Intentionality - yintoni na le nto? Le Ukudaleka kombono kunye nokubaluleka

Nkqu zobulumko zamandulo babenomdla imibuzo malunga nokuba yintoni ebangela abantu kwizenzo ezithile. Kutheni umntu ingqalelo yakhe neemvakalelo kuyo nayiphi na into, enye - phezu nomkhwezeli. Ngaloo mihla kwakucingwa ukuba nje akukhethayo yendalo luluvo bomntu, psyche sakhe yi kwisixhobo.

Kamva, baye iinguqulelo eziliqela, nto leyo eyaba isiseko into efana intentionality apho. Kuyinto Latin (intentio) kuthetha umnqweno, okanye ulwalathiso. Lo mkhuba lokuqonda koluntu ufundwa bengqondo, iingcali zefilosofi kunye zeelwimi ngemihla yethu.

Ingcamango Ixabiso

Intentionality ifilosofi - a njengeminqweno rhoqo ezingqondweni ehlabathini izinto, ugcwalisa ngenjongo ekuqondeni abanike intsingiselo. Ngamaxesha scholasticism zamaxesha, umzekelo, umahluko phakathi wokwenene kunye into ecingelwayo.

Intentionality lokuqonda - into yengqondo eyenza umntu ukufumana ubudlelwane phakathi iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, zombini ezikhoyo ngengqondo, nokudala iintlobo ezininzi Umbono leyinene. isifundo nganye eziziimpawu awayo kwentelekelelo ukuba izinto ajikelezileyo ngezimanga, kodwa kukho iimpawu eziqhelekileyo kubantu bonke - iimvakalelo, ukuyila, umbono kunye nocazululo.

Umahluko iimvakalelo zomntu ngamnye malunga into efanayo, kunjalo inemisebenzi aqhelekileyo - kukufunda lakhe, kunokuba kumava kuyo. Esiyicingayo ubuhlungu, umzekelo, wokwenene yaye iyavakala kumntu lowo lona. Oku kuyafana nje into yokuba ulwazi, ayenzi ibe ingqiqo kwaye akubangeli iimvakalelo.

Kuba zobulumko idealist of intentionality - kuba yipropathi ingqondo yomntu ukudala ihlabathi labo lizele izinto ezinzulu apho kunika intsingiselo kunye nexabiso. Kulo mzekelo, akukho mahluko phakathi wokwenene leyinene etsomo.

Ngo bulumko zicazulule kunye phenomenology ithiyori intentionality - yenye nezimaphambili ezingundoqo. Ngenxa ubudlelwane bakhe obukhethekileyo phakathi ingqondo, ulwimi kunye nehlabathi. Ukuqwalasela yenjongosenzi lu dityanisiwe uphawu wayo ngokolwimi indawo ngokwenene, yaye maxa wambi na. ukufunda olugqale isifundo, kunye ukukwazi ukufumanisa enengqondo iimpawu zayo kunye nobudlelwane nehlabathi, nako nje isenzo Eyokuqiqa.

Dominik Perler

Lo bulumko eyaziwayo-kakuhle owayephila ngexesha Switzerland wazalwa ngoMatshi 17, 1965. Njengoko uprofesa nomfundisi bulumko theoretical component kwi-University of Berlin, aziwa ehlabathini lonke Umbhali Dominik Perler. "Imfundiso intentionality kumaXesha Aphakathi '- umsebenzi wakhe angundoqo kuphuhliso-bulumko ukususela 1250 g ka-1330.

Emva kokuhlolisisa ukusebenza ixesha zobulumko ezifana Foma Akvinsky, uPetros Ioann Olivi, Duns Scott, Pet Avreol kunye Occam, Perler yaqulunqa intentionality Iintlobo 5:

• uhlobo identity esesikweni avakalisa Aquinas, ababekholelwa ukuba intentionality - le ndlela ibinzana usebenzisa ingqondo, elivumela kuqulunqo into kuphela uzithelekisa layo kunye izinto ezifanayo okanye ekwabelwana ngenxa iipropati zabo. Ngokomzekelo, ingcamango "into ephilayo" kuthetha ukuphefumla, intshukumo kunye nokwenza izifundo, phantsi udidi apho loo mntu ufumana, kunye neso silwanyana.

• Ingqwalasela esebenzayo iziphiwo cognitive lohlobo wacebisa Peter Ioann Olivi, indela Franciscan eyayiphila kwiminyaka 1248-1298. Wayekholelwa ukuba inkqubo kwingqiqo le into, loo nto kuchaphazela kumfundi isifundo sakhe. Oko kukuthi, kugxininisa kuphela isifundo yento okanye ngumkhuba ekwaziyo ekwandiseni ulwazi lwabantu kuyo.
• Uhlobo into ngabom Duns Scotus, ingqiqo injongo umphuhlisi yokuqala edityaniswa isenesazela ojolise ukuba bafunde isifundo okanye ngolwazi lwakhe. Kulo mzekelo, ubukho bezinto ezithile ukufumana engqalene iimpawu zakhe yaye wayezimisele ngokuthi "lo".
• Chwetheza ubukho ngabom Petra Avreola kubonisa lo mthetho, njengoko injongo ukuba enze isenzo. Umzekelo, isono - yinjongo komphefumlo.
• Uhlobo uphawu zendalo Occam kuthetha ukuba izinto ingqiqo bokuhlala ngenxa nje yokuba zinqongophele khona.

Ngenxa yoko, Perler ( "neengcamango intentionality kumaXesha Aphakathi") yingcamango ekwabelwana ngabo imifuziselo-5, nganye eziziimpawu izimvo zalo ngalo kwimbono emfanekisweni izinto zayo ilungu kunye nezimo zehlabathi. Yiloo nto ke ingcamango zeentanda-bulumko na zo yamandulo aba sisiseko mpikiswano zenzululwazi mihla.

Franz Brentano

Beka phambili imfundiso intentionality kumaXesha Aphakathi saba into isifundo izizukulwana zexesha elizayo izazinzulu. Ngoko ke, uFranz Brentano, yezengqondo Austria kunye bulumko (wazalwa ngo-1838-m, wafa ngowe-1917), njengoko Katolika ngo 1872, wayishiya icawa ngenxa kwesihloko unjingalwazi-bulumko. Kungekudala, yena ecaweni ngenxa yelizwe lakhe, yaye ngowe-1880, ndayihluthwa isihloko yenzululwazi.

Isiseko se-bulumko ka Brentano umsantsa ngokucacileyo iziganeko ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwasengqondweni. Wayekholelwa ukuba kwimeko yokuqala intentionality ngokwenyani na, lo gama i-yesibini - le ezingqondweni, nto leyo esoloko isifundo. It inento yokwenza izinto, enoba ngokwenene kusini na. Ukususela ingqiqo yayo ekhulisa ngakumbi oku kwinzululwazi, phenomenology.

Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zawo, Brentano yaqulunqa ngobhalo inyaniso. Ngokomzekelo, wayekholelwa ukuba utoliko izinto sezingqondweni kwenzeka kumanqanaba amathathu:

• Mbono, zombini yangaphandle, ngenxa izivamvo, yaye, kwinqanaba engaphakathi ngokweemvakalelo.
• Ubuke - ulwazi ayinyani lepropati sifundo.
• Saziwe - ulwazi eyamkelekileyo malunga into.

Akuba eze kwesi sigqibo, Brentano wacebisa ukuba, kuba lo mbandela ngenyaniso kwimbono yakhe engaphakathi yesifundo, lo gama yangaphandle kuyimbono emininzi na imibuzo. imfundiso yakhe intentionality yaqhubeka kwaye ziphuhliswe yi Edmund Husserl. Wayesiya iintetho Brentano kaThixo e Vienna kwixesha ukususela 1884 ukuya kwiminyaka-1886.

umbono ngabom

Brentano kanye 'abolekiweyo' ingcamango kwicala ukucinga izinto Aristotle kunye scholastics kumaxesha, ayibhala Perler ( "neengcamango intentionality") kamva. Wayekholelwa ukuba isimo sengqondo ayinyani kwizifundo, kungakhathaliseki enoba ngokwenyani okanye hayi. Ngoko ke, wabhala ukuba akukho ukholo ngaphandle into, apho ukholo, ithemba ngaphandle koko, yintoni ithemba novuyo kungekho sizathu, ubizo lwakhe.

Ukuthatha ngcamango i Brentano ngayo "intentionality", Husserl walinika enye intsingiselo le kota ayikho ezifanelekileyo into kwaye kugxininisa engqondweni yakhe (acinga).

Phenomenology - inzululwazi yezinto ngezimanga bafunda empirically. Husserl, umseki, wayekholelwa ukuba imbono epheleleyo into anokwenziwa kuphela eneenkcukacha, ebanzi ize iphindwe isifundo sakhe. Yaba nguye abasungula le ngcinga yokuba intentionality-bulumko, kungenxa yobudlelane sezingqondweni umbono.

Ngokutsho kwakhe, injongo inemisebenzi abaququzelela ukuba yinxalenye ingqondo elinoxanduva nokuqokelelwa kwedatha malunga into ngokusebenzisa ingqiqo kunye idibanisa zona zibe yinto enye. Esingunobangela zokufunda njengoko ayizange khona de kwaba isenzo Eyokuqiqa.

uqhagamshelo eidetic

Husserl wayekholelwa ukuba intliziyo (ingqondo) ngumbutho onoxanduva kwingqiqo. Ngexesha amava intliziyo unokuyijika ingqalelo ezingqondweni le into ebangela alarm. Ngale ndlela, wawuquka intentionality abazi lutho. Husserl wabonisa ukuba kuphela ulwalathiso focus unobangela okanye ukufumana into eneneni (Eidos ihlabathi). Oku kudala ulwalamano eidetic, nto leyo edla ngokwasengqondweni kwasekwa engqondweni.

Wenza ke umahluko phakathi izenzakalo kwinqanaba engqondweni nasemzimbeni, akukho njalo kunye nesenzeko osezingqondweni, okanye ke into efunekayo kwihlabathi lokwenene. Umzekelo, abantu abatsha sasisendaweni rock.

Abanye abantu bebona olu hlobo lomculo, abanye - akukho. Oko kukuthi, umntu iye yavela injongo osezingqondweni, leyo wammisa phezu kwimbono isandi, ngaleyo ndlela ubuhlobo eidetic. Impendulo kukukhangela ezingqondweni waqala ukuza ekonisathini.

Enye injongo ayakhekanga, ekubeni ezingqondweni ihleliwe ukukhangela abanye umculo. Ngelo xesha, band iqhubeka nokudlala, ukudala Eidos isebenza ukusuka izandi alo.

ukwazi ngabom

Ukuba intentionality zobulumko aphakathi - iimpawu into, nangenxa Brentano - iinkqubo zengqondo ezendeleyo kwisifundo, ngoko Husserl ezinxulumene ingqiqo isenesazela ngokwayo.

Wayekholelwa ukuba injongo - kukho nasiphi na isenzo yokucinga, njalo esijolise kuzo, siyimali yakhe. Enoba into yokwenene sezingqondweni okanye hayi, nayiphi na inkqubo ingcamango isoloko ngqo kuye waza wambopha.

Kuba Brentano intentionality kutyholwa ukuba izinto ngengqondo, njengoko apho into cognizable angenela ubukho balo immanent, ukuba ayikho ngaphaya kwemida yeli amava (learning). Ngokungafaniyo njengomfundisi wakhe, Husserl akathethi ngalo kwisifundo apho kukugxininisa ezingqondweni, kodwa izenzo ngabom eziseka okuqulathwe lulo. kanye Ubukho bento kwakhona.

Njengoko kuphuhliswa ingqikelelo "intentionality lokuqonda", Husserl wawandisa umsebenzi wayo, ajike abe analytics ebanzi. Injongo bulumko wakhe nje luphawulwa ingqondo yomntu, kodwa ungamandla, Bulelani apho isenzo yokwazi sifundo. Ngokomzekelo, xa sifunda izenzo yeengcingane osezingqondweni, efakiweyo izinto ezintsha zesayensi.

Ukuhlalutya umsebenzi ngabom yokucinga, Nani linganisani ukuvela iimvakalelo kunye neenjongo yesakhiwo. Ngelo xesha linye bangafumana sisekelo, kuqinisekiswa yi izivamvo ezintlanu, kwakunye imvelaphi yokomoya. Ngumoya yenza into kwaye ulunika intsingiselo. ngu "umlamli", leyo Husserl wanika inkcaza "noema" phakathi kwakhe kunye neemvakalelo.

Noam ezimeleyo into, ngoko ke ingqondo ithathe lula ngobukho bento okanye nesenzeko, ukuba nje ezo kwihlabathi lokwenene. Akukhathaliseki ibalulekile kwiinkqubo zabo ibakho ngobuchopho bomntu. Ngokomzekelo, umntu uye wagqiba ukuba isifo kakhulu kuba has ulahlwa ecaleni yakhe ibe ngokwenene, ukuba uhlala egxininisa okanye silindele ukuba bagcine iimpawu rhoqo.

eidoses Identification

Ngawo onke amaxesha, zobulumko abanomdla umbuzo indlela yokubona undoqo yezinto. Namhlanje, le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba indlela zokunciphisa phenomenological. Oku kusekelwe sethongweni, lokuvula lokuqonda ecocekileyo, ngaphezu yona indawo yokuphumla kwehlabathi.

Le ndlela yasetyenziswa kudala ngaphambi kokuba Husserl xa St. Augustine (354-430 gg.) Yaye Rene Dekart (1596-1650 gg.). It wakhanga yokuba kubhaliwe ezingqondweni ecocekileyo ivula intsingiselo Eidos. Ukuze afeze oku, inzululwazi phenomenological inika iintlobo 2, etyhilwe amehlo:

• Into yokuqala ukuba siqwalasele le nokukhutshelwa iyonke zehlabathi ngaphandle kunye nolwazi lwakhe okanye iimbono malunga into efundwayo. Amagama, ekuthiwa kwisifundo kunye neepropati ukuba "sezandleni", nâzo engqondweni. Ngaphezu oko kuyimfuneko ukuvuka soyise. Ngale ndlela, loo mntu uya asuswe injongosenzi ukuba akakho kwaye ingqalelo eidos yayo. Inkqubo akufuneki angqamane isimiso, ngemihla, inkolo, lwenzululwazi okanye wentsomi inyaniso ngaye waza walawula ngaphandle nasiphi na isigwebo. Kwakhona, oko ayinamsebenzi ubunyani le into.
• Ngokutsho kuhlobo lwesibini ezingqondweni ngaphaya "isiphelo" ayikho nje ihlabathi yangaphandle, kodwa "Mna" lwesifundo, njengenxalenye ubunyani apho udla ubomi. Ngenxa yoko, kusekho abalazi ngokupheleleyo ecocekileyo kwamanye amazwe, nto leyo iya kuhlala isebenza yaye enye yeencindi - umphefumlo. Ngenxa yoko kukho ulwazi kakuhle eli into efundwayo, oko kukuthi, ngaphandle ukufakwa ngokunxulumene lobuqu kuye.

Lonke ulwazi olukhoyo ngalo mbandela, zivela kwi ezingqondweni, nokudala yonke inkcazelo uphawu kuphela iipropati zakhe.

Isakhiwo kubalulekile sezingqondweni

iingxaki Uphuhliso intentionality osezingqondweni yi njengengeniso Husserl, owadala indlela okufumana oko okuthathwa izenzakalo. Ngoko ke, wacebisa:

• Vula ingqondo ngaphakathi, apho ezingqondweni, wajika phezu ngokwayo, renounces ngokupheleleyo okusesikweni kwaye afunde kungekhona kumava abo okanye imifanekiso, kodwa ngaphandle.
• Sebenzisa ingqalelo non-ezigwebayo. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ukukhanyela ukuba ayisekho ihlabathi ngaphandle engqondweni, nto leyo sele isiphakamiso ishenxisa enokwehla "I".
• Quka indawo lokuqonda ecocekileyo, apho kwisifundo iyabetheleleka ukuphelisa zonke zangaphandle yamava kunye nolwazi yehlabathi yayo. Kule meko kukho kuphela iifom akukho umxholo.
• Ukuba luyeke inkolelo ubunyani zehlabathi kunye babukele ukuba ihlukane Eidos. Kulo mzekelo, umongo walo esibonakaliswa kwisifundo, njengoko into nento epheleleyo.

Ekuphuhliseni ifilosofi yakhe, Husserl wazama ukufumana ukujongwa ecocekileyo, kungenzeka ukufumana iziphumo kunye neenqobo cala ezixabisekileyo.

Yintoni ngokwenene ngaphakathi

Intentionality in Ezolimi ibhekisa kwicala lokuqonda kwi into ethile. Yintoni ngokwenene okuqhubekayo ngaphakathi kwakhe ngexesha lenkqubo kwingqiqo, yenza kucace ingqiqo yentanda of Husserl.

Ngaba igama elithi "uvalo olunyulu" kuthetha ukungabikho kwakhe, ukungabi ngokupheleleyo, anentetho enye ne "isithuba engenanto '? Kwathi kanti, ekubeni ungaze kuza angabikho ebomini kwaye ayikwazi kuzaliswa naziphi na iinjongo, nje ukuzalisa zidle. Consciousness - isoloko umfanekiso wento ethile.

Nokuba uthe wamkhulula kwi ubunyani yangaphandle, akukho ayeke uyibonisa ngokususa ihlabathi olungaphandle embilwini. Eneneni, kusenokuba kuba ngaphakathi, kuba ibekwe ngaphandle yena. Nokuba umntu egxile yi etyhilwe kwi kanye emazantsi sezingqondweni wakhe, ukuba uyayeka ube yaye "ulilahle" ngaphandle kwakhona izinto.

Phenomenology njengendlela ukubona ihlabathi

Njengoko kanti ngexesha kuphuhliso eli candelo lenzululwazi, intentionality ayikho nje ingqondo (iingcinga, iimbono), kodwa kwakhona amacandelo yayo ngamnye, ezifana iminqweno, iimvakalelo, intuition, kunye nabanye.

Ngokutsho Husserl, imbono - usoloko ekwazi into ethile, umzekelo, isihloko, lo gama isigwebo - kukuba ukuqonda umxholo wayo. Consciousness sisiseko, apho kumiswa kwaye ekudaleni zonke iintlobo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu.

Ngokusekelwe kule, ingqondo ngumdali yonke into esiyibonayo, akuyi walhule okanye bahlukumeze ingqibelelo yayo. Akwenzeki ukuba bazame ukuchaza okanye "eyabelwe" kuye ingcamango ethile. Ngokutsho ingqiqo mba osezingqondweni Husserl kukuba ukuba self-ngokwaneleyo, kwaye nguye ovula ubukho babantu.