Inboxer Imvukelo: inkcazelo, imbali, iinjongo, izizathu kunye neziphumo

NgoNovemba 1899 eTshayina inboxer Imvukelo imfazwe. Le yokusebenza intsomi wawusalathiswa basemzini waphuphuma Iinkwenkwezi. Ukubulala bevangeli zaseYurophu bazisa kuye amagunya Western ibhengeze imfazwe kwi China.

Izizathu kunye neenjongo

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX eTshayina ukufumana ubudala uBukhosi Qing. Nangona isihloko esimnandi, le meko akakwazanga ukumelana impembelelo yavuma. Okokuqala e Beijing baba yaseBritani. Bahlala nje kuphela elikomkhulu kodwa kumazibuko ngobuchule ebalulekileyo. BaseYurophu kakhulu abanomdla zabo kurhwebo nempembelelo eMpuma Asia, ebabeke ngedinga inzuzo enkulu.

iingxaki ezifanayo Japan nayo. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX kweli lizwe baqala nakwiinguqulelo ngokutsha noluntu kunye noqoqosho ngendlela Koloni. E China, ukuguqulwa efanayo akuphumelelanga. libe likheswa kwamanye abaMhlophe Kweza nto yabangela.

ukunganeliseki Sasungulwa

Okokuqala, amandla Koloni kuphela amalungelo zorhwebo. Kodwa kwisiqingatha olufanayo sesibini senkulungwane XIX baqalisa ukumbamba mazibuko Chinese. Ngabo, eli lizwe waphuphuma bevangeli basemzini ababefundisa kuquka ubuKristu.

Andizange nje uluntu elula endilisekileyo. Ukongeza, ekuqaleni kuka-1890. abalimi abatoli imbalela eziliqela kunye nezinye iintlekele zemvelo, ekugqibeleni anqunyulwe iifama zabo sele ezincinane. Kokubona yamahlwempu kukhokelele kwinto yokuba inboxer Imvukelo yaqalisa e-China. Xa historiography kubhaliwe eyaziwa ngokuba inboxer.

kwango kulogo

Igama "inboxer" wabelwa amalungu kwasekwa amaqela inxaxheba ekulweni yabasemzini. Ekuqaleni, ngokuseka zathi saa kwaye ezizenzekelayo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, kokuba bamanyane kwi intshukumo eqhelekileyo zobuzwe omzabalazo. Inboxer Imvukelo ngokuyintloko xandzukela bevangeli kumazwe angaphandle kunye namaKristu Chinese. amalungu Team benza izithethe limangalisa nonqulo, abolekwe emahlelweni zemveli Chinese. Enye imfanelo ebalulekileyo abo bavukeli iiklasi rhoqo fistfights. Kungenxa yoko babebizwa nabo "manqindi".

I inboxer zahlangana kwamagcisa Sivikivekile, abalimi Sivikivekile, amajoni exhaphaza Ndingulo uvela emkhosini mna, nkqu nomthinjana kunye nabafazi. Le yokugqibela ngokukodwa abothusa baseYurophu ukuba babengaqhelananga ukubona into enje ekhaya. Inboxer Imvukelo (ingakumbi kwi isanda) yaba ngaphaya kwamandla ngamnye. Kwimeko eqhubekayo imikhosi isiphithiphithi ngokufuthi uhlaselwe nje kuphela basemzini kodwa kwilali yamahlwempu elula. kuphangwa ezinjalo yaphela wabaphangi. Oku kubangelwa kutheni abantu abaninzi eTshayina musa inkxaso inboxer.

Charter traffic

E inboxer waba iseti yaso imithetho-10 ukuba ukubulawa kwakhe ezinyanzelekileyo. Eli phepha lamalungelo yaye eyayifakwe nobugqi, nto leyo inkalo uphawu intshukumo yonke. Umzekelo, i "manqindi" wayekholelwa ukuba invulnerability ngokunxulumene projectiles kunye iimbumbulu. Lo mbono uye sele kumGaqo-Charter.

Ngelo xesha ihetuanej echaza ukufa oogxa babo ukusuka amanxeba bullet ukuba ukufa kube yenye abo bavukeli, owayefelwe ukholo lwabo oothixo oyinyaniso kuphela. Le Ukunikelwa oyike ukuze oomoya nibuyile ekumlandeleni ijoni. Le ingqiqo ikuvumela ukugcina ngokupheleleyo abantu neenkolelo ngezigaba uqeqesho ophezulu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, phakathi "manqindi" ababegwetyelwe wabaphangi, leyo bukhatshwa sisohlwayo, silwe. Nawuphi na ixhoba (kuquka nabantu basemzini) amajoni kwafuneka ukuba athathe kwabasemagunyeni. Kuba AmaKristu Chinese sengqondo eyenza. Imbuka kwafuneka ukuba ukholo lwabo entsha, kungenjalo ukuba balinde ukufa.

Ukudityaniswa kukarhulumente kunye abavukeli

Emiboniso endawo yokuqala ihetuanej kwenzeka ngo-1897. Kodwa kwakufuneka embalwa kwiminyaka ukuqinisekisa ukuba intshukumo iye isikali ebonakalayo ngokwenene. NgoNovemba 1899, urhulumente Chinese uye wazama ukubazolisa utshintsho eli lizwe, kodwa baye batsho phantsi. Umqalisi kunye inspirer kwekhosi entsha loMlawuli Guangxu ke bagxothwa. Hlela wayengumakazi yakhe Cixi. Iye yaxhasa ngokuphandle bavukeli.

Ngaphambi koku, nombindi emiboniso kumntla China uthumele umkhosi asebukhosini. Wahlupheka ukoyiswa eziliqela. Kule meko, urhulumente kazwelonke kunye radicals isgqibo waza waqalisa ukuqhuba imfazwe ngokudibeneyo nxamnye basemzini. Ngaphambi kwale njongo inboxer neenkani ngxi ukubhukuqwa urhulumente, elisuke laba indlela nguqulelo pro-Western. Ngoku, le slogans ziye isusiwe. Ekupheleni kuka-1899 inani abavukeli liye lafikelela 100 amawaka abantu.

oluqale umlilo

Inkoliso bezinye eBeijing, apho, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, ame kwikota ozakuzo. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi yaseYurophu zaseDiaspora baba kwezinye izixeko .. Liaoyang, Jilin, Yingkou, Mukden, njalo njalo baba amaziko eziphambili kwempixano. kwamaJuda ababengaxolanga Chinese nokubulalana zevangeli. Inboxer (inboxer) qhankqalazo ngenkani amazwe Western ukuthumela ukusekelwa eTshayina. Ingakumbi esebenzayo kule ingqiqo Russia, kunye China leyo elithile kakhulu kumda.

baqala ukusekelwa ezafika Qing bukhosi evela Vladivostok kunye ePort Arthur. Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala kwimvukelo yimikhosi Russian kuloo mmandla umthetho Evgeny Alekseev. Kamva, yena indawo yi UNikolai Linevich. Ngelo xesha, isiyaluyalu eChina inobungozi ngakumbi. Ihlokondiba kubasa umlilo iicawa baseYurophu, kuquka amabandla Orthodox, kunye nezikolo. Ekupheleni May, umkhosi omkhulu kakhulu "manqindi" bafudukela eBeijing. Juni 11, lo mkhosi eye wangena elikomkhulu kunye imipu, igazi ngokoyikeka, amaxhoba kwakukho iintlanga ezininzi. Inboxer ibisifikele likwazile yogqithe baseMerika kunye yaseBritani, lowo afike e Tianjin waza waya ukubahlangula bakhaya eBeijing. Ngokuthe ngcembe lo ungquzulwano batsaleleke onke amagunya ukuba ziye eTshayina kwisigaba ngayo impembelelo. Yaba eUnited States, Jamani, Japan, Austria-Hungary, eRashiya, UK, Italy, eFransi, eSpeyin, i-Netherlands ne Belgium.

Kwegazi e Beijing

Kangangexesha, urhulumente Chinese, eqonda ukuba kumqukumbelo imfazwe enkulu, wazama ukuba zithetha-thethane baseYurophu. zigcwalisa urhulumente qing phakathi amagunya asemzini abavukeli azikwazanga ongapheliyo. UKumkanikazi Cixi kwafuneka ukuba isigqibo icala ngeke ngenqindi phantsi. June 21, 1900 kwathiwa ngokusesikweni imfazwe baseYurophu naseJapan. Le yayibaluleke kwi isigqibo sakhe ukuba abe pogrom obenziwa yi inboxer kwisithili Embassy of eBeijing kusuku olungaphambili. Ebudeni beli phulo impilo wabulala unozakuzaku waseJamani e-China.

UKumkanikazi waya umfelandawonye bavukeli kwindawo yokuqala, kuba wayesoyika abalimi anezikrokro ngaphezu basemzini. Olu loyiko sasifanele. Izinto ezibangela le inboxer qhankqalazo baba ukuzonda amaKristu. Ngobusuku kaJuni 24, 1900, oku kubangele ngomsindo zonke Chinese eBeijing aye abulawa, abathi unqulo yasentshona. isiganeko ezoyikekayo waziwa eYurophu njenge omtsha St Bartholomew. Kamva, amaxhoba kubulawa zaye lamiselwa yiCawa Orthodox.

Ekubulaleni abavukeli

amabutho Agasti 2 eManyeneyo yahlasela eBeijing. 13 inani imikhosi Russian ukuvela ngaphandle kwesixeko. nangoko uKumkanikazi washiya eyinkunzi wafudukela Xi'an. Inboxer Imvukelo (inboxer Rebellion) e China ifikelele incopho yawo. Hlula akanelisekanga e Beijing bekuya kuthetha ukuba eli phulo yonke aluzi nxamnye basemzini.

Isiphango kwengqukuva laqala ngo-Agasti 15. Ngosuku olulandelayo, Beijing waye ezandleni yamagunya encedisayo. Ke kaloku, eyona nto iphambili igazi laba naseManchuria. Ngo-Oktobha, kumantla iye kwakuhlala ngokupheleleyo amabutho Russian. Olu sebenziso zicinezelwa ngokupheleleyo inboxer Imvukelo. Imiphumo ngoncedo amazwe akucaci nokuba urhulumente Chinese okanye kumazwe encedisayo. Kwanangaphambi abavukeli boyiswa, imibuso yaseYurophu waqala icandelo kweqonga Qing ipayi.

iziphumo

NgoSeptemba 7, 1901 woyisa China waqukumbela yavuma, ebizwa njalo-"Ingxelo yokugqibela". Le mvumelwano ibandakanya amalungiselelo bade ngakumbi nzima imeko Empire Qing. Urhulumente Chinese ufunge uzivelele zonke iinkokheli neenkani, ukuba achithe ezinye iinqaba zabo, ukuze adlulisele amazwe izixeko 12 iyakuthintela yonke imibutho yabo imisebenzi sibhekiswe baseYurophu.

Iimeko ke amakhoboka, kodwa amagunya Chinese yayingenabani unokuphatha sixhathise ezi mfuno. Inboxer Imvukelo, ngamafutshane, wenza izinto ezingangqinelaniyo kummandla ngakumbi nzima nangakumbi. Ekugqibeleni, emva kweminyaka eli-11, baye kwakhokelela ukuwa gunya e-China.