Inkolo Major Egyptian yamandulo. Inkolo kunye neentsomi waseYiputa Ancient

Unqulo yamandulo zaseYiputa basoloko alohlukaniswa neentsomi nobugqi, uphawu le nxalenye zomhlaba. Kuyinto ngenxa zeemposiso amandulo yaseYiputa lavo kamva kwavela ubuhedeni eRashiya. Kwakhona ntlokoma le nkcubeko ibonakala owayephila isebuYudeni, Islam kunye ubuKristu. imifanekiso abaninzi legends twa ehlabathini lonke, yaye ekugqibeleni yaba yinxalenye yehlabathi lanamhlanje. Kokucingelwayo kwaye nantoni na awayefike sele malunga nenkcubeko kunye nonqulo baseYiputa, nangoku zithwaxwa zizazinzulu zehlabathi, ngamandla ukuzama ukusombulula intsinda-badala iimfihlakalo kweli lizwe emangalisayo.

The main ndlela

Inkolo laseYiputa Ancient ezahlukeneyo. Luhlanganisa iindawo ezininzi, ezifana:

• Fetishism. Yeyona unqulo izinto ezingaphiliyo okanye izinto kuthiwa iipropati eyimfihlakalo. Kusenokuba ngamakhubalo, imifanekiso okanye ezinye izinto.
• Sihamba. Ngokusekelwe inkolelo kuthixo omnye, kodwa uyavuma ubukho kwezinye iintlobo angaphezu okanye ubuso ngaphezulu zaphezulu, apho ongumfanekiselo umlinganiswa efanayo. UThixo onjalo unokuba emikhakheni ezahlukeneyo, kodwa umongo walo kuhlala enye.
• Polytheism. A inkqubo yenkolo, olusekelwe phezu polytheism. Xa polytheism kukho oothixo bonke abantu kaThixo, ngamnye kubo linoxanduva ngomxholo.
• Totemism. A Kuyaziwa kakhulu eYiputa yamandulo. Umongo le ntsingiselo unqulo totems. Amaninzi lilo izilwanyana thaca izipho ukungxengxeza oothixo ngabo uze ubacele ubomi onwabile okanye intuthuzelo kwenye ehlabathini.

Zonke ezi ndawo zaye kwasekwa ngaphezu kwama-3 amawaka. Iminyaka, kwaye, kakade, kuba loo ixesha unqulo elide eYiputa yamandulo kuye kwabakho iinguqu ezininzi. Ngokomzekelo, abanye oothixo, lowo ahlala indawo lokugqibela ngokubaluleka, ngokuthe ngcembe abe eziphambili, kunye vice versa. Abanye abalinganiswa ziyadityaniswa kwaye kuguqulwa ube izinto ezintsha ngokupheleleyo. inxalenye Yahlula yelungu amabali kunye neenkolelo ngokuphathelele kokufa. Ngenxa kule nsimbi, amasebe ezahlukahlukeneyo izithethe ezisoloko ziguqu-guquka eYiputa wayengenguye unqulo bengatshatanga. Iqela ngalinye labantu bakhetha kwilayini eyahlulweyo okanye isithixo, apho kamva waqalisa ukunqula. Mhlawumbi le nkolelo kuphela into ayizange bonke abantu kweli lizwe, yaye ngamanye amaxesha kukhokelela imfazwe ngenxa yokuba ababingeleli Thethani asizange ukwabelana izimvo zabanye, enqula thixo bambi.

Magic eYiputa Ancient

Magic yaba sisiseko phantse zonke izalathiso bantu babebonakala ukuba uthanda unqulo waseYiputa yamandulo. Ngokufutshane kunzima ukubeka zonke iinkolelo eyimfihlakalo kumaYiputa amandulo. Kwelinye icala, umlingo yaba isixhobo waza wayalela nxamnye neentshaba kwelinye - wasetyenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhusela izilwanyana kunye nabantu.

eziqwini

kubaluleke kakhulu saqhotyoshelwa zonke iintlobo ngamakhubalo, leyo afakwa ngamandla angaqhelekanga. AmaYiputa ayekholelwa ukuba izinto ezinjalo ukukhusela umntu ophilayo nje kuphela, kodwa umphefumlo wakhe emva kokuba lenguqu ukuya kwenye kwihlabathi.

Kwakukho ngamakhubalo, apho ababingeleli wamandulo wabhala indlela ekhethekileyo omlingo. kuyingozi kakhulu malunga kwimisitho, apho phezu njengamakhubalo uphoswe yomabophe. Ngomhla umzimba umfi wayethabathe ukuba uxwebhu yeengcongolo namazwi, abhekiswe oothixo. Ngaloo izihlobo womfi wacela amandla aphezulu kobabalo, ngezinye iindlela ezimanyumnyezi obungcono umphefumlo oswelekileyo.

Imifanekiso kwezilwanyana nabantu

Iintsomi kunye nenkolo eYiputa yamandulo ziquka amabali ngazo zonke iintlobo emifanekiso zezilwanyana. Utsho ngamakhubalo amaYiputa bagxininisa kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba izinto ezinjalo zingenza kuphela ithamsanqa, kodwa kukunceda ukuba aqalekise utshaba. Ukuze ezi njongo, njengomthwebeba nani elingumfanekiso zabantu, nto leyo kwafuneka ukuba babethwe. Kwixesha elizayo, le ndawo similise ukuthakatha. Kunqulo lwamaKristu, nayo, iye lisiko efanayo, kodwa, phezu koko, kujoliswe impiliso. Ukuze wenze oku, umele sculpt wax inxalenye lokugula lomzimba bazise ibandla ukuya icon yengcwele, ogama izalamane becela uncedo.

belingana kunye namakhubalo kubaluleke kakhulu eyaqhotyoshelwa imizobo zonke iintlobo yomabophe. Ekuqaleni, kwakukho esikweni ukuba kuziswe ukutya igumbi yokungcwaba niyibeke ecaleni Ma womfi ukungxengxeza oothixo. Emva kwethuba, xa iyimbalasane imveliso, amaYiputa bazisa amadini fresh, kodwa ekugqibeleni wehla weza kukuba ecaleni umzimba zidumbu wabeka umfanekiso ukutya uskrole ngoomabophe ezithile. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba emva kokufunda amagama Kwinkokheli ZakwaLizwi phezu umbingeleli kwabafileyo ukugqithisa umyalezo oothixo nokukhusela umphefumlo womfi.

"Amagama yamandla"

Ukupela kwakujongwa enye enamandla kakhulu. Unqulo lwamandulo waseYiputa utsho imibhalo engcwele bubalulekileyo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko njengokhangelo nako ukuvelisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Ukwenza oku kubalulekile ukuba ukunika igama yokuba ababefuna ukubiza umbingeleli. AmaYiputa babekholelwa ukuba ulwazi eli gama yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo ukuze yonke into. Nya kwezi nkolelo esekhona unanamhla.

ubhedu Akhenaten

Akuba ephumile eJiputa bagxothwa i Hyksos (ngubani nempembelelo iinkolo yamandulo eYiputa) eli lizwe zafumana kwanda yonqulo Akhenaten oyena nobangela. Yaba ngeli xesha, AmaYiputa ukukholelwa kubukho bukaThixo mnye.

Okhethwe nguThixo yaba Aton, kodwa le nkolelo awukafikeleli kwi ngenxa umlinganiswa yayo liyingxonde. Ngoko ke, emva kokufa Akhenaten, kwakukho unqulo encinane kakhulu kuthixo omnye. Eli xesha lifutshane sihamba ndashiyeka uphawu yayo kwicala elandelayo unqulo zaseYiputa.

Ngokutsho kuguqulelo mnye, abaLevi, lowo uMoses wakhokela, baba phakathi kwabo bakholwayo kwaba uthixo Aten. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba kuye abangafunwayo eYiputa, ihlelo kuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba aphume elizweni labo lokuzalwa. Kuhambo lwakhe abalandeli kaMoses iinguqulelo namaYuda ephila wababeka ukholo lwabo. IMithetho Elishumi, ezaziwa namhlanje, ngamandla sifunda imigca elinye izahluko "Book of Abafileyo", leyo kuthiwa "Lo mthetho yokukhanyela." It wadlulisela isono 42 (enye uthixo ngamnye, nto leyo, ngokonqulo omnye zaseYiputa, kananjalo 42). Okwangoku, esi hypothesis kuphela, nto leyo evumela ukuba ubone iinkalo olubanzi unqulo ngamaYiputa amandulo. ubungqina ezinokuthenjwa ayisekho, kodwa iingcali amaninzi akathandi ngokwandayo nje ekwenzeni oko. Hi ndlela leyi, impikiswano ngenxa yesibakala sokuba ubuKristu isekelwe phezu iinkolelo umYiputa, okwangoku kucima.

inkolo Egyptian eRoma

Ngelo xesha akufa ubunzima ukusasazeka kobuKristu, kunye uAleksandr Makedonsky, unqulo waseYiputa kuyamanyaniswa ngokupheleleyo kunye neentsomi yamandulo. Ngelo xesha xa oothixo endala akazange ahlangabezane nazo zonke iimfuno yoluntu, kwakukho ihlelo Isis ukuba kukubi yonke indawo uBukhosi baseRoma. Kunye isimo esitsha umdla omkhulu baqalisa uboniswe kunye umlingo baseYiputa, isiphumo leyo sele ifikelele UK, eJamani, waza waqalisa ukusasaza lonke elaseYurophu. Kunzima ukutsho ukuba unqulo kuphela eYiputa yamandulo. Ngokufutshane, ninako ukubonisa ngohlobo kwibakala eliphakathi phakathi yobuhedeni, ubuKristu ngokuthe asakhulayo.

ebikade Egyptian

Ezi zakhiwo basoloko ligutyungelwe amakhulu ngeentsomi kunye neenkolelo. De kube ngoku, izazinzulu ukuzama ukusombulula intsinda-badala imfihlelo indlela iiphiramidi ukuba baye bomisa naziphi na izinto eziphilayo. Nkqu nezilwanyana ezincinane kwabulawa kwezi zakhiwo ezigcinwe ixesha elide kakhulu ngaphandle laloo nto. Abanye abantu bathi emva kokuchitha ixesha elithile iiphiramidi yamandulo, baye kwakhula amandla, nkqu balahle ezinye izifo ezingapheliyo.

Inkcubeko nenkolo eYiputa yamandulo enxulumene ngokusondeleyo nezi zakhiwo ezingaqhelekanga. Oku kuyaqondakala, kuba iphiramidi bekusoloko uphawu onke amaYiputa, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni ulwalathiso zonqulo yakhethwa liqela elithile labantu. Kude kube ngoku kubakhenkethi lokuba waya iiphiramidi, Bathi e ezi iindawo razor buthuntu kuba elibukhali, ukuba ndibeke kakuhle, ugxininise iingongoma zekhampasi. Ngaphezu koko, kukho uluvo lokuba le nto kubaluleke kangaka, koko izinto lwenziwe, kwaye iphiramidi apho, oko nokuba kungenziwa nekhadibhodi, yaye oko kuya kuqhubeka ukuba iipropati ezingaqhelekanga. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - ukugcina olinganise ezichanekileyo.

Inkolo kunye nobugcisa eYiputa yamandulo

art lizwe bekusoloko idityaniswe ngokusondeleyo kunye nokukhethwa zonqulo amaYiputa. Ekubeni nawuphi na umfanekiso kunye sculpture kwakukho izandi ezincinane limangalisa, kwakukho izimiso ezizodwa, ayayilwa ngokwezo indalo.

Imbeko koothixo zakhiwa iitempile omkhulu, kunye nemifanekiso yabo kwikhompyutha ngamatye okanye izinto anqabileyo. Chorus uThixo uchazwa njengomntu ukhetshe okanye umntu intloko nesangxa, engumqondiso ubulumko, okusesikweni, nasekubhaleni. wayesoloko ebonakala umqhubi kwabafileyo Anubis zipeyintwe ngokohlobo udyakalashe, kwaye nothixokazi Sekhmet njengoko imfazwe ngokohlobo yengonyama.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkcubeko eMpuma yamandulo unqulo yaseYiputa ezotywe izithixo kungekhona iyandoyikisa kwaye ukohlwaya abaphindezeli, kodwa koko, njengoko oothixo magingxigingxi yaye vseponimayuschih. KoFaro kunye amakhosi evela abalawuli ehlabathini ayeze kungekho ngaphantsi, ngokunjalo nayo ke zipeyintwe ngohlobo yezilwanyana. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba umfanekiso womntu - oku bakhe kabini engabonakaliyo, leyo kuthiwa "Ka" kwaye wayesoloko emelwe njengoko umfana, kungakhathaliseki ubudala umYiputa.

Wonke mfanekiso nokupeyinta babeza lusayinwe uMdali wabo. indalo linga tyikitywanga yayigqalwa ayiphelelanga.

Inkolo kunye neentsomi eYiputa yamandulo ukunikela ingqalelo kakhulu izidumbu zabantu kunye nezilwanyana. Ukuba ukususela umcimbi kukho inkolelo yokuba amehlo kwisipili komphefumlo. AmaYiputa babekholelwa ukuba abafileyo iimfama ngokupheleleyo, ngoko umbono wanikwa ingqalelo kangaka. Ngokutsho intsomi engumYiputa uthixo Osiris ngobuqhophololo wabulala umninawa wakhe, Chorus unyana wakhe kunqunyulwa iliso yakhe, ndamnika ukuba imginye uyise, emva koko ke wavuswa.

izilwanyana izithixo

Egypt lilizwe ihlabathi isilwanyana ngokwanelisayo amahlwempu, ke amaYiputa amandulo ayeze indalo kunye nezityalo nezilwanyana. Ke balinqula inkunzi abamnyama, nto leyo indalo kaThixo - Apis. Ngoko ke, endlwini isilwanyana bekusoloko inkunzi ephilayo. Wanqula bendawo. Njengoko wabhala odumileyo isazi Mihail Aleksandrovich Korostovtsev unqulo weYiputa yamandulo kumba kakhulu, kuba ubona umfanekiso kwizinto ezininzi. Enye yezi zinto ukunqulwa ingwenya, owamela uthixo Sobek. Kanye njengoko iintlafuno Apis, kwiindawo zonqulo Sobek isoloko iingwenya ephila, wondla ababingeleli kuphela. Emva kokufa izilwanyana zidumbu imizimba yazo (ukuba ziphathwe ngentlonipho eliphezulu kunye nentlonelo).

Kwakhona udumo baba ookhetshe kunye kuxhwithwa ziintaka. Kuba kokubulawa cruise uyakwazi ukuhlawula kunye nobomi babo.

Indawo iikati ekhethekileyo ndibala kwimbali wonqulo waseYiputa. The main uthixo Ra wayesoloko thaca ngokohlobo ikati enkulu. Kwabakho uthixokazi Bastet, wabonakala ngokohlobo ikati. Ukufa ibhokhwe le yabonakala sisijwili, nomzimba abane-inemilenze kubalelwa kubabingeleli ukuwafunda phezu emna kunye bamqhola kuyo. Bulala le cat kwakujongwa isono esikhulu, elandelwa njengempindezelo eyoyikekayo. Xa kusitsha indawo yokuqala ukusuka kwindlu etshayo basindiswe ikati, kwaye emva koko intsapho.

Ukuqwalasela neentsomi samandulo saseYiputa, singasathethi ke scarab qongqothwane. Esi sinambuzane emangalisayo lisusa i enkulu indima unqulo weYiputa yamandulo. Ushwankathe- ngaye intsomi idumileyo kukuba lo qongqothwane imele ubomi samovozrozhdenie.

Ingcamango umphefumlo eYiputa yamandulo

AmaYiputa wababela abantu ukuba ibe kwiinkqubo ezininzi. Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, umntu ngamnye khona yamasuntswana "Ka", nto leyo double yakhe. Emngcwabeni kwigumbi ongasekhoyo ukubeka etyeyeni eyongezelelweyo apho le inxalenye kwakufuneka ndiphumle.

Particle "Ba" umphefumlo loluntu ngokwalo. Ekuqaleni, kwakucingwa ukuba eli candelo liye kakhulu oothixo.

"Oh" - umoya, kuboniswa ngohlobo namang'ang'ane yinxenye eyahlukileyo komphefumlo.

"Shu" - sisithunzi. Umongo umphefumlo womntu, leyo efihliweyo kwicala emnyama lokuba sezingqondweni.

Kwakhona yaba yinxalenye "sah", nto leyo kuthwelwe umzimba umfi emva bomisa. Indawo ekhethekileyo intliziyo, ngokuba isihlalo zonke lokuqonda koluntu ngokubanzi. AmaYiputa babekholelwa ukuba kokufa ngexesha umntu behlola ukuba ahlale cwaka yezono zakhe, kodwa intliziyo yakhe isoloko wavula iimfihlelo ezininzi ezimbi.

isiphelo

Dwelisa zonke iinkolo yamandulo eYiputa, ngqo kwaye ayafikeleleka kunzima kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba ixesha elide kangaka, baye ngokwemigaqo oluninzi utshintsho. Ngokuqinisekileyo umntu ngokuchanileyo uthi imbali twisiseka baseYiputa iqulethe inani elikhulu iimfihlelo ingaqhelekanga eyimfihlakalo. ngabembi Annual thaca kunye izimanga ubukhalipha kudala imibuzo ngakumbi nangakumbi. Nanamhla oku, oosonzululwazi kunye nabantu nje nomdla kwimbali na abalinganiswa engaqhelekanga kunye nobungqina ukuba le nkolo isiseko zonke iinkolelo ezikhoyo namhlanje.