Indlela indlela ebalulekileyo. Indlela Critical - ntoni na?

ulawulo Project sele abe yinxalenye yobomi bemihla ngemihla ngenxa amashishini zonke iimilo kunye nobukhulu. Loo isakhiwo solawulo kusetyenziswa ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle ekwenzeni kunye nolawulo lomgangatho kuwo onke amanqanaba mjikelo wemveliso. Phakathi uluhlu olubanzi lobuchule kunye nezixhobo zolawulo lweprojekthi, indlela athandwa ngayo "indlela ebaluleke", imigaqo yabo esisiseko bayamenywa ukuba sihlole kabanzi.

Yintoni na ulawulo lweeprojekthi?

iinkcazelo ezininzi of "iprojekthi" enye into efanayo: kuba kukho iseti ixesha elincinci amanyathelo ezalanayo ukufikelela eyodwa injongo yayo hlobo. Yokuvelela, ixesha kunye neethagethi ezisisigxina - nantso into eyahlula le projekthi evela kwimisebenzi zenkampani.

ulawulo Project i indawo yolawulo onamandla kunye nendlela yawo kunye nezixhobo.

Phakathi zonke izigaba yolawulo lweprojekthi ukuchonga core: yolwaluko, izicwangciso, ukuphunyezwa kunye nokuzaliswa. Kulo mzekelo, isicwangciso iprojekthi - enye izigaba ezingundoqo. Ngaphakathi sikhokelo wayo ukuyilwa ekujoliswe eziphambili ixesha nolandelelwano lwemisebenzi eyenziwa. Eli nyathelo kubandakanya ukusebenza kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka: umxholo, ixesha, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali kunye neprojekthi iingozi.

ulawulo sigaba lokuhlela ezisebenza umsebenzi ethile kwaye ukuyilwa kwento lodweliso olungundoqo uqikelelo izenzo onke amalungu eqela projekthi.

ucwangciso Network: iindlela eziphambili

ndlela yesicwangciso network eli kuphuhliso ukusukela 1950. Oku kubandakanya ukudalwa iprojekthi imodeli, nto leyo ibonisa ukuzalana phakathi iziqalelo chain yemveliso jikelele kwaye iza kuthathela ingqalelo le mibandela ixesha, iindleko kunye nokufumaneka kwezibonelelo.

yemizobo Network ebizwa ukubonisa lomzobo we ukulandelelana kwezenzo ezithile iphulo zibonisa ukuzalana phakathi kwabo kunye neentsilelo (ixesha, ukufumaneka kwezinto, njalo njalo.). Kubonakala ngathi le grafu jikelele kwi ngohlobo itheyibhile okanye itshati, abonisa iimpawu ezingundoqo zale projekthi.

Ngamanye amaxesha ekwakhiweni ucwangciso womnatha akwenzeki ukujonga ngokuchanileyo ixesha yokusebenza ngamnye. Ngokuxhomekeka kule into, kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili yokubala iishedyuli womnatha. Eyokuqala yasungulwa yi ngendlela echazwe - ezibalulekileyo indlela, ebonisa ingxelo uvavanyo ecacileyo ixesha imisebenzi. steel abadala kusetyenziswa indlela PERT, eziquka ukubala ixesha amathuba iimpawu imisebenzi.

Kuzo zombini ezi ndlela, umsebenzi umendo ezibalulekileyo: ukubalwa ubude bayo, kwaye inkcazo yemisebenzi ebandakanyiweyo kuwo.

Eyona miba projekthi ucwangciso yenethiwekhi

Ulawulo projekthi rhoqo kakhulu ukubhenela womnatha izicwangciso, ngoko ke kukho iseti iifom ezifana neegrafu.

elements Classical kwishedyuli womnatha kukuba ukusebenza kunye neziganeko.

Imisebenzi kuboniswe iintolo, kwaye usoloko 'kukhokelela' ukusuka isiganeko omnye komnye.

Umsebenzi (okanye transactions), efuna ixesha kunye nemithombo, ngokuba yokwenene, kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi iziganeko musa kufuna inyathelo lokwenene (umzekelo, ebonisa imeko eziyimfuneko ukuze ukuqala umsebenzi olandelayo, oko akuthethi ukuba ixesha elongezelelweyo okanye abasebenzi), - wasentsomini. Kwakhona bonisa ukulindela njengoko uhlobo olwahlukileyo umsebenzi kuthatha ixesha, kodwa hayi ezingenazibonelelo (umzekelo, umntu akazibandakanyi kulo msebenzi).

Iziganeko - oku ke yoko, zibonakaliswe yi isangqa (okanye enye imali avaliweyo zejiyometri). Ngokwahlukeneyo kumiselwa isiganeko lokuqala (ukuba akukho msebenzi odlulileyo, isiqalo iprojekthi) luze (ekupheleni kweprojekthi).

ishedyuli ngokwalo ivela njenge network kuyo iindawo zilungiselelwe iziganeko ezinxulumene nomsebenzi ebonisa iimpawu eziphambili.

indlela

Kakuhle eli indlela kuxhomekeke wokugxeka indlela kubalwa ubude kakhulu elide Ikhonkco yeprojekthi imisebenzi, ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekugqibeleni.

indlela Critical - hayi kuphela womnatha, kodwa ixesha elide. ixesha ebukhulwini bakhe ikubhite ingqinelana kwixesha afunekayo okwenza yonke imisebenzi projekthi (kuquka ukusebenza ngaxeshanye).

Indlela ezibalulekileyo kudla ngempazamo ibizwa ngokuba imfutshane - akuyonyaniso. Ukudideka ngenxa yokuba ubude indlela ezibalulekileyo ayiqulathanga amalungiselelo (stock) ixesha, ngamanye umsebenzi ngamnye uyaphumelela iqala Kwakugqitywa ezidlulileyo. Noko ke, xa kunokwenzeka umphathi projekthi uzama ukunciphisa eli ubude ngokwandisa okanye kulwabiwo ngokutsha izibonelelo (umzekelo: inani labasebenzi).

indlela ebaluleke kakhulu indlela projekthi ibandakanya ukubalwa parameters yeziganeko kunye nemisebenzi nganye kwishedyuli womnatha ngokwahlukeneyo. Ukuze wenze oku badla ukusebenzisa iimveliso ezizodwa software ezinciphisa xesha onke amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukuya kwimizuzwana emininzi. Akudingi zemfundo ezizodwa kunye noqeqesho olongezelelweyo. Nangona kunjalo, uhlalutyo ngakumbi ezi shedyuli womnatha ulingana uhlola ubalo ezicatshulwe ngezantsi.

Ukubalwa ixesha yokuqala ucwangciso network iziganeko

iziganeko zafezwa elide Early Trudy - ixesha ezifunekayo Kwakugqitywa konke isebenza phambi kwesiganeko phantsi ingqalelo.

iziganeko ixesha Early abaqala TR (i) ibalwa ukusuka ekuqaleni (qala) ukuya lokugqibela (gqiba) isiganeko ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• ngokuqala isiganeko (qala): Tp (s) = 0;
• Ezinye iziganeko i: TR (i) = max [TR (i) + t (k, i)], apho t (k, i) - ubude yokusebenza (k, i), i ziqukwe siganeko.

Ngoko ke, ukubala ixesha yokuqala esi siganeko, kufuneka amisele ukuba yintoni imisebenzi zibandakanyiwe kule siganeko, ukuba babeke phantsi ixesha xa kukho umcimbi kunye nobude umsebenzi ephuma kulo kwaye ifakiwe isiganeko umbuzo. Ukusuka ezi zibalo kufuneka ukhethe i komkhulu.

Intsingiselo yesitalato kwifomula kukuba de wonke umsebenzi iza kugqitywa, endingowakhe isiganeko ethile, loo nto ayithethi kuthi. Ngokomzekelo, xa kuthe, "uqikelelo" luquka amanyathelo amathathu ezinxuseneyo-ibaleka; yokubala indleko yomsebenzi, yokubala indleko kwezixhobo, ukubala phezulu. isenzo nganye yoviwo ithatha malunga izixa ezahlukeneyo ixesha, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo (iziganeko zangaphambili). Emva yokubala ixesha xa nganye imisebenzi emithathu zigqityiwe, siya kumisela ixesha kukwenzeka iziganeko, "uqikelelo" - lixesha yakutshanje emithathu, oko kukuthi, xa sele igqityiwe zonke zontathu imisebenzi. Ekuqaleni esi siganeko elithi "uqikelelo" Abazange beze. Ngoko ke, ukuba likhulu phantsi izibalo ikhethiwe.

Amanqanaba okuqala ngokuqhelekileyo akhiwe ekhohlo kwi izangqa zeziganeko.

Ukubalwa imiqathango zakutshanje kwempumelelo kwishedyuli network iziganeko

iziganeko umhla kamva impumelelo Tn - lixesha apho oko kunokwenzeka yokulibazisa ixesha ngaphandle ukuphazamiseka yonke le projekthi.

Ukungeniswa kade iziganeko ts (i) ibalwa ukusuka yokugqibela (ekugqibeleni) ukuya yokuqala (qala) ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• kuba iziganeko zokugqibela (gqiba): T (f) = TR (f);
• kuba zonke ezinye i: T (i) = min [T (j) - t (i, j)], apho t (i, j) - ixesha (i, j), beshiya iziganeko i.

Ngoko ke, ukubala ixesha yakutshanje, kuyimfuneko ukumisela into imisebenzi uphume ngesi siganeko, ukufumana umahluko ixesha phakathi kukuvela iziganeko emva kunye nobude umsebenzi, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kuyo. kuyimfuneko ukuba akhethe mncinane umahluko ifunyenwe. Ngamanye amazwi, yonke imiqathango echazwe ukuze afeze yokuqala iziganeko kuyimfuneko ukwenza ukubalwa okwahlukileyo ngqo.

Intsingiselo yesitalato kwifomula kukuba zigaba yamva iziganeko akuvumela ukulingisa ilungiselelo wesekethe esebenza kufutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuba esekwe kwenyathelo elidlulileyo ekuqaleni umhla (kamva) ukususela ekugqityweni kweprojekthi. Oko kukuthi, le milinganiselo iza kukubonisa indlela unako 'nsinya "umsebenzi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa umhla wokugqibela kugqitywe yonke imisebenzi.

ixesha ngokuqhelekileyo akhiwe tye izangqa zeziganeko.

Ukubalwa isigidi iziganeko

Ukubala kwenziwa kumacala amabini ukuze kuchongwe koovimba okwethutyana - isigidi kwexesha. Eli lixesha eludinini, leyo kulibaziseka (yalityaziswa) akore isiganeko esithile ngaphandle ngokwaphula umhla ekupheleni projekthi. Oku kuchazwa umahluko phakathi T and Tp: R = T - ts.

Indlela (indlela ebaluleke) kuquka ukubala kweeshedyuli network wavelisa parameters iziganeko ezifanayo.

Ukubala algorithm

Ukubalwa yeprojekthi indlela uthungelwano olubalulekileyo ishedyuli iqulathe izigaba eziliqela, nto leyo ziyaphunyezwa yi iifomyula ngasentla. Ukubala zingenziwa na izinto iishedyuli womnatha.

Amanyathelo ubalo lendlela:

1. Amanqanaba okuqala nokugunyaziswa isiganeko / imisebenzi
2. Ukungeniswa emva kwexesha ikhomishini seziganeko / imisebenzi.
3. iziganeko Imimiselo / imisebenzi.
4. Inkcazo ngemisebenzi kunye neziganeko ifakiwe indlela ebalulekileyo yale projekthi.

Sele 1st ibakala le algorithm eyaziwayo ubude indlela ebaluleke ngayo le projekthi. Kuyinto umhla uphumezo isiganeko sokugqibela yokuqala (kamva).

Imisebenzi ifakiwe kule ncwadi, kulula ukubala ukuba imisebenzi yolondolozo zero kunye neziganeko. Musa ukulibala ukuba indlela ebaluleke isiganeko lokuqala iqala ize iphele nge isiganeko sokugqibela projekthi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.

Kutheni cinga indlela ebalulekileyo?

ucwangciso Project kuyo nayiphi na imeko ziquka ukubalwa ubude indlela ebaluleke kwishedyuli network. Eli xabiso ibonisa ixesha fastest kunokwenzeka sokugqibezela kanye ngayo yonke imisebenzi zifakiwe kwiprojekthi. Kodwa ebalulekileyo ukuzimisela le misebenzi.

Leyo imisebenzi ebalulekileyo indlela kufuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo evela kumphathi projekthi kunye neqela lakhe. Ngapha koko, le misebenzi musa ayiqulathanga naluphi na oovimba! Abanakukwazi ukuba liqiniswe yaye ukuphazamisa nemihla ukuzaliseka siganeko zokugqibela, kungenjalo umhla sokugqibela sokugqitywa ngayo yonke imisebenzi (ubude wokugxeka indlela) utshintsho, nto leyo eya kukhokelela ekubeni iziphumo ezibi. Ukwenzela ukunciphisa iingozi ezinjalo le projekthi, xa abaphathi ukuhlela rhoqo eyenziweyo ukwandisa ixesha elivunyelweyo ekwenzeni imisebenzi ethile ukuze kukhuselwe ummandla osisidambisi phezu sokungalindelekanga nokulibaziseka. A buffer okwethutyana ngaphambi kokuba uyacetyiswa ukuba amacandelo ophezulu umngcipheko imisebenzi womnatha ukunciphisa yindlela yokuphumelela zokugcina.

Le ndlela echazwe - indlela ebalulekileyo - yintsika imigaqo yolawulo lweprojekthi. Kulula kakhulu ukuba usebenzisa kwaye izakusetyenziswa ukugqiba ixesha nokuchonga iindawo umxokelelwane kakhulu nawuphi na umsebenzi, nokuba kwinqanaba indlu.