno womqeshwa uchasene ngqo. Kule meko, umphathi unomngcipheko: yintoni ekhuthaza ukuba anikezele umntu ongaphantsi kwezenzo zakhe kumsebenzi womqeshi? Ingundoqo yenkcazo yeenkontileka iyancitshiswa kuhlalutyo kunye nokubonelelwa kweendlela zokulungisa iingxabano ezinjalo.

Imigaqo-siseko ye-theory

Isisombululo esisodwa kumphathi-boss sinokukhetha xa uthengisa iphrojekthi yakhe kumntu ophantsi, ngaloo ndlela ulungelelanisa i-franchise entsha. Umthengi uyahlawula umlinganiselo othile aze abe ngumxhamli, ukususela kuloo mzuzu ukufumana zonke iindleko kunye nezibonelelo. Isisombululo sibukeka sikhombise kwaye sisebenza kakuhle kwiingcamango. Nangona kunjalo, unesiphako, kuquka iikhono. Le meko ikhokelela ekubeni umphathi uyagcinwa ngokubhekiselele kumngcipheko, kwaye ophantsi, ngokuchaseneyo, uwathatha konke.

Ngoko ke, isigqibo esinjalo asikwazi ukusebenza. Yaye yonke ingongoma yokuba ukukwazi ukuthatha ingozi kubonakala kubaphathi, kungekhona kubangaphantsi. Iingcamango zezivumelwano, ngokukhawuleza, zinikezelwa kulwalamano olunjalo. Ukusebenza kwisakhelo salo, izazinzulu kunye nabacingisi ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo bacinga izixazululo ezininzi ezingabonakaliyo kwiimeko ezingqubanayo.

Akuyi kuba yindlela yokuphuma kwintsimi kunye nokulawula imizamo yecala. Kule meko, umphathi uya kumphoqa aze amphoqe ukuba enze kuphela oko kuhambelana neminqweno yomqeshi. Umzekelo wobudlelwane obunjalo unokuba yimbali yamandulo yezoqoqosho phantsi kwenkqubo yokuxhaphaza. Enyanisweni, abaphantsi kancinci bahlala besenza kuphela, okuba negalelo elikhulu kwisiphumo.

Izinto zeembuyekezo

Enye yeemvavanyo ezibonelelwa ngeengqiniselwano zontraka kwizoqoqosho zesikhungo yimiqulu yeenombolo ezaneleyo. Yingxowanxu ye-Nobel ekhankanywe kakade uBent Holmström. Le ngqungquthela iphakamisa isisombululo kwimpikiswano ngaphakathi kweso sakhiwo "se-boss-subordinate". Yintoni na? I-Holmström yaqwalaselwa kwaye yahlaziywa ngokucacileyo imeko apho izicatshulwa eziphambili ezitshilwayo malunga neziphumo zezinto eziphantsi komsebenzi. Kuvela kubo ukuba umvuzo okanye umgwebo uxhomekeke kuye.

UHolmström wafika kwisigqibo sokuba umphathi kufuneka ayeke ukuqwalasela izinto ezingekho ngamandla akhe. Izigqibo ezithathwe kwimeko echaseneyo zidala umngcipheko olungadingekile kwaye zithintela kuphela ukukhuthazwa kwezenzo zomqeshwa. Ngelo xesha, intloko kufuneka ikhokelwe yiyo yonke ingcaciso efumanekayo kuye malunga nokusebenza kwemigudu ephantsi.

Izikhuthazo ezenziwe lula

Uninzi lweemeko aluhambelani nomzekelo weklastiki. Umzekelo wale nto unokuba yimeko xa umntu ophantsi esinikwe imisebenzi emininzi kwangoko, kwaye kufuneka asebenzise imizamo eyahlukileyo. Umzekelo, umqeshwa uyayinyamekela umatshini, uyanyamekela ukhuseleko lwayo, athulule ioli apho ngelo xesha ahlawule ezinye iinkcukacha kuyo. Nangona ukuhlawulwa komsebenzi onjalo kungumsebenzi wecala, kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezithile. Imigaqo eyisiseko ye- theory yezoqoqosho inkontileka yakhiwe ngomnqweno wokuphepha ukuphuhliswa kweziganeko. Umzekelo wesigqibo esifanelekileyo sisishukumiso esilula kunye esinamandla esiya kuvuselela umsebenzi ukuba asebenze nzima kwaye ngexesha elifanayo amenze akhohlwe ngemisebenzi yakhe eyongezelelweyo (isimo sengqondo esibhekiselele kumatshini oya kuphula xa unganandaba nalo).

Imizamo emininzi ihlala igcwele iingozi kumphathi. Inkqubo yokhuthazo eyenziwe kwimeko enjalo kufuneka ithathe ingqalelo zonke iimpawu ezizimeleyo zaloo meko. Ukucaciswa kukuba yintoni inkolelo yezivumelwano ezinzima. Ngokufutshane, kunokuchazwa kumzekelo wotitshala. Ukuba uvela kwititshala esikolweni ukuba afune iimpembelelo ezithile zeMviwo yoBumbano obumbeneyo, "uya kubamba" abantwana ngenxa yoko, ukulibala into ebaluleke kakhulu - ngokwenene, malunga nolwazi. Nangona oogqirha abaqinileyo bangakwazi ukuwela kuloo mgibe xa banikezwa ngokungafanelekileyo, izizathu ezikhuthazayo. Abafundi babo ekugqibeleni abayi kuzuza izakhono eziphambili, kuquka ukungaqhelekanga ukucinga ngokucokisekileyo nokuziqonda ngokuzimeleyo esi sifundo.

Omnye umzekelo wongquzulwano ngumqulu weqela lonke apho amandla kunye neemfanelo zabasebenzi azicacanga. Ucinga ukuba inkosi ayikwazi ukuvavanya igalelo lomntu ngamnye kwisiphumo somntu ngamnye. Ngokuchanekileyo ezi ngqungquthela abacwaninga bezoqoqosho abahlolisayo izifundo zabo ezichaphazelekayo ngenkontileka. Izindlela zokulungisa iingxabano zezi zinto zifunwa ngaba ngcali. Bafuna ukufumana ingongoma apho iimfuno zomphathi kunye nabangaphantsi zidibanisa.

Khontrakthi ekhethiweyo

Ekusebenzeni kwezinye iintlobo zomsebenzi indlela yokwazisa idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ngokukodwa, wafundwa nguHart noHolmström. Iingcamango zontrakthi kwiimeko ezinjalo zihlola izivumelwano ezinxulumene. Ziyavela xa ophantsi kunye nomphathi usebenza ndawonye ixesha elide. Amava amaninzi okusebenzisana ngempumelelo, ngakumbi baya kuxabisa intsebenziswano yabo. Kukho ithemba. Kule meko, kunethuba elingaphantsi lokuba abantu baya kwenza ngokuvumelana neminqweno yabo kuphela, kodwa baya kuqhubeka ngokubaluleka kokuxhamla. Ngokomzekelo, umphathi uya kuba neenkxaso zebhonasi, kwaye umntu ongaphantsi akayi kuba noyilo eliyingozi.

Okubaluleke kakhulu kukubaluleka kwegama, xa kungekho vavanyo lucwangciso lweziphumo zomsebenzi. Ingaba ngumfanekiso womculi okanye enye into yomsebenzi wokudala. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, akukho mntu uhlala kwisithathu ongasombulula ingxabano. Qinisekisa ukuba umfanekiso ufanelekile, unokuba ngumthengi kuphela, uqhubeke naye, mhlawumbi, akukho mntu uyayiqonda ingcamango yobugcisa. Inkundla ayinamandla apha, kodwa inkolelo yeenkontileka inokukunceda. Kwizoqoqosho zeziko, iindlela zokuwazisa zifundwa kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo.

Isivumelwano esingagqibekanga

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ingqungquthela yesivumelwano sika-Oliver Hart, eyayifumana iNkqabo yeNobel, inikezelwe kwisihloko sesivumelwano esingaphelelanga. Ingundoqo yayo ibilisa kwi-thesis yokuba ubomi bunzima kwaye buninzi, ukwenzela ukuba isivumelwano sokuqala esenziwe phakathi kwamaqela sinokubonelela nayiphi na imeko engalindelekanga. Yingakho abathathi-nxaxheba kule nkqubo baya kuqhuba iingxoxo ngoku sele ziqhuba umsebenzi. Iingxoxo ezinjalo zivumela ukuxazulula iingxaki ezintsha kunye nemingeni evelele kumphathi kunye nomphathi. Zizalisa izikhelo ekugqibeleni zibonakala kwisivumelwano sokuqala.

Izixhobo ezibalulekileyo zidlala. Ngubani onamandla okwenza izigqibo kunye nefuthe leengxoxo? Bangakanani amaqela anomdla ekuqhubeni intsebenziswano, nangona iingxaki eziye zavela? Yonke le ngongoma yesivumelwano somnqophiso ka-Oliver Hart. Kwachaphazela ezininzi iinkqubo eziphathelele. Iingcamango ze-Hart zithintela kwingcamango yemali yenkampani kunye nemfundiso yemibutho. Izisombululo ezinikwe nguye zisetyenziswe ngamashishini amashishini kunye nabashishini. Ingcamango yenzululwazi sele ikhonza abatyalo-mali kunye nabacwangcisi bemali yamashishini karhulumente. Ngoncedo lwayo lucacisa inkqubo yeenkqubo zokubhankqalaza zabasebenzi bezoshishino kunye nabashishini.

Iingcamango zezivumelwano ezingaphelelanga zifumene isicelo kwiingxabano malunga nokunikezelwa kwezoqoqosho phakathi kwamacandelo karhulumente nakwabucala. Le ngxubusho ibhekisela ekupheleni kwemibutho ehlinzekela unyango kunye neenkonzo zemfundo. Ngaba kufuneka ukuba zikarhulumente okanye zihlale ziyingxenye yemarike yamahhala? Iingcamango zezivumelwano ezingaphelelanga kule meko zichaphazela ukukhuthaza okufanayo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umphathi uqeshe ilizwe, ngoko unako ukukhuthaza utyalo-mali, ekubeni u-Rhulumente akanako ukuvuza yonke imizamo yakhe phantsi kolawulo lwakhe. Kwiimarike zokhuphiswano kunye neenkampani ezininzi zangasese, yonke into iyahluke ngokupheleleyo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ngamnye umqeshi ufuna ukuzisa into emitsha kwimveliso okanye ukubonelela ngenkonzo ukufumana abachasi. Ngako oko, iinkampani ziya kuvuza abaphathi ngeqhinga labo kunye neendlela ezintsha, eziza kuba yinxalenye yesivumelwano.

Iingcebiso kunye neengqondo

Ngokubambisana nenkokhontrakthi yesivumelwano, ukususela kuma-1980, uqoqosho lokuziphatha luye lwaphuhliswa. Ihlola indlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo, echaphazela ukuzenzela izigqibo kunye nezizathu zabasebenzi. Konke oku kuhambelana ngqo nembono yeenkontileka. Iingcamango ezininzi ezakha izikhundla zayo ezisisiseko zivela kwiimeko zoqoqosho.

Umzekelo wokuboleka okunjalo yintsimilelo yokuba abantu abaxhaswa kakhulu ngenxa yemivuzo yezinto eziphathekayo njengemvakalelo yoluntu yomsebenzi wabo, ubulungisa, njl njl. Umvuzo weNobel kwi-Economics (2016) wanikezelwa uphando kule ndawo. Iingcamango zezivumelwano ziye zasebenza ngokukodwa kule ndlela ekudlulileyo kwiminyaka eyi-10-15. Ngeli thuba, kubonakala umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu, uqulethe uhlalutyo lwangaphakathi lwabantu abaphantsi kwabo ngokusekelwe kubuhlobo nabanye. Ezi ngqalelo zigqityiweyo kwiimpawu zeklasi eziqulunqweyo zengqesho, ezenza imibuzo entsha evulekile kwisayensi efuna impendulo.

Ngokusebenzisa imbono yeenkontileka kwizoqoqosho, iingcamango zendlela yoluntu kunye nobunikazi ziyaziswa. Kuzo, iinkalo zentlalo neengqondo zilandelwa. Ngenxa yoko, iingcali kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zesayensi zisebenza kunye nekhontrakthi yesivumelwano. Banikela ngeendlela ezongezelelweyo zokukhuthaza abaphantsi, ukugxininisa kwesazisi sabo kunye nokuba ngabanye (umzekelo, kwiqela elithile lentlalo).

Umvuzo kunye nemveliso

Ngowe-1979, u-Bengt Holmström kwenye yeencwadi zakhe zenze iprogram ethile yesivumelwano. Ngokufanelekileyo, kufuneka adibanise umvuzo kunye nomphumo womsebenzi ophantsi. Umzekelo, ukuba umphathi wenkampani unembopheleleko yentengo yesitoko, ke umvuzo wakhe uya kuncitshiswa xa eli xabiso liwela. Nangona kunjalo, ilahleko zezemali zinalo ithuba lokuba zenzeke kwaye kungekhona ngephutha le-ejenti. Iimeko zangaphandle zingaphazamisa (umzekelo, iimeko zemarike). Iingcamango zezivumelwano zinikeza izicombululo ezahlukeneyo kule mpikiswano. Ngokomzekelo, umvuzo womphathi ochazwe ngasentla unokumiselwa ngokwemivuzo yeenkampani ezikhuphisanayo. Ukuba izabelo zikhula ngenxa yezizathu zangaphandle, ezichaphazela lonke ishishini, ngoko akukho mfuneko ye-arhente, kwaye ngoko akukho nto iyakumkhuthaza.

Ubudlelwane phakathi komsebenzi ophantsi kunye nokusebenza kwenkampani kudla ngokuphambene neemeko ezahlukeneyo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ngaphantsi kwempatho yomphathi kufuneka kuxhomekeke ekusebenzeni kwenkampani. Ngokwahlukileyo, imfundiso yeenkontileka ijongene nemimandla engozi. Oku kungaba yindawo entsha yotyalo-mali. Xa umntu ophantsi angabandakanyeka kulo mmandla, kungcono ukuba enze umvuzo wakhe uzinze. Kule meko, ngokuguquguquka (kungakhathaliseki ukuba yi-positivity okanye negativity), ubunokwenzeka bokungqubana phakathi komqeshwa kunye nomqeshi kuncishiswe kakhulu.

Ku khuthaza

Ukukhuthazwa komqeshwa kungekhona nje umvuzo ophezulu, kodwa kunye nethuba lokukhula komsebenzi. Ababhali beengqungquthela zeenkontileka bahlolisiswe ngokubanzi ukusebenzisana kwezi zimbini. Kwimakethi yokukhuphisana, inkampani kufuneka inike abasebenzi abasebenzi umvuzo ophezulu, ngaphandle koko baya kubakhuphiswano. Kukho ukuphazamiseka kule nkqubo. Ngokomzekelo, kukho ingozi yokuba abaphathi abatsha baya kusebenza kanzima, ngelixa iingcali ezisephambili kumanqanaba emisebenzi, ngokuchaseneyo, ziya kuqalisa ukusebenza kwazo, njengoko izicelo zabo sele ziyanelisekile.

Kulo mongo, imodeli yomvuzo ochanekileyo ineenzuzo zayo. Sisele sichaze umzekelo wotitshala, apho iziphumo eziphezulu zabafundi zifunwa kwiimviwo. Ukulindela okunjalo kubangela ukuba skew kwaye kugxininise kwizifundo ezithile okanye imisebenzi ethile. Ukuba umvuzo ungagqitywanga, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kukho izikhombisi zokusebenza, ukwabiwa kwemizamo phakathi kwemisebenzi kuya kulungelelaniswa.

Iimpawu zengcamango

Ulwalathiso olusondeleyo lwekhontrakthi yekhontrakthi nguqoqosho lolwazi. Izifundo kule mimandla ziqhutyelwe ngethuba lwakutshanje. Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, kunye nezoqoqosho zezona zinto zinzulu kwaye zingabonakali ngqalelo kwimpendulo yabantu kwizikhuthazo ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye nokudala ezi zikhuthazo zokuziphatha ezilungele ukufezekisa injongo ethile. Inomdla kwizinto ezinjalo zanda ngowe-1970.

Izikhuthazo zokuqala zoqoqosho zaqala ukufunda uJames Mirrlees noWilliam Vickrey. Ezi ngcali zathintela ukwakheka kweengcamango zerhafu efanelekileyo, apho inkolelo yezivumelwano zihlobene. Iincwadi ze-Mirlis neVikri zongezwa ngemisebenzi yeengcali ezinzulu njengoJean Tyrol, uEric Maskin, uJean-Jacques Laffon, uRoger Myerson. Abaninzi babo banikezwa umvuzo weNobel kwi-Economics. U-Oliver Hart kunye noBangt Holmström bakhankanyiwe kule ngqungquthela yeentlola.

Gcwalisa i-lemmas kunye ne -oreorems yesivumelwano sekhontrakthi isebenza ngeengcamango ezingabonakaliyo kwaye kule ngqiqo isondele kakhulu kwimathematika. Ngelo xesha, iimodeli eziqwalaselwa nguye zakhiwe ngokubhekiselele kwinjongo yokuphila yangempela. Izigqibo, ezenza iingcamango zezivumelwano, zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizenzo. Ibala ubunzima kunye neengxaki kwiinkalo ezininzi eziphikisanayo. Umzekelo wokusetyenziswa kwe-theory ingaba ngxabano malunga nokulingana kwemivuzo ephezulu yabaphathi abaphezulu beenkampani zaseRussia nakwamanye amazwe. Ngaba akusiyo nto na ukuba aba bafumana umvuzo omkhulu kumsebenzi wabo? Iingcamango zontrakthi ngamagama alula zingaphendula lo mbuzo, ekubeni kwi-arsenal yayo kukho iingxabano ezininzi zezoqoqosho.