Amava kaTorricelli: isitshixo kunye nenjongo

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, iingqondo zabantu ziye zazama ukuqonda ubunjani belizwe elijikelezile, imithetho yemvelo, imbali yendalo yayo kunye nokuya kuyo kule ndawo. Esi sifundo senze imifanekiso eyahlukeneyo yehlabathi kwiindawo ezihlukeneyo nakwiindawo ezihlukeneyo zeplanethi: ukubonakaliswa kwezinto zendalo kunye nesiqalo esivela kuThixo, imbono yomzabalazo wobumnyama nokukhanya ePersian Zoroastrianism, ukudalwa kwehlabathi kunye ne-apocalypse ebuYuda, nangaphezulu.

Nangona kunjalo, ukulungiswa ngokwenene kolwazi lwezesayensi lwehlabathi lubonakala ngempumelelo eyenziwa ngabacingisi baseGrisi lasendulo. Ngaloo ndlela, enye yeengcamango ezibaluleke kakhulu zeAristotle kwaba ukuqaliswa kwengcamango "yokungabi nalutho", ukugqiba kungekho nto-indawo apho kungekho nto ikhona. Iingcamango zokungabikho nto yayiyinkwantya eyoyikisayo yesafilosofi, nangona kunjalo, ngombono wakhe, kwaye akunakwenzeka kwimvelo. Emva koko, idatha eyimpawu efumaneka kumntu ke ayikwazanga ukutyhila ingcamango yecala elipheleleyo, kwaye yonke indawo evamile iyazaliswa ngumoya. Umzekelo, ukuba uzama ukuvuthela umoya ukusuka kwiphubhu engenamanzi, iindonga zayo ziya kuncipha. Oko kungaphakathi, kungekhona nje ukungabi nalutho, kodwa kunye nebala ngokwalo liya kuhlala. Kwaye amanzi asemibhobho ahlala ephakama emva kwepiston, engavumeli ukungabi nalutho ukwenza.

I-Torricelli amava: inkcazo

Ingcamango yokuba ayikwazi ukuba yindawo ehlabathini engagcwaliswanga ngolu hlobo, oluqinileyo okanye olusisigxina umcimbi uphumelele ukufikelela kwiNew Age - ngexesha leengcamango zabantu kunye nempumelelo yezesayensi. Kwakuloo nto abantu abaphinda bafumana ukholo lwabo kwimeko yokwenza ulwazi olunengqiqo kunye nolwazi lwehlabathi. Noko ke, amava kaTorricelli, akubanga nje kuphela umphumo wophando lwezenzululwazi, kodwa kunye nethuba. Ngethuba lokwakha imithombo yamagumbi aseburhulumenteni enye yezikhulu zedolophu yaseMedici eyaziwayo , kwaphawula ukuba amanzi emibhobho enyuka kakhulu, egcwalisa ukungabi nalutho, kodwa kuphela ukuphakama, emva koko kuphelisa ukunyakaza kwayo. Le nyaniso ayikwazanga ukuphakamisa inzala kwilizwe lakwaKuvuselelwa.

Iinkcazo zatshintshelwe kwi-physicist and mathmatician Galileo Galilei, eyaziwa ngokubanzi ngeli xesha (nangakumbi edume namhlanje). Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokufumana impendulo eyamkelekileyo ngeengcamango, wagqiba ekubeni asebenzise indlela yokuhlola. Uvavanyo lwaye lwagunyazwa ukuba abeke abafundi bakhe ababini - uViviani noTorricelli. Iziphumo ezinomdla zifikelele kwisibini. Amava kaTorricelli aphakamisa ukubeka umthamo othile we-mercury kwiphubhu yeglasi ( inzima kunamanzi, ngoko ibonisa iziphumo ezibonakalayo kunye nemigangatho emininzi yamandla) ukuze umoya ungabi khona. Ngelo xesha, isiphelo esiphezulu savalwa, kwaye i-low evulekile yafakwa kwikomityhi ye-mercury. Kuye kwavela ukuba i-mercury ayizange igcwalise indawo yonke yebhubhu, ishiya inani elithile elingenanto. Nangona kunjalo, olu lwazi olungummiselo aluzange lufumane ngokukhawuleza ukulungiswa kwalo.

Inkcazo yamava

Amava kaTorricelli ngokukhawuleza ayaziwa kwiYurophu ekhanyisiweyo, izazinzulu ezaziphikisana nolu hlobo lwalo mzekelo. Ingcaciso yento yanikwa uEvangelista Torricelli ngokwakhe. Ekubeni kwakungekho moya kwiphubhu yeglasi evaliweyo phezu kwe-mercury, wachaza ukuba ukuphakama kwekholam ye-mercury kuqinisekiswe ngokoqobo ngongcinezelo womoya nge-mercury ekomityeni, ukuphoqeleka ukuba uqhube ngakumbi kwi-tube yeglasi. Ngexesha lokuqala, ingcinezelo yomoya yafunyanwa ngokuzenzekelayo. Ifomula yeTurricelli yathi le ngcinezelo ihambelana nokuphakama kwekholam ye-mercury: P atm = P mercury. Izifundo ezongezelelweyo zafunyanwa ngumFrentshi uBlaise Pascal, owakubonisa ngamanani ukuxhomekeka kobude beentsika ngokukhawuleza kwomoya ngexesha elithile, ngaloo ndlela kunceda uluntu lubone i-atm. Uxinzelelo.