Inkunkuma eqinileyo kaMasipala - kukho izinto okanye iimveliso ukuba balahlekelwe iipropati abathengi. inkunkuma yasekhaya

inkunkuma eqinileyo kaMasipala - impahla kunye zorhwebo (kubandakanywa amaqhekeza) ukuba balahlekelwe iipropati sazo baphoswe ngaphandle ngumnikazi zabo. Kunye inkunkuma eqinileyo mveliso, amele emngciphekweni omkhulu okusingqongileyo kwaye inokuphinda irisayikilishwe.

Inkunkuma yasekhaya ayithethi nje ekunciphiseni imeko esingqongileyo, kodwa umthombo iindleko ezongezelelweyo ezinxulumene ukuqokelelwa kunye nokulahlwa. Njengoko imizi bekhula, ezi ndleko kwandisa. Ukusombulula ingxaki inkunkuma eqinileyo ehlabathini ziye ubugcisa ezahlukeneyo lwenkqubo yabo. Isisombululo kakhulu ekhuselekileyo eziphilayo kwaye zonyango ezihambele phambili yi ukwahlulwa nenkunkuma eqinileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa yabo emva nje izinto lesibini ekrwada.

Ingxaki inkunkuma eqinileyo

Ukuqokelelela inkunkuma eqinileyo - ngxaki yingozi. Ukungcoliswa komhlaba ziindidi ezahlukeneyo zenkunkuma iimpethu phantse kuyo yonke indawo. A isixa esikhulu saso saa kumphezulu womhlaba ngokohlobo ngamaqhekeza okanye izikolo ezisebenzisanayo (amadama). Waste kuwa emanzini kwezilwandle.

Inxalenye ebalulekileyo inkunkuma eqinileyo - kukho iimveliso ze-oyile negesi iimveliso. Bona iikhompawundi enganyangekiyo polymeric kunye elide isiqingatha-ubomi. Eyingozi kakhulu nokusingqongileyo kuyo Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), nto leyo ehambisana ezinomthamo ophakamileyo neklorin nokubunjwa kwayo. Kobutyobo, xa kuthelekiswa ne-Iipholima kuba kakhulu ngaphantsi kwe kusisisongelo kokusingqongileyo.

kwiingozi zezendalo ezinxulumene MSW

Ifuthe inkunkuma eqinileyo kwi onokuphila ezahlukeneyo isikali, ezinkulu yaye phantse zonke iimeko ezimbi. Iinketho MSW ifuthe kokusingqongileyo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Ukuxinana ukungcola kumphezulu womhlaba. kwiingxowa zeplastiki kunye nezinye iintlobo zenkunkuma zasendlini sisithintelo ukukhula kwezityalo, igalelo ukuncipha kwemveliso eziphilayo, Isantya ukubunjwa komhlaba. Akhiwe amachibi, Ezilwandle nasemanzini kunye neelwandle zasekhaya kungaba kuchaphazela iinkqubo ze ngumphunga ukusuka phezu kwamanzi.
• LoNgcoliseko MSW iimveliso ukubola. Le ngxaki kakhulu ezinkulu yokusingqongileyo ezinxulumene inkunkuma yasekhaya. Le Iipholima ukubola azivelele iikhompawundi eziyityhefu leyo ityhefu amanzi umhlaba kunye komhlaba. Akukho iimveliso ngaphantsi eziyingozi kunye yokutsha zabo. lweetiphu ezininzi rhoqo utshaye, bangcolisa umoya, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi. Kuyingozi kakhulu kwaye ethile kwimveliso yokutsha MSW na dioxin, ephuma ngexesha ukutshiswa PVC. Oku kucingwa ukuba iyityhefu emalunga nenzululwazi ezaziwayo iikhompawundi chemical. Ngethamsanqa, imali ejection of dioxin xa itshiswe akunjalo enkulu ukuba kwakuya kuba ityhefu, kunjalo, igalelo layo kongcoliseko ngokubanzi kakhulu ebalulekileyo.

Ukongeza kwiimveliso yokubola kunye neekhemikhali nendlu Iipholima ukutshiswa ezahlukeneyo, izinyithi enzima, asbestos isileyiti, hydrocarbon kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi negalelo ungcoliseko lulonke. Imiphumo inokuba ezimbi:

• Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezilwanyana kunye nentlanzi. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba iintaka kunye iintlanzi baginye izinto ezincinane zeplastiki, nto leyo maxa wambi ekhokelela ekufeni kwabo ngenxa ukuqokelelela inkunkuma kwinkqubo yokwetyisa. Olusemngciphekweni kunye nezilwanyana zitya kugcwaliswa amadama ngamanzi, njengoko amathuba eliphezulu yityhefu.
• Ukonakala meko sanitary. kwimfumba yenkunkuma isoloko izimfimfithi-kwamagciwane na kudluliselwa kwezinye iindawo apho ibuzi yokuhlala.
• Ilahleko yesibheno ubuhle le ndawo. Ukufumana phakathi inkunkuma yasekhaya asinguye wonke umntu uya othanda. imbonakalo ayithandeki, amavumba amabi, ingozi zibambe kusulelo, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi emithonjeni - zonke leyo imoshe ngokubonakalayo uphumlo ngomhla ngohlobo.
• Impembelelo kwimozulu. films iplastiki neeglasi nokubambezeleka evela kwimitha wobushushu zomhlaba, ebangela ukunyuka basekuhlaleni greenhouse effect kwaye iqondo lobushushu emhlabeni. awo amakhulu Doti umthombo onamandla ngokufanelekileyo methane, ephuma emoyeni, kwandisa yi greenhouse effect.
• ekubalekeni komhlaba. Lweetiphu izizathu ukuncitshiswa isithuba esingenamntu enokusetyenziswa ukwakhiwa, ukwenza izikwere okanye neepaki. Le Mboniselo kakhulu efanelekileyo, ingakumbi kummandla kwizixeko ezinkulu kunye naphakathi.

Ucalulo inkunkuma eqinileyo

Inkqubo yomanyano ukwahlulwa ngokweendidi inkunkuma eqinileyo ayikho. Ekuqaleni MSW amele ubunzima enye iyonke. Noko ke, inkunkuma kamasipala eqinileyo - oku kwahlukile kumafa kwemichiza kunye neempawu zomzimba yeekhomponenti. Obanzi kakhulu phakathi MSW zezi: metal, iplastiki, iglasi, umthi, iphepha nekhadibhodi enokuhlaziyeka. Kumazwe amaninzi Ukuhlelwa inkunkuma sisiseko yokuqokelela ezahlukeneyo kunye okurisayikilisha. Sekunjalo aphoswe esinobunzima uze emva koko egcinwe In Russia, bona kugcwaliswa amadama ngamanzi.

Nokurisayikilisha inkunkuma kamasipala

Ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kobuchule ezahlukeneyo. Avamise kakhulu ngoku iindlela yokulahla inkunkuma kamasipala eqinileyo - is:

• iindlela processing ngoomatshini.
• Ukulahla amanxuwa esiluqilima lweetiphu (amadama).
• Ukutshisa.
• processing Complex.
• Ukusetyenziswa biotechnology.

Ukususwa ku weepholigoni inkunkuma eqinileyo isesikweni nendlela "nokulahlwa" kakhulu yingozi indalo evela MSW. Kwilizwe lethu nangoku ibamba isikhundla phambili.

Ukwenzela ukunciphisa ivolyum, ojongene inkunkuma kwiindawo zokuyilahla, badla kuzitshisa ngomlilo, ekhokelela ukunwenwa zizinto eziyingozi kwi kwiindawo ezinkulu ngokonakala lomoya. Komfaki sicelo ngexesha omlilo iinkunkuma iimveliso abe livumba ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kwaye iyingozi empilweni. Imilinganiselo lweetiphu kwilizwe lethu esoloko kuyanda.

unyango inkunkuma

Okwangoku, kukho iindlela ezininzi yokulahla. Yeendlela eziphambili ezinceda ukuqhubekekisa inkunkuma kamasipala eqinileyo - is:

• ri Mechanical - kuyinto isethi yemisebenzi zeteknoloji esivikivayo, ngokucindezela, briquetting. Konke oku kukhokelela ukugangatheka nokunciphisa umthamo wenkunkuma ukuya izihlandlo ezili-10, iyenza zokuthutha lula kunye nokugcinwa. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela lula kuphela ingxaki ukulahlwa kodwa nilicombulule ngokupheleleyo.

• ulawulo lwenkunkuma iquka uyilo ukuhlela inkunkuma kunye nonyango inkunkuma izityalo. Xa linyathelo lokuqala kwenkunkuma ingxolo kuxhomekeke kudidi lwempahla (iglasi, iplastiki, intsimbi, njalo njalo. D.), Ke ngoko wathumela ukuba processing kwisityalo ahambelanayo. Le ndlela yokulahlwa kwezixhobo ezingasenakusetyenziswa kukuphelisa okuninzi inkunkuma eqinileyo nokufumana izinto lesibini ekrwada.
• iindlela zebhayoloji ukuvumela processing ukususa uninzi inkunkuma ekhoyo yokubola isabelo kweziphilayo ezincane, iguqulelwa ibe ebizwa ngokuba yi-semisundululu. Ukulungiselela le njongo, uhlobo lenkcubeko umbungu California ebomvu.

briquetting

Briquetting ke expediently wenziwe emva kokuba nezokukhupha kumacandelo ezibaluleke ngakumbi. INtsalela inkunkuma bomatshini ubunjwe ze olupakishiweyo. Ezi briquettes benziwa isebenze ngakumbi ukugcinwa, ezothutho kunye nokuchithwa.

umgquba

Yokubolisa - indlela zebhayoloji processing apho zokulahla inkunkuma eqinileyo lwenziwa ngokudala ekuthiwa-amazala omgquba. Kuxhomekeka inqanaba lophuhliso ubomi technology imfundo ikhomposti ukusuka kwiiveki 2-10 ukuya kwiminyaka 1-3.

Sebenzisa umphutha njengoko izinto eziziisekondari ekrwada

wabuyisa abaninzi izinto abasindileyo, kubangela sikwimo entle aphinde asetyenziswe. Le ndlela isebenza kwezinye izixeko Russian. Glass, intsimbi, aluminiyam kunye nezinye zesinyithi ukuba kunyibilike aphinde asetyenziswe. Secondarily ingasetyenziswa yaye inxalenye ebalulekileyo yephepha inkunkuma.

NoKwenziwa ngokutsha kwezinto ebesezisetyenzisiwe zeplastiki ukusuka inkunkuma yasekhaya akukho kuqhutywa eRashiya, njengoko uthathwa aseludinini. Ngaphezu koko, kwilizwe lethu kukho imali enkulu of oyile negesi, apho ukunika izibonelelo eliphezulu-ezikumgangatho ekrwada.

Ukutshisa inkunkuma eqinileyo

MSW ukutshisa angafumana balahle eninzi kwenkunkuma, kodwa iye kuneengxaki ezinzulu. Xa yotshiswa emoyeni ukuwa iiplastiki izinto eziyingozi, uninzi lwazo na dioxin ityhefu.

Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kumazwe aphuhlileyo ngoku ekushenxeni kude kuyo le ndlela zokulahla inkunkuma. Omnye umthombo iyilwe zokutshisa MSW kundlunkulu - a iziqwenga kwekhabhoni umle nothuthu ukuyilwa kwisisu Zingatshi olunokuba omnye kwisithathu umthamo wokuqala lwenkunkuma. Bonke babe iklasi ingozi ngaphezu inkunkuma original eqinileyo kwaye ngoko ke kufuna kweemeko ezilawulwa yengqongqo yona ngakumbi ukugcinwa kunye nokuchithwa.

Ukuze lokutshisa ezingcwalisiweyo kangangoko ukusetyenziswa kunokwenzeka kumazwe Koloni esizama ukusebenzisa kuyo njengomthombo ngenxa yokuvelisa umbane kunye nobushushu. Oku kunciphisa imfuneko ezimbiwa. Umzekelo woku ngempumelelo intsebenziswano yokutshisa eVienna. Kukho ubuchwepheshe bale mihla asetyenziswa, ngalo inkqubo yokutsha uba ekhuselekileyo.

Ukuqokelelwa inkunkuma yasekhaya kwi Russian Federation

In Russia nokususwa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo abavela kwimimandla yasezidolophini kulawulwa inqaku 13 yomthetho kwi "Waste Production kunye oQhelekileyo oSetyenziswa". izikhongozeli zesinyithi Standard (ayikwazi trash) zisetyenziselwa ukuze kuqokelelwe inkunkuma yasekhaya. Le nkqubo isebenza ukusuka leSoviet.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, udoti zilahlwa kwisithuba phakathi izakhiwo zokuhlala. Okwangoku, iinzame zenziwa umbutho yokuqokelela eyahlukileyo kwenkunkuma, njengoko kubonelelwe ngokungqinelana neSiqendu 13 soMthetho. Le okuhlamba kwenziwa kwezi ndidi zilandelayo: elincanyathiselwe iplastiki, umqhaphu, iphepha, iglasi, intsimbi, inkunkuma imifuno organic. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha kwintshayelelo mass ukungcola yokuhlela izenzo nto ifunyenwe.

Ukususwa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo

Kuba nokuthuthwa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo kusetyenziswa oomatshini ezikhethekileyo - udoti. Bona abafani ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

• Sebenzisa: oomatshini ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye nezothutho, yenzelwe ukusebenza inkunkuma enkulu (inkunkuma enkulu);
• yi umthamo umzimba;
• ngokutsho indlela kulayishwa;
• chwetheza mechanical ngophawu kobutyobo;
• uhlobo yokulahla inkunkuma eqinileyo.

Le njongo uthutha nokususwa izibonelelo zokulahla inkunkuma eqinileyo. Kwizixeko ezikhulu, yokulahla inkunkuma nzima umgama omkhulu, ekufuneka rhoqo koyiswe umatshini.

Uqokelelo kunye nokugcinwa inkunkuma okwethutyana

Kwilizwe lethu, ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo linqanam nokusetyenziswa zabo imali eninzi. imigama emide, ekufuneka kudlule ngelori yenkunkuma kwisixeko esikhulu, yaye isixa esikhulu izibi eyenziwe imikhosi ukuthatha amanyathelo yokucwangcisa eyiyo inkqubo yokuqokelela. Ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo, kuyimfuneko ekukhuliseni boluhlu ukususwa kwenkunkuma ukuba amaqumrhu asemthethweni. Inani elikhulu kwenkunkuma ezongezelelweyo ngenxa ukusebenza iindawo zorhwebo, yaye kuthetha ukuba ukususwa kobutyobo loo rhoqo akwanelanga.

Isisombululo kukunikezela kwizikhululo zokugcina eliphakathi MSW ukusuka inkunkuma enkulu ube nokuhanjiswa kwisiza nokusetyenziswa usebenzisa uthutho ezahlukeneyo kuquka oololiwe.

Iindlela yokuhluza inkunkuma yasekhaya

Xa yokuhlela inkunkuma uyazimela ubunzima lilonke iincindi ezithile ezinokuthi mazithunyelwe ngokurisayikilisha. Ukuze benze oku, ezi ndlela zilandelayo:

• ngokwahlukana Magnetic. Oku kusekelwe ukusetyenziswa umazibuthe ezinamandla ukuba bafumaneke ngenxa aluminiyamu ayoni. ratio ukubuyisa malunga ne-90% ye-ubunzima lilonke metal enkangala.
• ngokwahlukana Electrodynamic. Isetyenziswa ngokususwa-aluminiyam, ngobhedu, nezobhedu. Izinga recovery ungaphezulu 80%.
• Le ukwahlukana ashukimisayo isetyenziselwa ukususa Polymer ubunzima lilonke inkunkuma yephepha. Le ndlela iquka ekudaleni flow umoya onamandla, apho iqhezu lighter kwahlulwa enzima.
• ukwahlukana wokuhlolwa isekelwe phezu utshintsho ngesiquphe isantya kwicala nentshukumo yesiza inkunkuma, nto leyo evumela ukwahlula amacandelo elastic ukusuka viscous ngakumbi. Le ndlela ingasetyenziswa ndikhuphe iglasi kunye nezinye iintlobo kobutyobo.

Nangona ukuphucuka okuqhubekayo iindlela zokulahla, isixa senkunkuma yanda nge-3% ngonyaka ngamnye.