Indlala kummandla iVolga 1921-1922, ngo-1932-1933: izizathu. amanqaku ngembali

Indlala kummandla iVolga - enye iziganeko ezininzi ezibuhlungu kwimbali yesizwe zenkulungwane yama-20. Xa ufunda ngalo, ukuba kunzima ukukholelwa ukuba ngokwenyani. Kubonakala ukuba iifoto ziyathathwa ngexesha - i okubonakalayo okuvela Hollywood trash-kukududuzela. Imbonakalo apha enzela, kwanabenzi bobubi abo elizayo lwamaNazi kunye engebaphangi batempile, kunye nomhloli enkulu ezibandayo. Awu, oku fiction, kodwa iziganeko ngokwenene ezenzeka ngaphantsi kwekhulu eyadlulayo ngasechwebeni iVolga.

Indlala kummandla iVolga kwakunzima kakhulu kule minyaka 1921-22 kwaye 1932-33. Nangona kunjalo, le izizathu kuba bekungandilungelayo ezahlukeneyo. Kwimeko yokuqala, lo engundoqo kubo mgaqweni zemozulu, kwaye eyesibini - izenzo abasemagunyeni '. Iinkcukacha zezi ziganeko ziza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku. Uya kufunda indlela okhohlakeleyo kwabakho indlala kummandla iVolga. Amafoto thaca kweli nqaku - ubungqina ophilileyo ngenxa yentlekele embi.

Ngexesha amaxesha Soviet, zaye zabanjwa sixabise "iindaba ezivela emasimini." Xa iiplanga iinkqubo iindaba kunye iziqwengana ndaba bafumane indawo iitoni ezininzi zengqolowa. Nangoku uyakwazi ukubona imifanekiso kwi imijelo TV zemimandla zanikezelwa kule sihloko. Noko ke, intwasahlobo kunye nobusika kubahlali ezininzi umzi - nje okunzima kwezolimo. Micinga evela ijelo kumabonwakude usenokukhalaza kwembalela enkulu, imvula enzima kunye nezinye izimanga indalo. Noko ke, sidla sihlale abangevayo ngosizi lwabo. Ubukho isonka kunye nezinye iimveliso ngoku kugqalwa ongunaphakade enikwa, kungekhona ukuba imibuzo. Neentlekele yezolimo amaxesha ukukhulisa ixabiso layo yi kuphela isibini engange. Kodwa ngaphantsi kwekhulu eyadlulayo, abemi kummandla iVolga baba phakathi kwenyama nozipho wobuntu. Nangona isonka oxabisekileyo ubunzima yayo ngegolide. Namhlanje kunzima ukubona indlela nzima indlala kummandla iVolga.

Izinto ezibangela bendlala 1921-22.

isivuno Poor ngo 1920 yaba prerequisite lokuqala intlekele. In iVolga waqokelela poods okuziinkozo malunga-20 kuphela. Thelekisa le mali ngo-1913 kufikelela kwizigidi 146,4 uneemina. imbalela ibonwe uye entwasahlobo ka-1921. Sele ngoMeyi, iinkozo ebusika babulawa kwiphondo Samara, waqalisa ukuba atshe emthonjeni. Inkangeleko iinkumbi ezitya iintsalela zezityalo, kwakunye nokungabikho kwemvula yabangela ukufa phantse-100% yezilimo ekuqaleni kuJulayi. Ngenxa yendlala kummandla iVolga. 1921 kuye kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuba uninzi lwabantu kwiindawo ezininzi zeli lizwe. Kwiphondo Samara, ezifana bafune malunga nama-85% yabemi.

Kunyaka odlulileyo ngenxa yokuba 'ngentsalela' babebanjwe ukusuka abalimi, phantse bonke ukutya. Ezandleni nokuhlutha kwenziwa yerikhwizishini, ukuba 'ukunika' basis. Omnye umhlali yahlawulwa imali kuba ngokweentlawulo ezibekwe ngurhulumente. "Zerikhwizishini" kuphelela yile nkqubo. ithemba Ukutya zokurhoxa okanye intengiso ngenkani abalimi abaninzi abazange engakuthandi. Baqala ke ukuba "amanyathelo" zokuthintela. "Ukulahlwa" ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni onke koovimba surplus okuziinkozo - nto wathengisa ngayo bamazwe, iye ixutywe ukutya zezilwanyana, wadla ngokwabo, asile ukwenziwa isekelwe phezu okanye nje fihla. "Prodrazvyorstka" kuqala usasaze isonka kunye ukudla okuziinkozo. iminyaka 1919-20 zaye zongezwa kuzo inyama kunye neetapile, kwaye ekupheleni kuka-1920 - phantse zonke iimveliso zezolimo. Abalimi emva surplus 1920 ekwindla kwanyanzeleka ukuba ningayityi ingqolowa esand 'imbewu. Kakhulu geography ngokubanzi, wayifulela yi kwimimandla indlala. Le iVolga (ukusuka Udmurtia ukuya kuLwandle lweCaspian), ezantsi yanamhlanje-Ukraine, inxalenye Kazakhstan, Yuzhnyy phambene.

izenzo Amagunya '

Critical yaba meko. Urhulumente USSR kwakungekho ukudla ukuphelisa indlala kummandla iVolga ngo-1921. Kwakufuneka ukuba acele uncedo evela kumazwe nkulu yagqiba ngoJulayi kulo nyaka. Noko ke, imvukelo ayizange khawuleza undincede eSoviet Union. Kuphela ekuqaleni ekwindla kwafika uncedo lokuqala wobuntu. Kodwa yayingabalulekanga. Ekupheleni kuka-1921 - ekuqaleni kuka-1922 kuye kabini imali uncedo. Kule mpumelelo inkulu Fridtjof Nansen, nesazi-nzulu esidumileyo wamazwe polar othe aququzelela iphulo esebenzayo.

Nceda Melika naseYurophu

Nangona Abezopolitiko Western ucingela koko iimeko lityhale yiSoviet Union kutshintshiselwano zokunceda, ezenkolo kunye nemibutho yoluntu eMelika naseYurophu ndaguqa ukuze ishishini. enkulu kakhulu ubengumncedi yabo ekulweni indlala. Imisebenzi ye-American Relief Administration (ARA) lifikelele isikali lilikhulu. Kuye elikhokelwa Gerbert Guver, US uNobhala of Commerce (ngokuzenzekelayo, bangi anti-yobukomanisi). Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngoFebruwari 9, 1922 igalelo United States ekulweni indlala uthelekelelwa zeedola 42 million. Thelekisa, urhulumente waseSoviet uchithe angama-12, 5 zeerandi.

Imisebenzi kuphunyezwa ngo-1921-22.

Nangona kunjalo, i iiBolsheviks zange engasebenziyo. Ummiselo Central Executive Committee ngoJuni 1921, yayiququzelelwe liSebe Central Committee Pomgol. Olu thumo lanikwa amagunya abakhethekileyo kwintsimi lonikezelo kunye nonikezelo ukutya. Kwaye phezu komhlaba wadala iimvumelwano ezinjalo. Amazwe benza isonka ukuthenga esebenzayo. ingqalelo eyodwa wanikwa ukunceda amafama ekuhlwayeleni yasebusika 1921 nasentlakohlaza 1922. Malunga 55 million tons zembewu zaye zathengwa ukulungiselela le njongo.

Urhulumente waseSoviet basebenzisa indlala ukuhlangula ngesibetho elihlazo ukuya ecaweni. NgoJanuwari 2, 1922 i-Central iKomiti eLawulayo Bureau yagqiba ekubeni ndithengise impahla ibandla. Xa oku kwathiwa njongo elungileyo - mali evela kwintengiso Impahla ibandla, mayibhekiswe ukuthenga amayeza, ukutya kunye nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko. Ngo-1922 ibithathwe impahla evela ibandla, nto leyo uthelekelelwa nezigidi ezi-4,5 engange zegolide. Yaba mali esikhulu. Noko ke, injongo wathi uthunyelwe% 20-30 kuphela mali. Inxalenye ephambili iye "bachitha" phezu kwalo, ukuba phemba umlilo revolution yehlabathi. Nangona abanye nje trite ibiwe ngamagosa phantsi inkqubo ekugcinweni, ekuthuthweni kunye nokuxolelwa.

Kukududuzela indlala of 1921-22.

Malunga nezigidi ezi-5 abantu abaye babulawa yindlala kunye neziphumo zawo. izihlandlo ezine anda yokufa kwabantu kummandla Samara, lwathi 13%. Uninzi lwabantwana abaphethwe yindlala. Kwakukho rhoqo xa iimeko ngexesha apho abazali ngabom ndalahla emlonyeni ezingaphezulu ukondla. Uyenzile nokuba inyama ngexesha indlala kummandla iVolga. Kusala abantwana baye abaziinkedama lomelezwe umkhosi abantwana abangenamakhaya. Xa kwiidolophana Samara, Saratov, yaye ngokukodwa Simbirsk abahlali wahlasela zamatyala. Bafune nokukhutshwa lwezabelo. Abantu badla zonke ezizitho zine, waza wehla waya iikati nezinja, kunye nabantu. amanyathelo yokuphelelwa lithemba ngenkani abantu ulambe kummandla iVolga. Ubuzim nje omnye wabo. Abantu wathengisa yonke impahla yakhe, nangenxa yeqhekeza eli lesonka.

Amaxabiso ngexesha lendlala

Nangona yendlu lingaba kuthengelwa ibhakethi sauerkraut. Abahlali Urban bethengisa mpahla ecaleni nto ize igcinwe ngandlel 'ithile. Nangona kunjalo, emizaneni isimo saba kakhulu. Amaxabiso ngeemveliso ayenako. Indlala kummandla iVolga (1921-1922 gg.) Ngaba kwakhokelela nje ukuthi baqala ukwanda. NgoFebruwari 1922, kwimarike Simbirsk zicholachole yesonka zingathengwa ngenxa 1,200 engange. Yaye March, wacela ukuba million. Iindleko zamazambane zafikelela amawaka 800. Bagcobe. ukuze pud. Neholo lonyaka ngumsebenzi eqhelekileyo yaba malunga newaka engange.

Ubuzim ngexesha indlala kummandla iVolga

Ngowe-1922, kunye baqala ukwandisa rhoqo ukufika kwikomkhulu ingxelo mu. Ngebhajethi kaJanuwari 20, wakhankanya ityala lakhe amaphondo Simbirsk kunye Samara, ngokunjalo Bashkiria. Yena naphi na apho kwakukho indlala kummandla iVolga waphawula. Ubuzim ngo-1921 waqalisa ukuba kuzuze amandla entsha ezayo, ngo-1922. "PRAVDA" iphephandaba ngoJanuwari 27 wabhala ukuba kwiindawo yindlala na mu ngokungakhethi. Abahlala kweli Samara kwiphondo abantu bazisa indlala ukuya ubugeza lithemba, izidumbu zabantu ziye sahlutha tu abantwana babo abafileyo. Yiloo nto ke indlala kummandla iVolga oko.

Mu ngo-1921 yaye ngo-1922 wabonwa amaxwebhu. Umzekelo, ilungu ingxelo Volost leKomiti Elawulayo-Aprili 13, 1922 uphicotho kwilali Lyubimovka imi kummandla Samara, kwaye kwaqatshelwa ukuba "mu olukhohlakeleyo" kuthatha iintlobo mass Ljubimovke. Isitovu ngamnye wafumana iqatha lenyama okuphekwe yabantu, yaye holo - imbiza yenyama. amathambo amaninzi afunyanwa kufutshane kweveranda. Xa lo mfazi ebuzwa malunga nalapho yathabatha inyama, wavuma ukuba unyana wakhe oneminyaka eli-8 ubudala akasekho kwaye wayesele wayaphula. Emva koko wabulala nentombi yakhe eneminyaka eli-15 ubudala, ngoxa yena walala. Enzela ixesha indlala kummandla iVolga ngo-1921 bavuma ukuba babengenalo ke ukukhumbula incasa inyama yomntu, njengoko wadla kwimo zingqondweni.

Newspaper "Ubomi bethu" ingxelo ukuba kwiilali Simbirsk izidumbu elele ezitratweni, ukuba kungabikho mntu ococa. Ngayo ubomi babantu abaninzi bathi indlala iVolga-1921 Ubuzim waba abaninzi kuphela indlela yokuphuma. Kangangokuba, ukuba abantu baqala bebe zomnye oovimba inyama yomntu, kwaye kwezinye ezilokishini ukuba ukutya wemba abafileyo. Ubuzim ngexesha indlala kummandla iVolga ka-1921-22. akukho mntu uya kumangaliswa.

Iziphumo indlala ka-1921-22.

Entwasahlobo unyaka 1922, i-data GPU, waba 3.5 yezigidi ulambile, izigidi ezi-2 kwiphondo Samara - e Saratov, 1,2 - e Simbirsk, 651,7 amawaka - e Tsaritsin, 329,7 amawaka - Penza, 2.1 million - e Tatrespublike, 800 lamawaka - kwi Chuvash Republic, 330 lamawaka - kumasipala German. In Simbirsk lendlala ndachukumiseka kuphela ekupheleni kuka-1923. KwiPhondo ngokuba ekuhlwayeleni ukwindla ifumene uncedo lokutya kunye iimbewu, nangona ngo-1924 kukho isonka ngokwesivumelwano wahlala ukutya esisiseko abalimi. Ngokutsho kubalo kuqhutywa ngo-1926, abemi bephondo yehliswa malunga 300 lamawaka. Abantu ngo-1921 ukususela yesifo nendlala wabulala amawaka 170., Th 80. Babalekiswa kwaye macala-50 amawaka. Liphela. Kwingingqi iVolga, ngokutsho oqikelelo angqingqwa, wababulala abantu abazizigidi ezi-5.

Indlala kummandla iVolga ngo-1932-1933.

Ngowe-1932-33. Indlala liphindwe. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imbali ukwenzeka kwayo kuloo zeephiriyodi nangoku ligutyungelwe bubumnyama ndakugwenxa. Nangona inani elikhulu uncwadi olupapashwe ngayo impikiswano iqhubeka unanamhla. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba 1932-33. kummandla iVolga, i Kuban kunye Ukraine akazange imbalela. Yintoni ke oonobangela? Eneneni, eRashiya sele ngokwemveli yanxulunyaniswa kuko ukusilela isonka yesityalo kunye nembalela. Sezulu e 1931-32. Akuzange evumayo kakhulu kwezolimo. Nangona kunjalo, ubunzima okuziinkozo isilimo isizathu akakwazi. Ngoko ke, lo indlala akanguye odalwe ziintlekele zendalo. Oko kwaba sisiphumo kukaStalin bamsukela Agricultural Policy, kunye abasabela ngayo abalimi kuwo.

Indlala kummandla iVolga: Oonobangela

Oyena nobangela Ukutsha kuthathelwa ingqalelo umgaqo-anti-umlimi yokuthengwa okuziinkozo kunye collectivization. Kuye kwenziwa ukusombulula iingxaki zokomeleza amandla kukaStalin nokunyanzeliswa mveliso eSoviet Union. Ukraine, kwakunye neendawo eziphambili okuziinkozo-likhula eSoviet Union, iindawo collectivization ngokupheleleyo, indlala wambetha (1933). IVolga Bakhumbule ingozi embi.

Ekubeni ingqalelo ngononophelo imithombo, kunokwenzeka ukuba uqaphele ukudaleka ngesixhobo esinye kwezi meko kwiindawo yindlala. Naphi na its ngenkani collectivization, ukuhluthwa, procurements okuziinkozo ngenkani kunye nokuthengwa kawonke lweemveliso zolimo, i kwezithandani yokuxhathisa Sasungulwa. Malunga ikhonkco inextricable phakathi yindlala collectivization inokubonwa kwinto yokuba band wayeka uphuhliso oluzinzileyo loo dolophana 1930, apho kwenzeka emva kokuba i-1924-25 xa ulambile. ukunqongophala kokutya sele iphawulwe 1930, xa collectivization lwaqhutywa. Kwezinye iindawo North Caucasus, Ukraine, eSiberia, Aphakathi na- Lower iVolga, ngenxa yokuba iphulo zokuthengwa yengqolowa 1929 naziphi na iingxaki ukutya. Eli phulo liye laba ngunobangela intshukumo ezihlangeneyo-efama.

Ngowe-1931, oko kuya kubonakala, kwaba zidluliselwe ukwenzela amafama, njengoko kwimimandla okuziinkozo-okukhulayo USSR ngenxa yeemeko imozulu intle ndaqokelela isivuno irekhodi. Ngokutsho data ezisemthethweni, akukho million 835,4 cwt, nangona eneneni - akukho ngaphezu kwezigidi 772, kunjalo, kwaba ngokwahlukileyo. Winter-entwasahlobo ka-1931 yaba kuzalwa yintlekele elizayo.

Indlala kummandla iVolga ngo-1932 yaba sisiphumo ubhalo-nkqubo Stalin. Abalimi iileta ezininzi North Caucasus, ummandla iVolga kunye nezinye. Imimandla na ngengxaki ukuza umhleli amaphephandaba enkulu. Kule leta, unobangela weengxaki ekuthiwa iinkqubo ze collectivization kunye okuziinkozo procurements. Kulo mzekelo, uxanduva kudla wabelwa Stalin ngokobuqu. iifama esihlanganyelweyo Stalin kaThixo, njengoko amava yeminyaka yokuqala 2 collectivization Luyimfuneko ke bengenanto yakwenza izilangazelelo abalimi. Abasemagunyeni bathi kubo ngokuyintloko njengomthombo yengqolowa kuzithengisa kunye nezinye iimveliso zezolimo. Kulo mzekelo, imfuno amafama azithathelwa ngqalelo.

Phantsi koxinzelelo kwiZiko nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni bawuphose umhlaba kuzo zonke isonka ekhoyo evela kwiifama ngamnye kunye neefama. Xa "swa ndlela" ukucoca, kwakunye counter-izicwangciso kunye namanye amanyathelo isekiwe ulawulo ngokuqinileyo phezu lokuvuna. Amatshantliziyo kunye nabalimi ababengaxolanga ufekethe zinganakwa: wagxothwa, dekulakize, nxiba ematyaleni. Eli phulo kulo mzekelo weza evela kulawulo oluphezulu kunye Stalin ngokobuqu. Ngaloo ndlela, uya ukusuka uxinzelelo ephezulu ilali.

Ukufuduka abalimi emizini

I elikhulu-Isikali yokufudukela emizini yabantu umlimi, intsha kwaye zisempilweni amalungu ayo, nayo buthathaka kakhulu ngo-1932, isakhono esisebenzayo lali. Abantu bephuma kwilali ekuqaleni ngenxa yokoyika isisongelo ukuhluthwa, uze emva koko kufuna ubomi obubhetele waqalisa ukuhamba iifama. Winter 1931-32 gg. ngenxa imeko kakhulu ukutya waqalisa ebaleka le nxalenye esebenzayo kumafama ngamnye kunye namafama esixekweni kunye neholo. Le wayeyixhalabele amadoda yokusebenza-ubudala.

Isivuno abaninzi yeefama

Inkoliso yamafama sasifuna ukuphuma kubo uze ubuyele kulawulo kuphela. Isiqingatha sokuqala ka-1932 yaba kwincopho a yokuphuma abaninzi. Ngeli xesha Sehle 1370,8 amawaka kwi RSFSR inani kweefama collectivized.

Ukudelela amaphulo ukuhlwayela nokuvuna-1932

Ngu ekuqaleni kwiphulo lokudala yasentwasahlobo 1932 lali ihlasele imfuyo kunye nemeko ukutya enzima. Ngoko ke, eli phulo ayikwazanga kubanjwa ngexesha ngokuchanileyo, ngenxa yezizathu njongo. Kwakhona ngo-1932, ayikwazanga ukususa ubuncinane isiqingatha lokuvuna. Large ukunqongophala okuziinkozo eSoviet Union emva kokuphela lokuvuna kunye iphulo procurement okuziinkozo kulo nyaka ukusebenza kuzo zombini iimeko ngokulandela ikakhulu kunye nenjongo. Le yokugqibela ziquka ngaphambili okhankanywe ngentla imiphumo collectivization. steel luluvo, kuqala, abalimi waxhathisa collectivization ingqolowa ukuthengwa, yaye okwesibini, olwenziwa yi Stalin elalini kwaye inkqubo yokufumana wokudla zocindezelo.

ububi indlala

IZemgale ephambili USSR banga yindlala, nto leyo NEMAYILANDELWE ngabo bonke ububi. Phinda ka-1921-22:. Enzela ngexesha indlala kummandla iVolga, ukufa ezingenakubalwa, amanani ezinkulu ukutya. mfanekiso mbi iintlungu lali Ukuba kwisininzi zoba amaxwebhu amaninzi. Iinkalo okuziinkozo-ezithandwa of collectivization ngokupheleleyo, swi epicenters yendlala. ukuba Imeko yabantu malunga kakhulu ngokulinganayo. Lithethe ityala kunokuba makube iingxelo OGPU, amangqina, ivaliwe imbalelwano ne-Centre for Local Authorities, iingxelo zamasebe zezopolitiko MTS.

Ngokukodwa, kwafunyaniswa ukuba kummandla iVolga ngo-1933, zasala phantse ngokupheleleyo iindawo zilandelayo kuloo mmandla kummandla Lower iVolga: kwilali endala kwilali Grivko Ivlevka, mhlaba nabo. Sverdlov. amatyala nesidumbu-besitya ziye zachongwa, kwakunye namangcwaba amaxhoba yendlala amaqula zizonke kwiidolophana kwiingingqi Penza, Saratov, Volgograd kunye Samara. Loo kwaqondakala, njengoko yaziwa kakuhle, yaye Ukraine, Kuban kunye Don.

izenzo Amagunya '

Kulo mzekelo, inyathelo nolawulo kuStalin ukuba ukusombulula ingxaki ebilisiweyo phantsi yokuba abahlali, abakulo mmandla yindlala, kunye nokubonelela ebalulekileyo imbewu nokutya mboleko, ngoxa ukunye imvume lobuqu Stalin kaThixo. ezithumela ingqolowa eli lizwe kwi sigqibo Politburo ngo-Apreli 1933, yapheliswa. Ukongeza, amanyathelo olungxamisekileyo athathiweyo ukomeleza iifama ezihlangeneyo ngokwemiqathango MTS amasebe zeziko kunye namashishini usebenzisa ezopolitiko. inkqubo yocwangciso zokuthenga ingqolowa ngo-1933 batshintsha umhla imigaqo esisigxina sungula ngasentla.

Namhlanje kwabonisa ukuba ubunkokheli kaStalin ngo-1932-33. It glosses phezu yindlala. Kwaqhubeka ukumbuyisela isonka, zingabi sawakhathalela imizamo uluntu ehlabathini lonke ukuncedisa abemi USSR. Ukunakanwa yendlala kuyosho ukuqatshelwa ekuweni imodeli lempucuko lizwe ekhethiweyo yi Stalin. Yaye sengqiqweni ngokomxholo yokomeleza ulawulo kunye ekubulaleni inkcaso. Noko ke, nkqu ngaphakathi lomgaqo-nkqubo ekhethiweyo Stalin kwafuneka amathuba ukunciphisa ubungakanani ntlekele. Ngokutsho D. Penner, oku ngombandela ukusebenzisa kuqheleke ubudlelwane ne-United States bazithengele ukutya kwazo surplus ngamaxabiso cheap. Uhambise angabonwa njengophawu omhle eUnited States ngokuchasene eSoviet Union. Isenzo ingqalelo ukuba 'kugubungela' iindleko yezopolitiko ezizinzululwazi eSoviet Union, ukuba wavuma ukunceda eMelika. Ukusuka eli nyathelo, kaloku ke, bekuya kuba kuhle kunye namafama American.

Ukukhunjulwa amaxhoba

INdibano of the Council of Europe, Aprili 29, 2010 lithathe isigqibo malunga kwizikhumbuzo abemi belo lizwe owasweleka ngo-1932-33. ngenxa yendlala. Uxwebhu wathi ukuba le meko wadalwa iintshukumo "ngabom 'yaye' ndikhohlakele" kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo lolawulo ixesha.

Ngo-2009, i "iSikhumbuzo kumaxhoba Holodomor e Ukraine" yavulwa eyayiseKiev. Kule Museum, kwiHolo kwimemori, ehambisa incwadi kukhunjulwa amaxhoba imiqulu-19. It sibhaliswe 880.000 amagama abantu abafa yindlala. Kwaye abo kuphela namhlanje abo ukufa zibhalwe. N. A. Nazarbaev, umongameli Kazakhstan, May 31, 2012 e Astana wavula sisikhumbuzo enikelwe kumaxhoba Holodomor.