Ingaphezulu le - yinto yinxalenye ayahlukahlukenanga zenkqunto

Ingaphezulu le - le isuntswana ubuncinane elipheleleyo mba. Kuyinto core cent kuyo ngathi iiplanethi ngeenxa ilanga, electron phendula. Isimanga, kodwa kwisuntswana lincinane yafunyanwa kwaye baqulunqe ingcamango kwayo kodwa oosonzululwazi zamandulo zamaGrike yaye yamandulo Indian abanawo izixhobo ezifanelekileyo okanye isakhiwo sethiyori. izibalo zabo eminyaka eyayikho indawo yeengcinga, kwaye kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-17, ekhemisi bakwazi ukubonisa ngokomfuniselo semthethweni iingcamango yamandulo. Kodwa isayensi ngokukhawuleza ihamba phambili, kwaye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, zezinto bafumana amacandelo eathom kunye nolwakhiwo amasuntswana. Kungelo xesha oku ukulahlwa kwenkcazo-atom njengoko "ayahlukahlukenanga". Noko ke, lo gama sele wangena ukusetyenziswa lwenzululwazi, begcinelwe.

Abaphengululi bamandulo babecinga ukuba atom - lamaqhosha super-encinane nawuphi na umcimbi. Ukususela isimo sabo, massiveness, umbala kunye nezinye iparameters zixhomekeke physical neempawu kweziyobisi. Umzekelo, Demokrit wayekholelwa ukuba athom umlilo elibukhali kakhulu, kuba livutha, eziqinileyo amasuntswana kufuneka iindawo ezimagqagala leyo buhambelane ngqo omnye komnye, athom amanzi - ezigudileyo ibe buthelezi, njengoko ukuze udlulise fluidity ulwelo. Nditsho umphefumlo womntu Democritus yakholwa eyenziwa uxhulumaniso okwethutyana athom ukuba iba xa umntu esifa.

isakhiwo Okuninzi mihla ecetywayo yamachiza ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 Japanese Nagaoka. Watshayelela uphuhliso yeengcingane, ekukho phakathi yokuba i-atom - inkqubo kweenkwenkwezi isikali kakhulu, nesakhiwo sayo iyafana kwinkqubo iSaturn. Loo isakhiwo alichanekanga. Ezisondeleyo kwinto ekhoyo yaba Bohr imodeli ye-atom-Rezerfrda, kodwa wasilela ngazo zonke iipropati emzimbeni wombane corpuscles. Kuphela kwingcinga yokuba atom - lilulwakhiwo kuquka kuphela iipropati kwisuntswana, kodwa umyinge, eyayinokucacisa elo nani likhulu zokwenene waphawula.

Corpuscles inokuba ukwimeko abotshelelweyo, kodwa ungakwazi - kule free. Umzekelo, i-atom ioksijini ukuqulunqa molecule, ngokwayo uqhagamshele kwezinye amasuntswana ezinjalo. Emva kokuba ukugxothwa yombane, umz, iindudumo, oko ezidityanisiweyo isakhiwo more complex - zwa, equka iimolekyuli triatomic. Ngako oko, ngenxa uhlobo oluthile iikhompawundi atom eziyimfuneko iimeko ezithile physico-chemical. Kodwa kukho amaqhina ezinamandla phakathi kweengqakumbana kwemolekyuli. Umzekelo, i-atom nitrogen enxulumene kwenye iqhina kathathu, ngaloo molecule sinamandla kakhulu kwaye kuxhomekeke ngenkankulu ukuba utshintshe.

Ukuba inani protons (yamasuntswana core) kuyafana inani elektroni, ejikelezayo kwindawo yazo, i-atom na kagesi cala. Ukuba ungubani ayikho, ngoko kwisuntswana unalo ezimbi okanye ezintle obhobhozayo kwaye kuthiwa ion. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi amasuntswana icala wabumba ukusuka atom phantsi kweempembelelo zombane, radiations yendalo eyahlukileyo okanye iqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Le ion afana ukuqina. Ezi athom icala nga dynamically zisenokuxabana nezinye amasuntswana.