Manu: iimpawu ngokubanzi (ezimfutshane), isiqulatho main

Manu luqokelelo imithetho nemimiselo (dharma). msebenzi zazo eziphambili - ukujonga ukuziphatha kwabantu Indian kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.

ngokufaneleka kolu phando

Kutheni ukufunda iMithetho Manu? Umthombo feature ivumela ukwazi inkcubeko kunye neemfuno zentlalo noqoqosho imbali India. Lo impucuko yenye ezindala emhlabeni. Kuye kwenziwa kwi-Indus Valley, kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama amawaka amane eyadlulayo. Amaziko yale mpucuko baba Harappa kunye Mahendzho-jar. Kwindawo apho kukho le mizi, ngabembi bathwalwa phandle. Iziphumo zazo wamisa yokuba kumaziko impucuko, le ngezandla amandulo Indian zaye zaphuhliswa kakuhle, urhwebo kunye nezolimo. Kwakukho kuzo, kunye ezithile ngokwezinga yoluntu. Malunga eli xesha Indian inzululwazi umlando ulwazi oluncinane.

Idatha kakhulu kwi inkcubeko kunye nobudlelwane kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho kubantu zamaNdiya kuba ixesha nexesha, eqala kwisiqingatha sesibini sale BC nkulungwane yokuqala. e. kwaye iphela nge AD ngenkulungwane yokuqala. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-ithuba Magadha-maudiysky ngexesha apho kukho imfundo inkulu karhulumente nje kuphela Indiya kodwa wonke ummandla eMpuma yamandulo. Bathi nqa ke bonke uBukhosi Mauryan.

zesikhumbuzo yoncwadi eli xesha izimo ezininzi zonqulo ekuhlanganiseni Brahmanic zomthetho - dharmashastr kunye dharmasutr. Phakathi kwabo zezona kakuhle eyaziwa ngalo mzuzu. Ezi ziquka Dharma, okanye iMithetho Manu.

incazelo jikelele

nemiyalelo yenkolo yokuziphatha equlethwe kule ngohlobo lwemibongo - oko kukuthi yintoni iMithetho Manu. Uphawu jikelele kule ngqokelela kunika uluvo lokuba ubomi ngamnye bentlalo yabantu India yamandulo. Kukholelwa ukuba iimfundiso eziqulathwe kule khowudi anikwe egameni demigod ka Manu, ongukhokho edume lonke uluntu.

Igama elithi "Dharma" livela laso. Lithetha "enye exhasa yaye bamkela zonke izinto." Dharma - lo umyalelo ngonaphakade cosmic okanye umthetho, equka amalungelo wesintu kunye nezithethe esekwe ngurhulumente. Dharma bekusoloko ozakuthathwa umthetho wobomi ekuhlaleni ngamnye. Landela yonke umele ukuba enyanzelekileyo.

kubaluleke kakhulu kubomi babantu bamandulo Indian aba iMithetho Manu. iimpawu Jikelele imithombo, isakhiwo le ngqokelela sele ngoku sele ngokubanzi zaphengululwa mbali zemfundo.

isiqulatho

izahluko elinambini zibandakanya kumalungu alo iMithetho Manu. iimpawu ngokubanzi kunye neempawu ezithile iseti yemithetho yokuba yonke nqaku yakhe (kwaye kukho 2685) ibhalwe ngohlobo couplets (slokas). Le supply ritmitizirovannaya ekuso kwemithetho ezininzi zonqulo ithi yamandulo. Umzekelo yiBhayibhile.

Zeziphi iMithetho Manu (iimpawu ngokubanzi)? Zishwankathelwe le njongo iyintloko xwebhu kuqondwa ukusuka inkcazelo izahluko zayo. Le yokuqala ngaphandle iinkcukacha iphela kunye kaThixo self-ukubakho (uMdali). Ithi ngemvelaphi iindidi (4 Iiklasi ezinkulu), kwakunye nendima Terms ngubani alinde ubuncwane uMthetho jikelele, yalungiselelwa abantu bonke.

Kwisahluko sesibini inika ukulandisa bekhulisa Hindu, ukuba ndingahlangani kolawulo lomthetho. Ngokutsho kuyo, umntu kufuneka kuqaliswe kwi kulwazi Vedas. Kuphela kulo mzekelo kokuba kube nokuqwalaselwa silungiselwe ubukho entsha ngokomoya. Isahluko sesibini isixelela ngendima eyadlalwa amasiko nezithethe kwi ubomi Hindu obudala. Ithi malunga ubulumko engcwele, nto leyo dharmashastr.

Zeziphi ezinye iindlela zibandakanya Manu? iimpawu Jikelele khowudi ichaza imiqathango nemigangatho esebenzayo ubomi bentsapho. Ukuba inokufumaneka kwiSahluko III. Xa okubhaliweyo eli candelo libhekisa ilungelo umtshato (Anuloma) kunye neziphumo amaqhina entsapho engafanelekanga (pratilom). Apha wachongwa ze neemfuno aqhube izithethe.

Izahluko IV ku VI linikeza ngenkcukacha malunga nococeko ngemihla, iindlela sacralization yobomi bemihla ngemihla, kwakunye routine elichanekileyo ngemihla. Kananjalo kuhlu izenzo akuvumelekanga, uchaza isiko lokuhlanjululwa kunye nendlela yokuphila.

enye into imithetho ziqulathe Manu? iimpawu ngokubanzi kwisahluko wesixhenxe ukuze anike ingcamango dharma, ekufuneka babambelele kukumkani. Ubeka kweli bali malunga nendima edlalwe yi isohlwayo nobulungisa, ukugcina ucwangco kunye nokhuselo "kuzo zonke izidalwa." Zinikwe kwiSahluko VII iingcebiso irhafu, yezolawulo, emkhosini, kunye nezinye iimeko.

Imithetho umdla Manu, uphawu lamanqaku yolu xwebhu malunga izizathu apho kufuneka uye enkundleni. Bebonke kukho 18. Ezi zichazwe kwiSahluko VIII. Ngokutsho iMithetho Manu, isizathu sokuba kwetyala inokuba lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukwaphuka ubudlelwano, ubundlobongela okanye bubusela, ukubetha okanye ukunyelisa, ukukrexeza, craps kunye nangaphezulu. D. Esi sahluko sicacisa imithetho ngesigqibo isohlwayo. Apha siye sithethe malunga zimsulwa abo benza ukuze ukukhusela abasetyhini ebundlobongeleni, umntwana okanye ngumbingeleli Brahmin.

Ukuziphatha kwi usapho echazwa iMithetho Manu. iimpawu ngokubanzi kwisahluko yesithoba lunika isishwankathelo impahla kunye namalungelo zobuqu njengendoda nomfazi, kwakunye nemisebenzi yabo kunye namalungelo ilifa. Sinikela apha nendima kukumkani, unokumohlwaya izohlwayo ukunyhashwa imithetho ezichazwe.

KwiSahluko X iMithetho Manu, ungafumana le imithetho Varna. Ziquka iindlela 7 ezisemthethweni apho ukufunyanwa kwempahla kunokwenzeka, ngokunjalo iindlela-10, nto leyo eza kuvumela ukuba ubukho abo ekubandezelekeni.

Isahluko XI olawula indlela ngokuphathelele Untouchable, ebonakala ekupheleni mezhvarnovyh ogalelwe, imitshato rhoqo yenziwe nokunyhashwa dharma.

Isahluko XII banikwa umyalelo malunga izithethe zonqulo, kwakunye noxanduva-nxaxheba. Kwakhona ubalisa ibali malunga uxanduva kuthwalwa abantu ingako imizimba yazo, iingcinga kunye namagama.

Yiyo leyo imithetho Manu. iimpawu ngokubanzi (ngokufutshane) zonke izahluko kukuvumela ukuba ufumane ingcinga malunga kolu xwebhu.

ukubunjwa inkampani

ezithile ngokwezinga abantu bamandulo Indian kwaqala izibilini zoluntu yezizwe okhoyo. Iimpawu Manu lets le nkqubo nomfanekiso olugqityiweyo.

nobuhlobo Tribal kancane ibolile. Le nkqubo yaba yinxalenye yophuhliso imbali yoluntu. Kakhulu ukunikezelwa anempembelelo enamandla ezijolise lwabo ukhuseleko emkhosini, ulawulo kunye imisebenzi yababingeleli ezandleni zabo. Isiphumo soku uphuhliso lwepropati kunye nokungalingani kwezentlalo, ukuvela yobukhoboka. elite Tribal iye yaba ngophakathi yesizwe.

division Social in India yamandulo senzeka kwinkqubo nangokodidi ekuhlaleni. Lonke bakhona yahlulwe kumaqela amane - Varna:

- brähmaëas (Abefundisi);

- Shantou (amafama);

- Kshatriyas (amadoda);

- Sudras (abahluphekayo).

Iimpawu ze Manu sinika umbono ocacileyo wento iikhrayitheriya ezingundoqo ngokwahlula labemi ngokwamaqela. Umzekelo, ukuba Brahmans kwafuneka afunde Vedas sele eneminyaka esibhozo ubudala. Babegqalwa abadala ukususela kwiminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu. Kshatriya bekuyimfuneko ukufunda Vedas ukuya kwiminyaka elishumi elinanye. uninzi lwabo zabubamba amabini anesibini ubudala. Iminyaka elishumi ukufunda Vedas Vashj. Ba ngokungqinelana iMithetho Manu baba abadala iminyaka engamashumi-emine kuphela.

Enye header ivumela ukuchonga umntu emniniyo Varna ethile kwaba iqiniso lokuzalwa kwakhe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwakukho imitshato mixed. Kulo mba, kwabakho zombini ulwahlulo ubandakanyeka zentlalo yoluntu, nto leyo uthathe ingqalelo imvelaphi ngabazali bakhe.

Yahlula Varna yi Untouchable (shudras). Babengenako azinze kwendawo kwezinye iiklasi, yaye isinxibo ngokutsho iMithetho Manu, baba kuphela amadlavu. Ngokutsho ubume aba bantu kubalwe izinja.

Isiseko ubume bentlalo karhulumente yamandulo Indian le eluntwini. Yaba iqela lamafama simahla, okanye, ngendlela elula, ilali. Community in India yaMandulo - iqumrhu self-olawulo ezikolo ezizimeleyo. Ukuba sithethe iMithetho Manu, indlela ebonakala zobugcisa. 219 kububungqina obubambekayo yokuba iqela wakwazi ukukhululeka amafama ukugcina ngokwalo ngokwezoqoqosho, uze ufune ijongana nabantu.

Formation ngokuphathelele (jāti)

Kunye nophuhliso loluntu kunye kwicandelo nokubanzulu inkqubo emsebenzi kuyaqhubeka inkqubo yokuzahlula. A ukuqonda ngokucacileyo oku kwenza Manu (iimpawu ngokubanzi). Division ngu nangokodidi jati (ngokuphathelele) ikhona India namhlanje.

Kule imeko medieval wayekho ukwehla ilandelayo:

- i iindidi aphezulu, amelwe iklasi ka eliphakathi kunye neenkosi enkulu wobukhosi;

- ngokuphathelele ephantsi, eziquka abarhwebi kunye egciniswe, feudalists ezincinane kunye nabanini mhlaba.

Jāti ngokungafaniyo varn fanekisela Corporation yinqobo kuye. Ngaphakathi iindidi oorhulumente kwasekwa, kwakukho amasiko athile, amasiko nezithethe. Le nkampani ixhasa ngokupheleleyo amalungu ayo wema ukukhusela iimfuno zabo.

Kwizinto ezichaphazela ezininzi India na onokumxelela Manu (iimpawu ngokubanzi). Division ngu nangokodidi jati eyayikho kuphela kuloo State. Kule ngokuphathelele unayo kusini na inkqubo engqongqo oluneqela elinegunya. Manu wayevunyelwa ukuba atshate kuphela phakathi kwamalungu jati, wathi ubulungu ilifa, njalo-njalo. D.

ubunini

Emva kokufunda Laws of Manu, inkcazelo jikelele imithombo amaziko yobudlelwane karhulumente we uRhulumente uba ibonakale. Bonke bephela neyenziwe amaqela ngamasebe ahlukeneyo yomthetho. Ngaphezu koko, izalathiso ezininzi eziphambili. Lo mthetho mthetho kunye namalungelo impahla, ngokunjalo ilungelo njengelifa yaye oko kusisinyanzelo. Bonke bephela iyabonakaliswa iMithetho Manu.

Ingakumbi aphuhliswe kakuhle India yamandulo wayenelungelo lokuba kwipropati. icandelo yayo kugqalwa lilifa (bhukti), ukuze (Swami) kwaye usebenzise (Bhagya).

Abo ukufunda iMithetho Manu, le uphawu izahluko amanqaku uxwebhu kwiimfuno ezininzi ejoliswe ukukhusela amalungelo impahla iintlobo ezahlukeneyo nezinto eziphathekayo, imfuyo, izixhobo zokusebenza ekhaya, iinkozo kunye namakhoboka. Umntu angaba kuba ilizwe. Noko ke, loo nto yaba ipropati kwithuba elide lobunini kuwo (iminyaka 30-60), kodwa ngokholo kakuhle kunyango lwakhe. Umntu bephosa ilizwe lakhe ngexesha xesha lokuvuna, ngokutsho Laws of Manu bekufanele ukuba uhlawuliswe. Isohlwayo esifanayo elinde nabo abaphula imithetho kwintengiso.

On kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi lentlalo India yamandulo ibonisa ukuba iMithetho Manu. Iimpawu amaziko eziphambili mthetho unika siqonde imeko amakhoboka namandla karhulumente. Ukuba angaba ipropati yoluntu okanye umntu yabucala. Ezinye makhoboka basebenza ngqo kurhulumente.

A ilungelo sesevisi

Ngokutsho iMithetho Manu, naziphi na iimvumelwano ingqalelo njenge isivumelwano yintliziyo. izibophelelo ezithile ezibekwe kwelinye icala, nto leyo eyabangela umonakalo okanye ngokungeyomfuneko zizityebi.

Norms of India Ancient imithetho ichaza kunokwenzeka iintlobo kwezivumelwano, kwakunye nomphako zabo ezisisiseko kwaye avela kulo mtshato. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba olu xwebhu kusebenza kuphela kwimeko yemvume ngokuzithandela amaqela. Le mvumelwano waqukumbela umntu onxilileyo okanye ingqondo, kunye nomntwana okanye ikhoboka amandla waba. Wawukhomba kwakhona phandle i iMithetho Manu. iimpawu ngokubanzi kunye nesiqulatho iphambili izahluko uMthetho Institute, lubonisa ukuba uninzi ephuhliswe kakuhle sivumelwano semali-mboleko. Ulawulo lomthetho kulo mbandela wawubonisa nemikhwa kwasekwa phezu kwiinkulungwane ezininzi. Ngoko ke, e India yamandulo ukuba adle abantu ngokubanzi. Ngelo efanayo ixesha lwenza kwakukho inzala eliphezulu phantsi kwezivumelwano ezinjalo. Le onetyala ulawulo umthetho umbolekisi baxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo. Ukuvunyelwa ukuba ukufumana ukunyanzela amatyala nobuqili, amandla njalo njalo .. Xa ukhuselo Manu ukusuka izenzo abanjalo bekucingelwe. Ukongeza, unetyala eyayisuka ukufaka isikhalazo umbolekisi, yena phantsi isohlwayo. Not ethathelwa evela umsebenzi wakhe nokufa. Kwetyala ngokuzenzekelayo ivuliwe kwizalamane. amazinga abolekisa High kunye ngengxaki yabantu aba unobangela ukusasazeka ngokubanzi ityala eli ziko yobukhoboka.

Endle yomthetho in India yamandulo indawo ekhethekileyo wanikwa kwisivumelwano yengqesho. Amanqaku Laws of Manu amathuba abakhonzi kunye nabasebenzi zidla zikhankanywe kunye. Amalungelo abo babesebenza phantsi kwesivumelwano sengqesho kwabasebenzi, ngokufuthi badlwengulwe. Umqeshwa ngalo lonke ixesha umfo lowo, njengoko ngenxa apho phantse zange wafumana intlawulo ngenxa kuye. Le ngengxaki abantu abanyanzelwa ukuba bayeke ukukhululeka umxholo eqhelekileyo. Ngelo xesha Manu wancomela zizidwangube umvuzo iphetshwe.

Family umshado

Lo yesebe mthetho ibonisa isahluko yethoba iMithetho Manu. Inqaku lokuqala ibango layo kwisikhundla owayamileyo abafazi entsatsheni, ekufuneka unquestioningly ukuthobela uyise kwakunye indoda kunye nonyana wakhe. Xa engekho inkosi enjalo kufuneka zabelwe umkhathaleli.

IMithetho Manu uthi, nokuba utata akanalo ilungelo lokuba intombi yakhe ungayizekeli umvuzo. Nangona kunjalo, e-Indiya yakudala, umtshato akukho kwintengiso oyimfihlo. Ngokufuthi, esi sibini kwafuneka umahluko yobudala omkhulu. Ezi meko zinje kwaba ngenxa yobudala esezantsi womtshato.

Ngokutsho iMithetho Manu, umzalwana omncinane akazange banelungelo lokutshata phambi umdala. Njengoko imithetho wawukwalela umtshato izalamane igazi ukuya kwisizukulwana wesixhenxe. amanqaku ngamnye abazinikele nokukhuselwa umfazi wakhe "ukusulungeka ezizayo." Ezi ntlawulo Manu walala umyeni wakhe (intloko IX, Art. 6, 7).

Ilungelo ilifa

In India wamandulo isiko yayo. Ngokutsho kwimimiselo, ngokutsho iMithetho Manu, uyise mhlaba babeza kufumana oonyana kuphela. Ilifa akabanga imbeciles ekunene, bengabenzi bobubi karhulumente, abantu uphum'aphele womntu kuluntu lwakhe, njalo njalo. D. Umfazi unelungelo lokusebenzisa kuphela, unyana wakhe, ukuba yena wayengafumani bantwana.

IMithetho Manu yamiselwa umyalelo ngokulandelelana. I-lifa kufuneka ukuba bonke banikele ibifakiwe. Lo mhlaba ocande nasezandleni zoonyana zomthonyama. Ukuba babengekho, impahla yabo banikwa oonyana intombi yakhe. Ngaphezu koko, iindlalifa kwakusithiwa oonyana ushiye indlu, waza ke wasiwa umva. Xa engekho propati bonke bangaya senyathi. Yaba umbingeleli khaya. Ukuba ke nikholwa kuye, okanye iintombi, yonke impahla yabo bathunyelwa ebutyebini bokumkani.

Ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo iMithetho Manu, sinokugqiba ukuba umzekelo zindala umthetho wokulandelelana. Tando ngelo xesha abazange walungisa. Ilungelo ilifa ingapasiswa kuphela kule uluhlu lwemithetho.

Isahlulelo nokohlwaywa

In Manu yabonisa iikhonsepthi ezinxulumene nomthetho mthetho njenge "iphinde", "iintlobo ityala," "nokuhambisana" yaye "umthwalo unetyala" ngokuxhomekeke apho umoni bobabo ukuya Varna okanye ixhoba.

Oku kubonisa ingqokelela yemithetho kunye nezithethe of India yamandulo kunye neentlobo olwaphulo-mthetho. Zahlula-hlulwe:

- kaRhulumente;

- kwipropati;

- ngokuchasene umntu;

- aphula nentsapho yakhe.

Manu imangalelwe izohlwayo ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwabo:

- isigwebo sokufa;

- mkhuba;

- mthetho;

- izohlwayo;

- entolongweni;

- iintloko utsheva (for a Brahmin).

Iinkqubo omabini amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kunye yoluntu baba ncam yaye uhlobo kukhuphiswano. INkundla Ephakamileyo lilawula kokumkani Brahmans. Ukongeza, abasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo baba kuzo zonke iiyunithi zolawulo. Kuba zonke iilali ezilishumi elawulwa ibhodi kwezomthetho. Zonke izinto ingqalelo, ngokusekelwe elinegunya iindidi.

Lo mthombo uphambili ubungqina ubungqina. Ke zentendelezo, baba ixabiso eyahlukileyo. Yonke into kwakuxhomekeke izinto ubungqina ukuya Varna ethile. Njengokuba ubungqina, uvavanyo zingasetyenziswa ngomlilo, amanzi, amatye, njalo-njalo. D.

Ukumkani njengoko ngumgwebi wongameleyo iMithetho Manu, waye linelungelo amnesties yonyaka.

isiphelo

Kuyabonakala ukuba, iMithetho Manu zabhalwa enye izilumko kwizikolo zamandulo Indian Brahman. Baye nabo unikwe igama le iseti yemithetho kunye nemimiselo yi igama eliphuma bangafi kwabantu.

KuMbindi Ages Manu wathi rhoqo awo. Le nto ibonisa ukubaluleka ukuba incamathele kwi-Indiya le ngqokelela.

Ngowe-1794, iMithetho Manu zapapashwa yokuqala IsiNgesi. Umbhali Translation waba V. Johnson. Kamva, ingqokelela yemithetho kunye nemimiselo yabantu bamandulo Indian ngokuphindaphindiweyo ishicilelwe ngazo zonke iilwimi zaseYurophu.