Imfutshane imifanekiso kunye nemisebenzi kaSolzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich

Ngendlebe nodliwano-ndlebe, uAlexandro Solzhenitsyn wavuma ukuba wazinikela ubomi bakhe kwiinguqulelo zaseRashiya. Yintoni umbhali wencwadana ethi "Kwinqanaba lokuqala" lithetha ntoni? Imbali yasekhaya iqulethe ngokwayo ukujika okubuhlungu. Ukufakazela ngabo umbhali wayeqwalasela umsebenzi wakhe. Imisebenzi kaSolzhenitsyn yintlangano ebalulekileyo kwisayensi yembali ye-20 leminyaka.

Brief biography

USolzhenitsyn uAlexander u-Isaevich wazalelwa ngo-1918 eSlolovodsk. Wafunda iincwadi ukususela ebusheni bakhe. Ngaphambi kwemfazwe, wayenomdla kakhulu kwimbali yeMfazwe Yehlabathi Yeyokuqala. Umbhali wexesha elizayo, umntu ongenamdla kunye noluntu ozinikezele imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala yokubhala kule sihloko.

Indlela yokudala kunye nobomi beSolzhenitsyn iyingqayizivele. Ukuba ngongqina kunye nxaxheba kwiimeko ezibalulekileyo zembali zinovuyo kumbhali, kodwa lubuhlungu obukhulu kumntu.

USolzhenitsyn wadibana nokuqala kwemfazwe eMoscow. Apha wafunda kwiSebe leNkcukacha yeNkcukacha, i-Philosophy kunye neNcwadi. Emva kwakhe kwakuyunivesithi yaseRostov. Ngaphambili isesikolweni segosa, ingqiqo kunye nokubanjwa. Ekupheleni kweminyaka engama-90 kwiphephancwadi leencwadi elithi "Ihlabathi Elitsha" imisebenzi kaSolzhenitsyn yapapashwa, apho umbhali wabonisa amava akhe empi. Kwaye yayininzi.

Igosa-i-artilleryman, umlobi wexesha elizayo uvela kwi-Eagle ukuya ePrussia yaseMpuma. Iziganeko zeli xesha wazinikela iminyaka emva koko imisebenzi "Zhelabugskie vyselki", "Adlig Shvenkitten". Wayekuloo ndawo apho umkhosi kaGenerali uSamsonov wayedlulile khona. Iziganeko zika-1914 uSolzhenitsyn wanikezela incwadi ethi "I-Wheel Red".

UCaptain Solzhenitsyn wabanjwa ngo-1945. Emva koko kwafika iminyaka emide yamajele, iinkampu, idibanisa. Emva kokuvuselelwa ngo-1957, wachitha ixesha elithile kwiplasi yasemaphandleni kufuphi naseRyazan. Igumbi likaSolzhenitsyn lifakwe ngumhlali wasekuhlaleni, uMatonaona Zakharovna, owaba ngumtsalane wembali "iMatrenin Yard".

Umlobi-phantsi komsebenzi

USolzhenitsyn wavuma kwincwadi yakhe ethi, "Ithole eline-oki laliyidla," ukuba nangona wayezibethela kwiincwadi ngaphambi kokuba abanjwe, kwakungekho nto. Ngexesha loxolo, ngokubanzi, wayecaphukisa ukuba izihloko ezitsha zamabali kwakungekho lula ukuzifumana. Imisebenzi kaSolzhenitsyn yayiya kuba yintoni ukuba wayengaboshwa?

Izihloko zeembali, iincwadi zemveli kunye neenveli zizalwe kwiintlawulo, kwiinkampu zenkampu, kwiiseli zentolongo. Ayinakukwazi ukubhala phantsi iingcamango zakhe ephepheni, wadala izahluko ezipheleleyo zeengxelo zincwadi I-Gulag Archipelago kunye ne-First Circle engqondweni, ize iyenze ngekhanda ngentliziyo.

Emva kokukhulula uAlexander Isaevich waqhubeka ebhala. Ukushicilela imisebenzi yabo kubonakala kwimizuzu engamashumi amahlanu. Kodwa akazange ayeke ukubhala, ekholelwa ukuba umsebenzi wakhe awuyi kulahleka, loo midlalo, amabali kunye neenveli ziza kufundwa ubuncinci yintsimi.

USolovytsin wakwazi ukupapasha imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala ngo-1963. Iincwadi, njengeenguqu ezihlukeneyo, zavela kamva. Ekhaya, umbhali wakwazi ukunyathelisa amabali "kwihlabathi elitsha". Kodwa ke le nto yayiyinto yolonwabo olumnandi.

Izifo

Ukufunda ukubhalwa, kwaye utshise-indlela yokuphepha kwemisebenzi yabo uSolzhenitsyn wasebenzisa ngaphezulu kweyodwa. Kodwa xa oogqirha bamxelela ekuthinjweni ukuba kufuneka aphile ngeveki ezimbalwa, wayesaba kuqala okokuba umfundi akakaze adalwe akayi kubona. USolzhenitsyn wayengenabani wokugcina imisebenzi yakhe. Abahlobo basemakampini. Umama wafa. Umfazi wakhe wamlahla ngaphandle kokutshata kwaye watshata omnye. USolzhenitsyn wawubhalela imibhalo yesandla eyayikwazi ukubhala, wawafihla ebhotile ye-champagne, wangcwatyelwa le bhotile engadini. Kwaye waya eTashkent ukuba afe ...

Nangona kunjalo, wasinda. Ngenxa yokuxilongwa okukhulu, ukubuyisa kwakubonakala kuyisimo esivela phezulu. Ngentwasahlobo ka-1954, uSolzhenitsyn wabhala "iRiphabliki yezabasebenzi" - umsebenzi wokuqala, ekudalweni kwayo umbhali-phantsi komhlaba wayenolwazi olungabonakali kwindinyana emva kwendinyana, kodwa ukuba akwazi ukufunda umsebenzi wakhe ngokupheleleyo.

"Kwisangqa sokuqala"

Kwincwadi yokubhala phantsi komhlaba yabhalwa intsha malunga ne-sharashka. Iingqungquthela zabalinganiswa abakhulu kwincwadi ethi "Kwi-Circle yokuqala" yayinguye umbhali ngokwakhe kunye nabaziwayo. Kodwa, nangona zonke izilumkiso, kunye nomnqweno wokushicilela umsebenzi kwi-version elula, iipolisi zaseGGB kuphela ziyifunde. ERashiya, inveli yesiXhosa sokuQala yapapashwa kuphela ngo-1990. KwiNtshona, iminyaka engamashumi amabini anamibini ngaphambili.

"Ngenye imini kaIvan Denisovich"

Inkampu yehlabathi elikhethekileyo. Akunanto enxulumene nento abantu abangabonayo. Enkampini, elowo ngendlela yakhe isinda kwaye ifa. Umsebenzi wokuqala wokupapashwa uSolzhenitsyn ubonisa usuku olulodwa nje lobomi beqhawe. Ngokuphathelele ubomi beenkampu umlobi wayazi ngokwabo. Yingakho umfundi ehlaselwa yinto engenakunqwenela kunye nenyaniso ekhoyo kwibali uSolzhenitsyn wabhala.

Iincwadi zalo mbhali zabangela ukuhlaselwa kwintlalo yehlabathi, okokuqala ngenxa yokuthembeka. USolzhenitsyn wayekholelwa ukuba italente yombhali iphela, kwaye emva koko uyafa, ukuba umsebenzi wakhe ufuna ukukhupha inyaniso. Ngako oko, ekubeni ekwahlulelweni ngokubhaliweyo ixesha elide kwaye engakwazi ukupapasha iziphumo zeminyaka yakhe emininzi yomsebenzi, akazange abone umphumo wabameli bezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-socialism. I-Union of Writers ixoshe iTvvetaeva, iyalithatyathwa iPasternak neAkhmatova. Ayithathi iBulgakov. Kule hlabathi, ukuba kuthe kwavela iitalente, babulala ngokukhawuleza.

Imbali yokupapashwa

USolzhenitsyn akazange alinge ukusayina le mibhalo eyithunyelwe ebhodini lokuhlela likaNovy Mir. Ithemba lokuba "ngelinye ilanga likaIvan Denisovich" liya kubona ukukhanya, phantse kwakungekho. Iinyanga ezinzima ezidlulayo zadlula kwimeko apho omnye wabahlobo bombhali wathumela ii-sheets eziliqela, ebhalwe ngesandla esincinci kubasebenzi belizwe eliphambili lokushicilela indlu, ngokukhawuleza kweza iimemo zikaTvardovsky.

Umbhali we "Vasily Turkin" kunye nomhleli-oyintloko kwiphephancwadi elithi "Ihlabathi Elitsha", funda umbhalo wombhali ongaziwayo sibonge u-Anne Berzer. Umsebenzi wokunyathelisa indlu ucebisa uTvardovsky ukuba afunde ibali, esithi ibinzana, eliye lagqitywa ngokuthi: "Le nto imayelana nobomi benkampu, amehlo ebantu abalula." Umlobi omkhulu waseSoviet, umbhali wenkondlo yempi-yelizwe, wayevela kwintsapho elula. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi oqhutyelwa ngalo ngxelo egameni "umlimi olula", wayenomdla kakhulu.

I-Gulag Archipelago

Incwadana malunga nabemi beenkampu zikaStalin uSolhenhenyyn wadala iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi. Ngokuqala umsebenzi wawupapashwe eFransi. Ngowe-1969 "i-Gulag Archipelago" yagqitywa. Nangona kunjalo, kwakunzima nje ukupapasha umsebenzi onjalo kwiSoviet Union, kodwa kwakunobungozi. Omnye wabancedisi bombhali, owawubhala kwakhona umqulu wokuqala womsebenzi, wayeyintlungu yokutshutshiswa kwamagosa aseKGB. Ngenxa yokubanjwa kunye novavanyo oluqhubekayo lwemihla ngemihlanu, umfazi osekhulile wangqina ngokumelene noSolzhenitsyn. Emva koko bazibulala.

Emva kwezi ziganeko, umbhali wayengathandabuzeki ngesidingo sokuprinta "i-Archipelago" phesheya.

Kwamanye amazwe

UAlexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn wagxothwa kwiSoviet Union emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa emva kokushicilelwa kwincwadi entsha ye-Gulag Archipelago. Umbhali wayemangalelwa ngokugwenxa. Amajelo aseSoviet agxininisa uhlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho, okusolakala ukuba lwenziwa eSolzhenitsyn. Ngokukodwa, umbhali we "Archipelago" wamangalelwa ngokunceda uVlasov ngexesha lemfazwe. Kodwa akukho nto yathethwa malunga nomxholo wencwadi echukumisayo.

Kude iintsuku zokugqibela zobomi bakhe uSolzhenitsyn akazange amise imisebenzi yakhe yombhalo kunye noluntu. Ngendlebe nodliwano-ndlebe kunye nexesha langaphandle, umlobi waseRashiya wabonisa ukuba uyathemba ukuba uya kubuyela ezweni lakubo. Kwabonakala ngathi akunakwenzeka.

Buyela

Ngo-1990, uSolzhenitsyn wabuya. E-Russia, wabhala amanqaku amaninzi malunga nezihloko zezopolitiko kunye noluntu. Ingxenye ebalulekileyo yemirhumo umbhali efakwe ekuxhaseni amabanjwa kunye neentsapho zabo. Elinye lamabhaso liyamkela amaxhoba asetshini laseChernobyl . Kodwa kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umbhali woMpostile oyiNgcwele u-Andrew Pervozvanny wayenqabile, eshukumisa isenzo sakhe ukungafuni ukuvuma umvuzo ovela kwigunya eliphambili, okwenze ukuba ilizwe libe lizwe lomsindo.

Imisebenzi kaSolzhenitsyn iyigalelo ebalulekileyo kwiincwadi zesiRashiya. Kwamaxesha eSoviet wayebhekwa njengomntu ochasayo kunye nohlanga. USolzhenitsyn engavumelani nalo mbono, ephikisana nombhali waseRashiya, ngaphezu kwakho konke, uyamthanda uYise.