Imbali yophuhliso lwezinto eziphilayo

Imbali yokuphuhliswa kwemvelo ivela kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ukuze uluntu oludala lwangaphambili , umnqweno wokuqonda imeko yendawo yayisele ibe yinto. Kule nqanaba, imbali yokuphuhliswa kwezinto eziphilayo iyigcwele ulwazi oluvela kwimvelaphi yaseYiputa, yaseTibetan, yaseIndiya yasendulo.

Abantu asebekhulile baqokelela izinto eziphathekayo kwaye bazama ukulungelelanisa. Ngaloo ndlela, iincwadi ezenziwe ngesandla zeBhabhiloni ziqulethe ulwazi malunga nobugcisa bokulima umhlaba, ixesha lezityalo, izilwanyana kunye neentaka ezonakalisa ezolimo. Imihla yokudala yaseShayina esuka kwiinkulungwane ze-4 ukuya kwi-2 BC. E. Qinise iinkcazo zokukhula kwezityalo ezimiweyo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Incwadi engcwele yamaPersi asendulo izaliswe ngcebiso malunga nesidingo sokukhusela umhlaba, ngaphandle kokungcolisa izinto "ezingcolileyo", ukukhusela izilwanyana, ukukhusela amanzi kunye nomlilo, usebenze ngokucophelela ngomhlaba. Kwi "Lay of Igor's Host" kukho iinkcazelo ezininzi zezilwanyana.

Ngaloo ndlela, imbali yophuhliso lwezinto eziphilayo yenziwa ngokuvela kwezolimo, i-zoology, i-botany. Ngelo xesha, iziganeko zokuqala zesimo sengqondo somntu kubonakala kwendalo.

Impembelelo yophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwezesayensi ye- biological yizinto ezininzi ezifunyenwe kwimihlaba yenkulungwane ye-15, kunye nokuqulunqwa kwamazwe amatsha. Ngeli xesha kwakukho ukuqokelela okusebenzayo kunye nenkcazo yezinto eziphathekayo. Imisebenzi yabaninzi bemvelo iqulethe ubungqina bezinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo, ukuhanjiswa, iimpawu zesakhiwo sezilwanyana kunye nezityalo ezibonakaliswe kule ndawo okanye kuloo ndawo.

Kukho ubungqina obuninzi bezinto eziphilayo eziqokelelwa yizinzulu (izazinzululwazi kunye neengcali-geographer) zaseRashiya ngekhulu le-18. Phakathi kwala manani abalaseleyo kwalo xesha, kufuneka kuqatshelwe II Lepekhin, SP Krasheninnikov, PS Pallas.

Phakathi kwekhulu le-19 uK. Roullier (uprofesa waseYunivesithi yaseMoscow) waba negalelo elikhulu ekuphuhliseni isayensi eRashiya. Le nzu lulwazi yenzelwe umgaqo, uthathwa njengesiseko sosayensi yezemvelo, ngumgaqo wobumbano lwendalo kunye nomzimba.

Amanqanaba alandelayo ekuphuhlisweni kwezinto eziphilayo zibonakaliswe ngabachwephesha, njengokuba ukwahlukana kwezenzululwazi njengentsimi entsha yolwazi malunga nemvelo ejikelezileyo. Kule nkalo, iinjongo ezininzi zaqala izifundo. Ezi zigaba eziphambili zophuhliso lwezinto eziphilayo ziphawulwe ngopapasho ethi "Imvelaphi yezilwanyana" ngowe-1859, ukunqoba kwemfundiso kaDarwin. Ngaloo ndlela, isayensi iye yaba yimfundiso yokulungelelaniswa kwezinto eziphilayo.

I-Haeckel ichaza i-ecology njengesixa solwazi olunxulumene noqoqosho lwendalo. Kwisakhelo sabo, yonke inkxalabo yokusebenzisana phakathi kwezilwanyana kunye nendawo yayo, kokubili okungabonakaliyo kunye ne-organic, iphandwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngokukodwa, ngokubhekiselele kuHaeckel, kukho isifundo sobudlelwane obusondelene okanye obusondeleyo kunye nezo zityalo kunye nezilwanyana ezithintana nayo. Ngaloo ndlela, inzululwazi yendalo yenzelwa ukufundwa kwazo zonke iinkqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ekuthi, ngokubhekiselele kuDarwin, kuthiwa uvuselela umzabalazo wokuba ukhona ngeemeko.

Ngomnyaka we-1910 i-Third World Botanical Congress yabizwa. Yayiqonda ngokusemthethweni imvelo yezityalo. Kwakhona kwaphakamisa umba wokuhlula isayensi eyaziwayo kwiindawo zoluntu zezityalo kunye nabantu abatyala.

Ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-20, imbali yokuphuhliswa kwezinto eziphilayo yenziwe ngokuqalwa kwezifundo ezahlukeneyo, ukudala imisebenzi eyimfuneko ejongene nemibandela emibini neyona minxinxu.

Kwiimeko ezikhoyo, kukho ukwanda rhoqo kwimiqulu yolwazi. Iingxaki ezahlukeneyo zengqongileyo, imiba engqongileyo yemicimbi iya kuba yintlangano yesayensi yocandelo elithile lophando.