Umtya we-Niobium: umveliso, iipropati, isicelo

I-Niobium iyinxalenye yeekhemikhali ene-41 yenombolo ye seriyari. Kwakuqala ukufunyanwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, kodwa ukuqaphela kwayo kwahlehliselwa iminyaka eyi-150. Ngowe-1950 kuphela ngesigqibo se-International Union of Applied and Theoretical Chemistry, i-athomu yabelwa iseli sayo kwinkqubo yexesha le-Mendeleyev. Ukuze usebenzise iimpawu ezinobungakanani zequmrhu kwishishini, umgca we-niobium wenziwe kuwo. Ngokwalo, ayinanto ekhethekileyo. Zonke izinto ezibonakalayo zityhilwa xa kudala i-alloys, izisombululo kunye nezinye izixhobo.

Ukukhutshwa kwe-niobium

Ukucebisa i-niobium ore yinkqubo enzima kakhulu kwaye ibiza. Yonke into yokuba umxholo wayo ngetoni enye yedwala ayidluli kwi-24 grams. Ukongezelela, into enzima kakhulu ukwahlula kwi-tantalum ngenxa yeempawu ezifanayo zeekhemikhali.

Ngaphansi kweemeko zendalo, kufumaneka kuphela kwifom echanekileyo-kwiindawo ezinamabala kunye neekristal, kunye nokubunjwa kwamanye amaminerali - pyrochlore, okungafaniyo, i-columbite-tantalite. Le nxalenye yenkqubo yexesha elichanekileyo ikhutshwe ikakhulu kwimimandla emele. Imveliso ye-niobium inezigaba ezintathu:

1. Ukuvulwa kohlobo kunye nomxholo ophezulu wezinto ze-niobium.
2. Ukwahlukana kwe-niobium kwi-tantalum, ukulungiswa kweemveliso zabo ezicocekileyo.
3. Ukubuyiselwa nokuhlambulula isinyithi kunye nama-alloys ayo ekungcola.

Isiseko somjikelezo wokuvelisa yinkqubo ephezulu yokushisa ngokusebenzisa i-aluminium, i-sodium okanye i-carbon. Iifom ze-niobium ngokuthe ngqo zifunyenwe ngokuchukumisa umgubo, ukucwenga i-powder "cubes" ngaphandle kokucoca, kunye ne-electro bham.

Iimpawu eziwusizo

Ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezibalaseleyo, i-niobium isetyenziselwa kwamashishini amaninzi. Ukuququzelela inkqubo yokwazisa into kwi-formula yobunjwa bokubaluleka, iimveliso ezahlukileyo zenziwe, kuquka i-niobium strip. I-substance ebonakalayo esebenzayo kule meko yi-niobium carbide, enefuthe elizuzayo kwiipropati zemishini. Ukwenza iitani enye yentsimbi, i-200 gram ye-niobium iyadingeka. I-alloy efunyenweyo ibonakala ngokuqina kanzima kunye neplastiki, ukuthobeka okuphantsi, ukuchasana kangcono nokubola. Isalathiso sisetyenziselwa ukukhusela isinyithi esingenamarha, ngokukodwa i-aluminium, ukusuka kuma-alkali kunye nama-acids.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-niobium

Umtya we-niobium uvame ukusetyenziswa njenge-alloying additive for the creation of alloys kwizinto zombini ezingenamandla. Iindlela eziphambili zesicelo se-niobium zinobunjineli be-rocket, i-radiyo kunye nezixhobo zecomputer, ubunjineli bezixhobo zeekhemikhali, ubunjineli kunye nendawo yobunjineli.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-metallic, okanye ecocekileyo, i-niobium ngenxa yezinto ezinobuncedo bayo. Phakathi kwabo, ngokukodwa ukugxeka okuphezulu, ukuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion, ukukwazi ukuphucula ukushisa ukushisa kwezixhobo kunye nokuqhuba kwabo.

Umgangatho oyingqayizivele owenziwe yiqela le-niobium lusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza ukusebenzisana nee-isotopes ze-uranium kumaqondo aphezulu ukuya kwi-1100 degrees Celsius. Ngaphezu koko, i-athomu ine-radiactivity engaphantsi. Konke oku kukuvumela ukuba kusetyenziswe ukukhusela ama-reactors enyukliya, kunye nezigulane zokugcina usebenzise amafutha omlilo.

Imveliso evela ku-niobium

Ukususela kwintsimbi ye-niobium, iimveliso zenziwe ngokukodwa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zoshishino lwenyukliya. Lapha, linika iigoboloni ze-uranium kunye ne-plutonium izixhobo zokususa ukushisa, izitya zokugcina izitya zamanzi, i-wasteactive radio. Iimveliso ezenziwe nge-niobium zisetyenziselwa ukudala i-computing ene-computing. Ngoncedo lwayo luthintela ukuxhatshazwa kwabaqhubi, ngaloo ndlela bafumana i-cryotrons - izinto eziphezulu eziphezulu zokuqhuba ikhompyutha. E-Austria, i-alloy yesilivere kunye ne-niobium yayisetyenziselwa ukuhlawulwa kwemali yokuqokelela.