Imitha: ithamo abulala abantu

Yemisebe ke ionizing imitha amasuntswana esasinokubonwa namasimi emzimbeni. Kuba sesichengeni sosasazeko lwemitha ayibandakanyi yelanga eyingozi nebonakalayo uluhlu ukukhanya. Ukukwazi ionize iziyobisi akanalo amaza counter erediyo iimayikhroweyivi, its not radiation. ithamo abulala abantu akadalwanga ngokuzenzela yi ziinkqubo imichiza, imitha ibhekisela kwisenzo emzimbeni.

Amandla ne nedosi

Amandla radiation sisixa ionization kangangexesha elithile. Ngokuba unit amandla apho - micro-roentgen ngeyure nganye.

Ithamo engumphumela kulinganiswa idosi iyonke, uzimisele ngamandla kwimitha liphindaphindwe ngexesha microparticles ngoko abalwe ithamo ezinkulu radiation abantu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufeni. Ukulinganisa ithamo elilinganayo kusetyenziswa sievert (Sv), ukubala amandla imiselwa nganye sievert ngeyure (Sv / h).

Ukubala ithamo elilinganayo ukusuka sesichengeni imitha zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ithathele ingqalelo ukwanda radiation efunekayo ukuya sievert. Umzekelo, ekugqibeni ithamo iyonke yezenzo gamma-ray nenani 100 roentgens 1 Sv. iingedosi ezincinane ngaphantsi kwe-1 Sv ukubala ngokuphathelene:

• 1 mSv (mSv) lingana 1/1000 sievert;
• 1 Sv (mikrozivert) lingana 1/1000 milliziverts ezizigidi okanye sievert.

A isixhobo sokubala radiation

isixhobo Standard eqhelekileyo isigqibo umyinge idosi okanye igunya ngqo kwi isixhobo kunye nomsebenzisi ifowuni, a dosimeter. Dosimetry yenziwa ngexesha sesichengeni kwemitha, umzekelo, shift, okanye ukubulawa imisebenzi yohlangulo.

A ithamo ezinkulu radiation ukuba umntu X-reyi ixhomekeke kubungakanani radiation kwi indawo umqeshwa ukuba isantya bungama iiyunithi ezingaphezulu kwama-600, ngoko ke ubomi loo zokukhanya engozini. Akundincina impahla ihanjiswa, izinto, umlinganiselo imvelaphi izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo. Umntu ngamnye abahambela iindawo kunye ingozi imisebe, lo dosimeter ingena ukusebenzisa njalo zobuqu.

Ukuya kwi ezingaqhelekanga kwendawo, ezifana iintaba, amachibi, behamba uhambo okanye khetha amaqunube kunye neenkowane, uthabathe isixhobo beya kulibhala indawo ngaphambi ekufumaneni elide. Ixhomekeka ngobunzulu indawo radiation phambi kokuba ukwakha okanye ukuthenga umhlaba. I-radiation wesiqalo hayi sinciphile kwaye singesuki iindonga izakhiwo izinto, ngoko ke ingozi pre-ibhaqe usebenzisa dosimeter.

Ingcamango ubuthi

Ezinye nuclei ezingazinzanga ziqulethe atom ekwaziyo zokuphuhlisa okanye iba. Le nkqubo kunegalelo kokukhutshwa unako simahla. Kukho amadlozi radioactive, amandla-enamandla, ekwaziyo ebambeleyo ekhankanyiweyo izinto ajikelezileyo nimqumbise ukuvela ion ezintsha kwentlawulo ezimbi nezilungileyo. A ithamo ezinkulu radiation kwi Rad kwenzeka xa umntu okufakwe 600 Rad, 100 Rad apho i (unit off-system) = 100 roentgens.

Izinto ezibangela imisebe

Isiphumo yeemeko ezahlukeneyo kunye neemeko imitha yangasemva ephakamileyo:

• ukulahleka kwezinto radioactive ukusuka uhlobo ilifu senyukliya dubulo;
• xa radiation eyabangelwa, nto leyo ibe iintlobo Isotope radioactive ngexesha isenzo lwephanyazo of gamma kunye neutron, i zakhutshwa ngexesha udubulo zenyukliya;
• impembelelo radiation yangaphandle gamma beta luyakhazimla;
• yedosi ezinkulu kwemitha kuboniswe i zokukhanya yangaphakathi emva ukungakhuseleki izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo radioactive ngaphakathi emzimbeni womntu ezivela emoyeni okanye ukutya;
• Ungcoliseko radioactive uvutha kwiintlekele seyona esenziwe ngumntu kwizibonelelo zenyukliya, ukuthuthwa ngokungafanelekanga kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma yenyukliya.

uhlobo radiation

Eziyingozi kubantu microparticles radiation, okubangela izifo emzimbeni kunye nokufa. Ubukhulu bempembelelo kuxhomekeke kuhlobo rays, ixesha kunye rhoqo:

• enzima alpha-yamasuntswana, nuclei ngokuqinisekileyo icala emva wokuqhekeka kobudlelwane (le yokugqibela kuquka thoron, ayibe-60, uranium, radon);
• amasuntswana beta ezi electron eqhelekileyo kwiteksti-90, Potassium-40, atom-137;
• gamma zimelwe amasuntswana ngamandla aphezulu luchukumisa (atom-137, ayibe-60);
• nzima X-ray, wesigrike-ezifana-amasuntswana, kodwa ezingenamandla, ukunika americium-241, ngumthombo rhoqo ingenzeka kwelanga;
• Neutron zisisiphumo ngokuwa umphakathi neplutoniyam, nokwanda kwabo iqatshelwe bume ye zamandla zenyukliya.

imihlobo lidle

fixed ithamo yeNethiwekhi olusebenzayo azimisele amathamo radiation emzimbeni ngenxa isixa esithile kwezinto eziyingozi. Eli nani ithatha ingqalelo uvakalelo amalungu angaphakathi kunye nexesha yokuhlala kwezinto radioactive emzimbeni (ngamanye amaxesha ubomi). Kwezinye iimeko, idosi ezinkulu radiation kwi X-reyi ilinganiswa omnye umzimba ekhethiweyo.

Ambidentate ithamo elingana kumiselwa ixabiso eyayiza ukufumana umntu, xa ekhona kwintsimi apho kwenziwa dosimetry, isibonisi ulinganiswa sievert.

Ifuthe imisebe emzimbeni womntu

Nawuphi radiation, ekhokelela ukuyilwa ku imvelo amasuntswana zombane ngemiqondiso ezahlukeneyo, ionizing ingqalelo. Le yangasemva radiation saa rhoqo ikhapha umntu, oko kudala radiation cosmic, isiphumo kwelanga, imithombo yendalo atom kunye namanye amacandelo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila.

Ukuze asebenze phantsi kweemeko eziyingozi ukukhusela abasebenzi kunye izinxibo ezikhethekileyo, athobele imigangatho yokhuseleko. Zokukhanya umzimba uvunayo emsebenzini kwi-experiments ngokwasemzimbeni imichiza, ekuqhubeni uhlolo, uphando lwezonyango, uphando zejoloji kunye nabanye.

Zofuzo sesimeni

A ithamo ezinkulu radiation ukuya abantu beeyunithi Rad igqithile 600 kwaye ekhokelela ekufeni. Zokukhanya kwi umthamo we Rad 400 ukuya 600 ikhuthaza isenzeko isifo radiation kwaye kunokubangela wezakhi zofuzo. Action yenguqu insimbi lomzimba kangako ngaye, kwiDNA azibonakali kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. ixesha twa unika ilungelo anithandabuzi, kwakukho kuguquka kwempembelelo eqhumayo okanye ngenxa yezinye izizathu.

Kwezakhi imbonakalo yahlulwe elibalaseleyo, ukubonakala kwixesha elifutshane emva kokuba isenzo sesichengeni kunye sofuzo. Uhlobo lwesibini eziboniswa ngokwawo, ukuba umama umntwana abe mnye isakhi mutated. Le ukuguquka ntoni ivuke ngenxa izizukulwana ezininzi, okanye hayi kwaphela indoda nexhala. Angakwazi ingane kunzima ukuba kumiselwa kwimeko inenimba ngaphambi kwexesha, ukuba ukuguquka awuvumeli umbungu abafikelela kwiminyaka yesizwe.

isifo imisebe. leukosis

Xa ekuqulunqeni le lokufunyaniswa radiation sifo inesandla kwimitha. A olubulala ithamo radiation kukhokelela ekufeni, kodwa akukho amanqanaba exposure ngaphantsi eziyingozi ukusuka 200 ukuya 600 p, ukugula radiation. Imitha kuchaphazela umntu emva kokuba impembelelo enamandla olunye okanye lalwano rhoqo radiation amandla eliphantsi. Umzekelo umsebenzi radiologists engomelele exposure rhoqo kwaye abagulayo, benezifo ekuso.

Eyona eyingozi ifuthe radiation emzimbeni ethe kwiminyaka ukuya ku-15. Malunga ubungakanani umthamo we Asikavumelani, abaphengululi ukunika nokunyamezela idosi ezahlukeneyo 50, 100 no-200 p. Le Pathogenesis ifundwa kumaziko ophando, leukemia radiation ifikeleleke ngakumbi kunyango.

izifo Oncological

Ufundo imiphumo radiation phezu kwabantu nzima nangakumbi ngumba ukuba ukuvela data ngokubanzi wafundela amaqela amakhulu abantu, nto leyo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle eksperimenti okhethekileyo. Yintoni idosi ezinkulu imitha kuyabulala, yaye yintoni amanqanaba umhlaza ebangela yamathumba babantu akukho kugwetywa imifuniselo zezilwanyana.

Ngokwemiqathango ulwabiwo ithamo eziyingozi ebangela nangezilonda umhlaza, akukho idatha ethile. Nayiphi ithamo radiation yi umzimba bangela ukuba ukuqalisa hlula cell ndlongondlongo. Obubonakala rhoqo sifo zihlelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• yeyona ukubonakalisa ixhaphakileyo wegazi;
• 1000 abafazi ilungu kwiqela lomngcipheko, umhlaza webele 10 izigulane bagula;
• izibalo efanayo zomhlaza lengqula.

Imitha degree ukugula ubungqongo

Iimpawu zokugula radiation i nentloko engapheliyo, intshukumo kakuhle, izimbo zomzimba zoququzelelo, isicaphucaphu, ukugabha, isiyezi, isisu kwakunye nezigulo emathunjini. Yintoni na ithamo radiation kuyabulala ebantwini:

• kubonakale isidanga sokuqala emva kwexesha abagxothwa iiveki ezimbini, esi sifo sibangelwa zokukhanya of roentgens-100 ukuya-200;
• ngokuba ukubonakalalisa isidanga sesibini emva kokuba zokukhanya ithamo 200 ukuya 400 X-reyi, ukufa kwenzeka inxalenye yesine bako;
• isifo radiation Isigaba sesithathu - into yokufa ngo-50% amatyala, kuba isenzeko ithamo radiation ngokwaneleyo roentgens 400 ukuya-600;
• yesine, isigaba eyingozi kakhulu, abangela radiation. yedosi ezinkulu 600 roentgens, ukufa kwenzeka 100% yamatyala.

Iindlela ukhuseleko lobuqu xa kuthe kwiindawo imisebe

Iintshukumo olusezantsi lwabantu kummandla ukuba kwimitha. A ithamo ezinkulu radiation kuyingozi ebomini, ngoko ukunciphisa ukufa kuququzelelwa ukufudusa yabantu izakhiwo, nto leyo yahlulwe kwi iqondo ukhuseleko zokufihla eyinkunzi ukuqhushumba, emagumbini, izakhiwo ngomthi kunye neemoto. Kungcono ukukhusela isakhiwo uhlobo yokuqala, ezinye baphathwa yokuhlala okwethutyana ngexesha likaxakeka.

amanyathelo asebenzayo ziquka ukhuseleko yokuphefumla, amanzi kunye ukutya. essentials Shelter ezenziwe kwangaphambili ukuba kukho ingozi yokuba uqhushumbo okanye ukukhululwa. Sebenzisa amayeza anti-radiation ayisetyenziselwanga inike fresh ubisi.

Iveliswe rhoqo sanitization kunye kwamagciwane kwemimandla, ngawo onke abantu ithuba bakhutshwe ngaphandle kwendawo eyosulelekileyo. Ukunciphisa sesichengeni yangaphakathi ngokususa capture uthuli enikiweyo respirators, ngempumelelo-80% yamatyala. Lo mzobo ezincinane unika igozi iqhiya ziimaleko ezine, kodwa ukusebenzisa bonke kuthetha kwi ukhuseleko ngesandla. Njengoko amatheku kusetyenziswa nasekugxotheni zemvula, kwiimeko ezigabadeleyo, le filimu polyethylene.

Elokuphetha ke kufuneka kuchazwe ukuba indawo radiation akuthethi ukunciphisa ukungcoliseka, umngcipheko wokosuleleka kwabantu kuncitshiswe ngokusebenzisa iindlela ngamnye yenkuselo ukulawula idosi radiation ngokusebenzisa dosimeters.