Inqila yaseLeningrad, inani labantu: inombolo, imisebenzi kunye neenkcukacha zabantu

Izikhombisi-manani - enye yeyona ndlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuhlola intlalontle yemimandla. Ngako oko, iindawo zentlalo ziqwalasela ngokukhawuleza inani kunye neendlela ezinokubakho kwabantu nje kuphela kwilizwe lonke, kodwa nakwizinto ezizimeleyo. Khawucinge ngoluphi ummandla woluntu waseLeningrad, ukuba uyatshintsha njani kwaye zeziphi iingxaki zabantu abahlala kuzo .

IJografi yeSithili saseLeningrad

Ummandla usekuntla-ntshona kweRussia Federation. Ummandla wommandla ungamawaka angama-84 eekhilomitha ezili-1. Ngalolu lathisi, lifikelela kwi-39 kwilizwe. Ummandla uhlala kwi-East Europe Plain, akukho zintaba, kodwa kukho iindawo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kukho imilambo e-9 ehamba kwimimandla yommandla, kukho iifama ezilikhulu ezili-13, inxalenye yesifo yomhlaba ihlambulukile kwaye ayifanelekanga ubomi bomntu. Indawo ekufutshane nommandla wonxweme yeso sizathu se-Atlantic-continental imozulu, kunye nemvula ebusika kunye nehlobo elipholileyo, kummandla ojikelezayo kunyaka kuninzi kakhulu. Le mozulu igxile ekuncedeni kwezolimo. Oku kwabangele ukuba kwimbali yobukho babo, imimandla yayingenamakhaya ngabantu. Kukho iindawo ezimbalwa ezinkulu zokuhlala kwindawo. Iidolophu zengingqi yaseLeningrad, abemi abangaphezu kwamawaka ama-50, abangabalwa kwiminwe: kukho i-7 kuphela kubo.

Imbali yokuhlaliswa kweNgingqi yaseLeningrad

Iindawo zokuqala zabantu abasemngceleni weli Lensrad wesimanje zibuyela kumaxesha e-Mesolithic. Kwiminyaka yokuqala yeminyaka eyi-BC kwihlabathi, namhlanje eyaziwa ngokuba ngummandla waseLeningrad, uluntu luqala ukukholisa indlela yokuphila. Abantu babenenkomo yokuzala, ukuzingela, ukuqokelela, babengummeli wezizwe zaseFinnno-Uganda. Ngekhulu le-6 AD, iiSlav ziya kule ntsimi, ezizinzileyo kwimilambo eLuga, eOredezha nasekufuphi kwamachibi. Kodwa ngoxa ukuhlaliswa kwakuqhekeke kakhulu. Ngokuphuhliswa kombuso waseNovgorod, inani labahlali beli Lowridrad lizayo likhula. Apha, iinqaba zokhuselo zakhiwa ngokumelene nokuhlaselwa kwezizwe ezisentla. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 le mihlaba yahlonyelwa ebukumkanini baseMoscow, ngoko kuqaliswa ukuhlaziywa okucwangcisiweyo. Ingxenye yomhlaba ihamba ngenxa yemigudu yaseSweden, kwaye ukufuduka okukhulu kweScandinavians kwongezwa kumaSlav. Ngekhulu le-18, emva kokubuya kwamazwe aseRashiya, uPetros owokuQala waqala ukwakha inkunzi entsha, ekhokelela ekuphakameni kwabantu abatsha abavela kulo lonke elaseMbusweni waseRashiya kunye nokuhamba kwabaninzi baseSweden kunye nenzalo yabo. Kamva kwintsimi yesithili saseLeningrad, kwakungabikho iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela ukufuduka koluntu, ngaphandle kokuxoshwa kwabemi baseFinnish ngo-1929 ukusuka kumazwe ase-Karelian. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, la mazwe aphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza, iindawo zokuhlala ezitsha zikhulayo, inani labemi liyakhula.

Ulwahlulo lokulawula-ummandla wesithili saseLeningrad

Ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kwamapolisa, amaphondo amahlanu ayesemgangathweni kwendawo yesimanje yaseLeningrad: iSt. Petersburg, i-Pskov, iCherepovets, i-Murmansk neNovogorod. Kamva, inkqubo yohlulo lwengingqi ithatha utshintsho oluthile. Kwizihlandlo zamaSoviet ezili-17 izithili kunye nezixeko ezi-19 zenkxaso yesithili zabiwe apha. Ukususela ngo-2006, isistim esitsha sendlela yokulawula isahlulo se-Russian Federation senziwe. Kwisithili saseLeningrad, isithili esinye sipala kunye noomasipala abangama-17, iidolophu ezili-61 kunye needolophu ezili-138 zanikezelwa. Ngexesha elifanayo, iSt. Petersburg yindawo yesigqeba solawulo lwentlangano kwaye, nangona inxulumano lwalo kunye nommandla, lukhona ngokwahlukileyo kuyo. Ngoko ke, kuyafaneleka ukuqwalasela abahlali bendawo kunye nabemi baseSt. Petersburg.

Ummandla waseLeningrad kuyo yonke imbali yayo kwafuneka ihambe ngeenguqu ezininzi kwicandelo lolawulo. Amaqumrhu amasha avela, amanye apheka, kwakukho ukuqamba kabusha kwakhona. Ubuninzi besithili saseLeningrad sisetyenziswe kwinto yokuba kufuneka ziguqule ngezikhathi ezithile iidilesi zabo.

Inani labemi

Imbali yokuqwalaselwa kwenani labemi baseRashiya iqala nangethuba lokuhlasela kweTatar-Mongol. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi oluhlukeneyo kwizifundo ezahlukahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa nommandla waseLeningrad, kubonakala kuphela kumaxesha eSoviet. Ngenxa yokuba ummandla ushintshile imida yayo ngamaninzi kwithuba leminyaka yamandla aseSoviet, akukho manqaku angenakulinganiseka malunga nenani labahlali. Namhlanje, isibalo sabantu baseLeningrad kwingingqi ngabantu abayi-1,778,890 (ngokweengqinisiso ze-2016).

Amandla kunye nokuxinwa kwabantu

Ukususela ngo-1926, iifomati eziqhelekileyo kwiintlobo zemihlaba yabantu base-USSR. Ngethuba leminyaka, inani labahlali liye latshintsha amaxesha amaninzi. Ekuqaleni, kwaba ngabantu abayizigidi ezi-2.8, ngo-28 lo mzekelo wanda (ngenxa yokufikeleleka kukaKarelia noLeningrad) ukuya kwizigidi ezi-6. Ngo-1959, kuye kwahlulwa ngokukhawuleza kwaba yizigidi ezi-1.2 zabantu ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwempi kunye nokukhutshwa kweLeningrad kummandla. Ngexesha leSoviet, ummandla waseLeningrad, ohlala kuwo ukhula ngokukhawuleza, wabonisa amanani alungileyo okukhula - malunga no-1 000 abemi ngonyaka. Ngexesha le-perestroika, njengalo lonke ilizwe, ummandla ubonakaliswe yimimoya emibi. Kwaye ngo-2010 inani labantu laqala ukukhula kancane. Ubuninzi bendawo kwiNgingqi yaseLeningrad okwangoku ngabantu abayi-21.2 kwikhilomitha nganye. Le ndawo yindawo engama-45 eRashiya ngaphandle kwama-85. Ubuninzi boxinano lubonakala kwi-St Petersburg igolometeration, inxalenye esempuma ye sifundo yincinci.

Uhlanga lwabantu

Ngokwe siseko "sobuzwe", abantu baseLeningrad baqala ukuhlaziywa kuphela ukususela ngo-1959. Ngaloo xesha, ummandla sele sele usuRussia ngokupheleleyo, amaxesha eentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentlanga zizinto ezidlulileyo. Ngokomyinge, kumaxesha aseSoviet, kwakukho malunga ne-90% yabantu baseRussia phakathi kwabemi beli ndawo. Ngama-2000, eli nani lawela kancane, ukuya ku-86%, ngokubonakalayo ngenxa yabantu abavela e-Central Asia abaza kusebenza. Indawo yesibini ibanjwe ngabakwa-Ukraine - 1.8%, iyesithathu yiBelarusians (malunga ne-1%), ilandelwa ngamaqela amancinci ahlukeneyo: amaTatars, iArmenian, i-Ubeks, i-Azerbaijan, i-Finns, njl.

Imodeli yobudala bePolo

Ummandla waseLeningrad, obantu bawo basondele kwiimpawu ezifanayo zeminye imimandla ngokwemigqaliselo yezabelo zesini, kubhekisela kuhlobo lokuguga. Inani labemi abangaphantsi kweminyaka yobudala li malunga ne-16%, kunye nabahlali abangaphezu kweminyaka yobudala-malunga ne-23%. Ngokubhekiselele kwinto yokuba ukukhula kwezinga lokuzalwa akungabonakali lo mmahluko, singathetha ukuba ithemba lokuvuselela uluntu lisebuthathaka. Ukusabalaliswa ngokwesondo kwisithili saseLeningrad ngokuqhelekileyo kuhambelana nemikhwa kulo lonke ilizwe. Inani labasetyhini lidlula inani eliphakathi lamadoda ngo-1.2. Uninzi lwabantu abadala batshatile (malunga nama-55%), kunye nabahlolokazi amaxesha angama-5 ngaphezu kwabahlolokazi. Abasetyhini abadibeneyo baninzi kunabantu.

Izikhombisi zamanani

Ubuncwane bubonakaliso obaluleke kakhulu kubantu, obonisa izinga lokuchuma kwendawo. Ukukhuselwa kwezenhlalakahle kubemi beLeningrad kwingingqi iyinkinga yezobugcisa. Ikomiti echaphazelekayo ibhala ukuba ukususela ngo-2011 kwintsimi yabo ukukhula kokuzalwa kukhula, nangona kwinqanaba elincinane kakhulu, malunga nabantu aba-2 ngabemi base-1000. Kodwa, ngokweziganeko zentlalo-ntsapho, kwiminyaka ezayo, izinga lokuzalwa liya kuhla ncinane.

Isibini sibonakaliso esibaluleke kakhulu ukufa. Kwiminyaka emininzi kumqolo wekhulu lama-21 kwiNgingqi yaseLeningrad, kwakukho ukwehla kokufa. Kodwa ukususela ngo-2014, inani lokufa sele liqale ukwanda kwakhona, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba lo mgaqo uza kuqhubeka kwiminyaka emihlanu ezayo. Ngaloo ndlela, kwingingqi yaseLeningrad kukho ukwehla kwemvelo kubemi, malunga nabantu aba-5 ngabakwi-1 000. Ukukhula kokufudukela kwiminyaka yamuva kwanda, izazinzululwazi ziqaphele ukuba uninzi lwabasetyhini bexesha lokubeletha liza, luvumela ukuba nethemba lokuba imeko yokuzalwa ngokukhawuleza iya kutshintshwa. Imithombo emikhulu yabafuduki - i-Ukraine, iBelarus, iKyrgyzstan, iMoldova. Izazi zezenkolo ziqikelela ukuncipha okuncinci kwinani leendwendwe ngenxa yeengxaki kwiimarike zabasebenzi.

Ukulindela lobomi yinkalo yesithathu ebaluleke kakhulu kuluntu. Zinjani izinto kunye naye kwi-Russian Federation? Umyinge wexesha lokuphila ubomi kwiNgingqi yaseLeningrad yiminyaka engama-70.2: abafazi bahlala malunga neminyaka engama-75, amadoda angama-64.

Yonke le nkcukacha isivumela ukuba sitsho ukuba indawo yaseLeningrad, abantu bayo bebeguga ngokukhawuleza, uhlala ngaphakathi kwetyekelo laseRussia. Ummandla awukwazi ukufudukela kwintlobo yolutsha oluvelisayo, kwaye kukho izizathu ezininzi zezoqoqosho nezentlalo kulo.

Ukusasazwa kwabantu

Namhlanje, abantu abanzi bezithili zaseLeningrad bahlala kwizixeko. Ngokwezibalo, abantu basezidolophini banabantu abayi-1,142,400, kwaye abantu basekuhlaleni banabantu abangama-636,500. Ngelo xesha, ininzi yabemi bahlala kufuphi neSt Petersburg, apho unokufumana umsebenzi ohlawulekayo. Iindawo zokuhlala zommandla, ngokwemilinganiselo yaseRussia, zininzi zincinci. Kwimimandla yaseLeningrad kukho imizi engama-31 kunye nabantu abangaphezu kwewaka elingu-10, kwaye akukho nanye apho abantu abangaphezu kwe-100 babhaliswe.

Ukuqeshwa kwabemi

Ngokutsho kwedatha yenkonzo yokukhuselwa kwezenhlalakahle, ngo-2016 uqesho lwabantu baseLeningrad Region lugcinwa ngaphakathi kwesakhelo sezibonakaliso zonke zaseRashiya, kodwa kukho ukungafani. Ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kungama-4.6 ekhulwini, elincinane kunelo lonke ilizwe. Kukho iziganeko ezibonisa ukuba le ncwadana iya kukhula ifike kuma-5.1% kwixa elizayo ngenxa yeengxaki zezoqoqosho kweli lizwe.

Isakhiwo sengqesho singolu hlobo lulandelayo: 21% yomsebenzi wabemi kwishishini lokuvelisa, i-11% yabemi bendawo bayasebenza kworhwebo, 9% ekwakheni nasezothutho, 8% kwimfundo, 7% kwimpilo yezolimo kunye nezolimo. Ngokubanzi, isakhiwo sengqesho sihambelana nomyinge weRashiya, kodwa kwingingqi i-hospitality hospitality is developed well, enokunyusa inani lemisebenzi.