Chernobyl amaxhoba. Isikali yentlekele

amandla enyukliya ibonwa njengenye nelingatyabuli kakhulu ethembisayo. Kodwa ngo-Apreli 1986 ihlabathi, izanyazanyiswa ntlekele emangalisayo: reactor liqhuma kwi kwisityalo kufutshane nesixeko Pripyat. Umbuzo zingaphi amaxhoba eChernobyl apho, kwaye ngumbandela mpikiswano, ekubeni kukho inkqubo yovavanyo ezahlukeneyo kweenguqulelo ezahlukeneyo. Noko Akukho mathandabuzo,, ukuba isikali kwale ntlekele enguNomb. Ngoko ke yintoni na inani lamaxhoba eChernobyl ngokwenyani? Yintoni unobangela ntlekele?

Njengokuba kwakunjalo

Ngobusuku ka -26 ku-Epreli 1986 , i-dubulo kwenzeka kwi iChernobyl amandla enyukliya. Ngenxa ngozi reactor yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo, inxalenye unit samandla kwakhona ngamanxuwa. Xa umoya lweziqalelo radioactive bavalelwa - ayodini, kwiteksti, kunye atom. I-dubulo uqale umlilo, etyhidiweyo mass otyhidiweyo, amafutha kunye eziphathekayo obegalelwe isithuba asezantsi phantsi reactor. Ngale ntsasa lwamaxhoba eChernobyl babesebancinane, ngokubulala amagosa besemsebenzini. Kodwa labanobuqokolo sokungamelani yenyukliya ngokuthi kade, isenzo libaziseko. Ngoko ke, inani elipheleleyo amaxhoba baqhubeka ukwandisa yonke imihla. Ukwanda ngxwelerha ngenxa abangafundanga nokuziphatha abasemagunyeni ngexesha intshukumo impahla. Kule mihla ukuba iphelise ingozi lilawule ukuba uphoswe emlilweni ibe ezininzi yeempi iinkonzo ezizodwa, amajoni, amapolisa, kodwa ukhuseleko lwabo akukho namnye yayindikhathaza. Ngoko ke, inani lamaxhoba likhule ngokuphindaphindiweyo, nangona oku ngeziphetshiwe na ngahlolo. Kodwa apha indima edlalwe into akukho namnye ilungiselelwa meko, umzekelo loo iingozi ezinkulu-ngomlinganiselo khange, ngoko ke zenzelwe ukuba Imeko inyathelo ngokoqobo.

Indlela reactor yenyukliya

NPP operation umongo yakhelwe phezu ngeeatom apho ubushushu uyakhululwa. I-reactor yenyukliya inika umbutho elawulwa self-kubomeleza ngokucandeka chain reaction. Le amandla nkqubo KHULULA leyo aguqulwa abe umbane. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala reactor yasungulwa ngo-1942 eUnited States phantsi kweliso yamachiza odumileyo uEnrico Fermi. Umgaqo yintshukumo reactor yakhelwe phezu chain reaction lokubola uranium ngethuba apho kukho neutron, konke oku sikhatshwe ukukhutshwa gamma kwemitha kunye nobushushu. Xa inkqubo yayo ukubola ifomu yendalo iquka athom division okwandisa ngokucacileyo. Kodwa reactor ilawulwa reaction, ngoko ke inkqubo kuphela hlula atom. iintlobo Modern kubenzi kakhulu ikhuselwe ziintlobo ezininzi iinkqubo zokhuselo ngako oko ekhuselekileyo. Noko ke, senze ibonisa ukuba akakwazi kuhlala kwaqinisekisa nendlela izixhobo enjalo, ngoko, isoloko umngcipheko iingozi, nto leyo ikhokelele abantu bayafa. Amaxhoba Chernobyl - umzekelo ocacileyo. Emva kwale nkqubo yokhuseleko sisihelegu zamandla kuye kwaphuculwa kakhulu, kwakukho sarcophagi eziphilayo ukuthi, ngokutsho abaphuhlisi, linokuthenjwa kakhulu.

Ifuthe radiation phezu kwabantu

Ekonakaleni kwe uranium wakhululwa gamma, leyo kuthiwa radiation. Eli gama libhekisela kwinkqubo ionizing, leyo ezendeleyo ngokusebenzisa izihlunu, radiation. Ngenxa ionization of radicals ezamahala bayazibhijabhija ezibangela omkhulu izihlunu ukutshatyalaliswa iiseli. Kukho umgaqo ukunika inyama eziphilayo apho ukumelana ngempumelelo. Kodwa yemisebe lidla ukuba yande ngaphezulu ebomini. Ne radiation inyama ebizwa ngokuba sesichengeni kunye nezifo ngenxa oku, - radiation. Kukho iindidi ezimbini imitha - lwangaphandle nangaphakathi, lo ukhupha ulwenziwo yesibini kunokwenzeka of radiation (ngeedosi ezincinane). Xa usethubeni lokuba iindlela zokonga lwangaphandle ziye babengekadalwa ngelo xesha. Amaxhoba yokuqala eChernobyl wafa ekuguleni radiation nokoyika ngenxa yokuba sesichengeni lwangaphandle. Ubuzaza sesichengeni kwemitha nangoku kwinto yokuba onesiphumo zofuzo kunye imiphumo usulelo ngokufuthi esilimaza inzala yesigulane. Ngenxa yoko, kwisithuba-usulelo badla ukulungisa ukunyuka bayinto ngokuzalwa abantwana izifo zofuzo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ke oonyana, amaxhoba eChernobyl, abazalwa liquidators yaye batyelela Pripyat, ukuba umzekelo eloyikekayo.

Izinto ezibangela le ntlekele

Disaster e Chernobyl kwakhokelwa luvavanyo imo yonxunguphalo "ukugudla". Ukwenza uvavanyo sase ezicwangcisiweyo ngexesha le Ukucima reactor. April 25 ukuba ukuthatha indawo stop okucwangcisiweyo yeyunithi amandla wesine. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukulisa indlela enyukliya - le nkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu kwaye baqonda ngokupheleleyo. Kulo mzekelo, i "sigudle" imo kwathiwa "bezichankcisa 'ixesha yesine. Zonke iinzame sangaphambili siphele khona ukusilela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ke isikali yemifuniselo baba incinane kakhulu. Kulo mzekelo, kwinkqubo ungahambi ocwangcisiweyo. Indlela abasabela ayenziwanga kuhlile noko, njengoko kulindelekile, ukukhululwa energy amandla engalawulekiyo landa, ngenxa - kwinkqubo yokhuseleko akazange asinde. Imizuzwana 10 emva kokuba uphawu amandla alarm yokugqibela babe reaction bafa, yaye kubekho udubulo eziliqela watshabalalisa reactor.

Izinto ezibangela le imisitho nangoku efundwayo. Uphando yengozi, iKhomishini weza kwisigqibo ukuba kungenxa ephule abasebenzi imiyalelo zesikhululo. Bagqiba ukuqhuba umfuniselo, phezu kwazo zonke isilumkiso yingozi. uphando elandelayo lubonise ukuba isikali yentlekele usenokuba incitshisiwe ukuba abasemagunyeni ukuba aziphathe ngokungqinelana nemithetho yokhuseleko kwaye ukuba abasemagunyeni na singazihoyi kukuba kunye ingozi xikepe.

Njengoko kanti kamva ukuba reactor waba olungalungiselelwanga ngokupheleleyo yemifuniselo ezicwangcisiweyo. Ukongeza, phakathi kwabasebenzi besebenza reactor iye ayasekwa ukuhlangana ezithintela izikhululo abasebenzi bayeke ixesha nokuhlola. Chernobyl, inani lamaxhoba nangoku ifakiwe, waba isiganeko yimbalasane kwishishini amandla enyukliya ehlabathini lonke.

Iziganeko, anikele kwiintsuku zokuqala

Ngexesha le ngozi kwi reactor kwaba kuphela bambalwa abantu. Amaxhoba yokuqala eChernobyl - abaqeshwa station ezimbini. Enye wafa ngoko nangoko, umzimba wakhe eyayingazange bakwazi ukuba simunce phantsi kwitekisi ton-130, owesibini wafa amanxeba kusasa ngengomso. Kwindawo umlilo iyunithi eyodwa abacimi wathunyelwa. Ngenxa yemizamo yabo ke amisa emlilweni. Abazange bashiye umlilo ukuya ngamandla wesithathu kwaye kuthintela umonakalo ngakumbi. Kodwa 134 abantu (nabancedi nezikhululo nabasebenzi) ndafumana esikhulu ithamo imitha , kunye nabantu-28 wafa kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezizayo. Of izixhobo kwi- abahlanguli baba imilo ngelaphu neeglavu kuphela. Major L. Telyatnikov, abathatha phezu ulawulo zokulwa umlilo, waba utyando ukuze esinye lomongo wethambo, kwaye akwamnceda ukusinda. abachaphazelekayo kancane abaqhubi imoto kunye nabasebenzi yezigulana, owafika xa abahlanguli baba iimpawu zokugula radiation ahlekise. Phepha le amaxhoba kusenokuba ukuba nabancedi bade babe izixhobo zokulinganisa kwimitha kunye amayeza ezinesiqalelo.

izenzo Amagunya '

Izinga le ntlekele kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezincinane ukuba kungekhona ngenxa izenzo amagunya kunye namajelo eendaba. Iintsuku zokuqala ezimbini zophando radiation lwenziwa, yaye abantu baqhubeka ukuhlala Pripyat. Media akazange avunyelwe ukuthetha ngengozi, kweeyure ezingama-36 emva kwengozi kwafika imiyalezo ezimbini elifutshane ulwazi kumabonwakude. Kwaye ke abantu abaziswanga malunga sisongelo, simahla ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi ukhupha ulwenziwo eyimfuneko na usulelo. Xa ihlabathi liphela enkalweni belinde ukuba nomoya evela USSR e Kiev abantu bathabatha ukubonisa Meyi uSuku. Zonke iinkcukacha esingalaziyo ukudubula lahlelwa, nkqu oogqirha kunye namagosa zokhuseleko ngento eyenzeka yaye wakwenza njani oko. Kamva, abasemagunyeni sigwetyelwe bathi abazange bafune ukusasaza uphaphazele. kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa kamva ngobungxamo Iwabemi mmandla. Kodwa ukuba abasemagunyeni baqalisa ukwenza ngaphambili, amaxhoba eChernobyl, ifoto apho Wabonakala eendaba nje kwiiveki ezimbalwa kamva, bekuya kuba ngaphantsi kakhulu.

Relief Disaster

indawo elosulelekileyo ukusuka kanye ekuqaleni iye wePick waza waqalisa ukuphelisa nengozi ephambili. Ithamo eliphezulu radiation yokuqala 600 abacimi abo babethunyiwe ukuya ukhupha ulwenziwo kwimitha. Ngesibindi kunzima ukugcina umlilo ekusasazeni, kwaye baphinde ngeeatom. Territory igcwaliswe ngomxube eyodwa zamthintela ubushushu le reactor. Ukwenzela ukuthintela ubushushu kuphindwa le reactor ukuba bakhutshwe amanzi ngaphantsi oko ogrunjiweyo itonela apho bakhuselwe ukungena mass etyhidiweyo emanzini nasentlabathini. Kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa, ukuba yakhelwe ijikeleze sarcophagus reactor wamisa idama ecaleni Pripyat River. Abantu abahamba ku EChernobyl, ngokufuthi akazange aqonde le ngozi, ngeli xesha kwakukho eninzi lamavolontiya abafuna ukuthatha inxaxheba kwindawo lokucoca up. Abanye abaculi, kuquka Alla pugacheva wamnika Ikonsathi phambi liquidators.

Isikali lokwenyaniso yentlekele

Inani lilonke "liquidators 'ixesha umsebenzi abantu malunga 600 amawaka. Kwezi, wafa malunga 60,000 ngabantu, 200,000 abantu abakhubazekileyo. Nangona, ngokutsho urhulumente, amaxhoba eChernobyl, iifoto leyo kungabonwa namhlanje kwi websites abazahluleleyo le ngozi, senze inani elincinci kakhulu, ngoko ngokusemthethweni wafa kwimiphumo nokuphelisa ibonakaliswa iminyaka 20 abantu abangama-200. Ngokusemthethweni obonwa yi okungayi le ndawo ngekhilomitha-30. Kodwa iingcali zithi kummandla ochaphazelekayo inkulu kakhulu kwaye ibandakanya ezikwere zeekhilomitha ngaphezulu kwama-200.

Nceda izisulu Chernobyl

Urhulumente wathabatha uxanduva ubomi kunye nempilo amaxhoba Chernobyl. Abo kwavala iziphumo ngozi, owayehlala yaye esebenza kwindawo ngobungxamo, wabeka iingenelo, kuquka inkamnkam, unyango Spa simahla, amayeza. Kodwa enyanisweni, ezi zibonelelo babe phantse ehlekisayo. Ngapha koko, abantu abaninzi kufuneka ukuba ufumane unyango olubiza kakhulu, kuba apho pension icacile akwanelanga. Ukongeza, kwaba nzima ukufumana udidi "Chernobylets". Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni kweli lizwe aphesheya kwakukho zesisa ezininzi abandakanyeka ukuxhasa amaxhoba eChernobyl, kunye imali eyanikelwa ngabantu, kwakhiwa lesikhumbuzo kumaxhoba eChernobyl e Bryansk, baqhube imisebenzi emininzi, nokuya kuhlawulwa kwizalamane kwabafileyo.

Isizukulwana esitsha "eChernobyl"

Ukongeza abo babandakanyekayo ngqo kwaye amaxhoba ntlekele ebizwa ngokuba "eChernobyl" amaxhoba radiation - abantwana liquidators nabafiki kwindawo owosulelekileyo. Ngokusesikweni, iChernobyl phakathi isizukulwana sesibini ipesenti yabantwana mpilweni engaphezulwana nje kancinane kune inani elifanayo ezimbi kwezinye abemi Russia. Kodwa izibalo ibali eyahlukileyo. Oonyana eChernobyl kusenokwenzeka ukuba baphathwe izifo zofuzo ezifana Down syndrome kakhulu ngakumbi, ezisengozini izifo zomhlaza.

Chernobyl namhlanje

Kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa iChernobyl amandla enyukliya isityalo ngafakwa ukusebenza. Kuphela 2000, abasemagunyeni Ukrainian baye bayeka yonke zamandla ayo. Ngentla reactor waqala ukwakha sarcophagus entsha ngo-2012, yagqitywa ukwakhiwa ngo-2018. Namhlanje, izinga radiation kwindawo exclusion liye lehla ngokuphawulekayo, kodwa ngaphezulu kunjalo amaxesha 200 ngaphezu idosi iphezulu kuvumelekile abantu. E Chernobyl, lo gama kuthathelwa zizilwanyana, kukhule izityalo kunye nabantu uye khona phezu utyelelo, nangona ingozi yosulelo, abanye bade ukuzingela khona, ndibuthe amakhowa kunye namaqunube, nangona oko akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo. Chernobyl amaxhoba, sites photo ezingcolisekileyo azibona abantu umxhelo mihla, bona abazi iingozi kwimitha kunye, ke ngoko, cinga ukutyelela le ndawo nje adventure.

Kuxhaphaza of Chernobyl

Namhlanje, nentlekele ngokuthe ngcembe ibuyela elidlulileyo, bonke abantu ngaphantsi khumbula abafileyo, ukucinga malunga amaxhoba. Nangona inani elikhulu eChernobyl uyasokola izigulo ezinzulu, abantwana abakhubazekileyo. Namhlanje, imini amaninzi kuphela ye-CD kwamaxhoba eChernobyl - Aprili 26 kunye namajelo eendaba kwenza abantu bacinge ngale ntlekele.

Bayahlelwa oonyana samandla senyukliya ehlabathini

Iingozi 20 leminyaka 21, iChernobyl kunye Fukushima amandla enyukliya zezityalo ngombuzo elibukhali ngemfuneko esweni ngokusondeleyo ukusetyenziswa amandla enyukliya. Namhlanje 15% yabo bebonke energy isivuno izityalo amandla enyukliya, kodwa kumazwe amaninzi siceba ukwandisa le isabelo. Ekubeni enye yeendlela libiza kancinane kwaye ikhuselekileyo kwemveliso umbane. Chernobyl, apho ixhoba ngozi isikhumbuzi ukuba silumke, ngoku ibonwa elidlulileyo elikude. Kodwa ukususela ekudalweni wengozi ihlabathi uye wadlulela ukhuseleko lwenyukliya.