Yintoni phenotype? Concept, iinkalo ezisisiseko intsebenziswano kweejini

Igama elithi "phenotype" livela yamaGrike aze aguqulele (ngokoqobo) 'ukufumanisa "," Ndim ". Yintoni intsingiselo ebonakalayo kolu luvo?

Yintoni phenotype? definition

Phantsi phenotype ezinzima kufuneka iqondwe iimpawu ukuba lokuba umntu ngxexesha ethile yophuhliso. Le set kwakheka ngokusekelwe kweejini. Kuba eziphilayo diploid luphawulwa amazwi yemfuza lubalaseleyo. Ukuze ubone ukuba yintoni na phenotype kufuneka ukuthetha malunga indibanisela iimpawu zangaphakathi nangaphandle ze umzimba, ebekuthethwe ababeyiqwebile kwinkqubo yophuhliso ngamnye (ontogeny).

Overview

Nangona sekuthiwa ngqo inkcazelo oko phenotype, ingqiqo yayo unenani yokungaqiniseki. Uninzi izakhiwo kunye molecule beminwe yi-genetic material ayifumaneki kwi imbonakalo yomzimba. Ngelo xesha linye ziyinxalenye phenotype. Umzekelo bekuya kuba phenotype igazi labantu. Kulo mba, ngokutsho kwabanye ababhali, le nkcazo kufuneka sibandakanye yeempawu zingafumaneka kunye nokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokuxilonga, unyango kunye nobugcisa. A eziphawulekayo sinokuquka ukwanda ezifunyenwe ukuziphatha ngakumbi, yaye ukuba kuyimfuneko, ifuthe kokusingqongileyo le ephilayo, kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, abaxholi beaver edamini zingasetyenziswa ngenxa phenotype yabo.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Icacisa ukuba phenotype, singathetha ngayo i "oxineneyo" kwedatha yemfuza ukuhlangabezana neemeko zokusingqongileyo. Xa indlela yokuqala kufuneka kuqwalaselwe iimpawu ezimbini:

1. Dimensionality of phenotype. Olu phawu lubonisa inani yezindawo, "ukususa", nto leyo ichaza ukuba inani ngeemeko zokusingqongileyo.
2. Umqondiso yesibini sibonisa uvakalelo phenotype kokusingqongileyo. Igama le isidanga - banga.

Kunye, ezi mpawu zibonisa ukuqhama kunye ezahlukeneyo phenotypes. Iseti yoyilo lweempawu ngamnye ngaphezu iimpawu zovakalelo kunye tyi zithabathele kweejini, ngoko ke ngakumbi. Ngokomzekelo, xa kuthelekiswa phenotype amagciwane, amile, amasele, ndoda, "ubutyebi" kwi kwandisa chain. Oku kuthetha ukuba phenotype yabantu ngakumbi.

ulwazi zembali

Ngowe-1909, Vilgelm Iogansen (sesayensi Danish) okokuqala - ngokudibene ingqikelelo kweejini - phenotype definition ecetywayo. Oku ukuba ukwahlula phakathi ufuzo ngesiphumo zokuphunyezwa kwayo. Ingcamango umahluko kufumaniseka ukuba aba lolu ngemisebenzi Mendel, kunye Weismann. Le yokugqibela yahlukile ukusuka iiseli somatic nezenzala xa eziphilayo multicellular. Onesiphumo ibekwe zofuzo lwabazali eziqulethwe kwiseli nucleus. Zofuzo athwale zofuzo ezintsonkothileyo iimpawu ukuba uhlobo oluthile ngokubanzi kwaye ngokukodwa ukususela ephilayo. Zofuzo inika inkcazelo malunga ziiproteni na kuhlanganiswa, kunye neendlela okunene ukuchaza nokulawula ehlaziya. Kuthekani ukuba oku kuyenzeka? Xa ontogeny isebenze izakhi kunye nezo iiprothini kuhlelwe ukuba ekwi khowudi. Isiphumo lokuqulunqa nokuphuhlisa zonke iimpawu kunye neempawu kumzimba ukuba zenza phenotype. Ngamanye amazwi, siya kufumana "imveliso" ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo yemfuza eziqulethwe kweejini.

Impembelelo yeemeko zangaphandle kwi iimpawu ekukhuleni ngabanye

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kweejini ayikho into eyahlukileyo egqiba phenotype. Xa namaqondo wesiseko leempawu iimpawu ngamnye kuya kuxhomekeka kokusingqongileyo Umamkeli, oluvela iimeko zangaphandle. Xa iimeko ezahlukeneyo phenotypes ke kabukhali wayengazifuni. Umzekelo, iintlobo amabhabhathane "arashniya" ngonyaka kuvelisa inzala ezimbini. Abo bantu, ngubani kuvele pupae overwintered (entwasahlobo), zahluke kakhulu kwezo wabonakala ehlotyeni. Kwakhona azifani, kwaye phenotype esityalo. Umzekelo, kwindawo evulekileyo imithi yompayina siziinduli, kwaye ehlathini - omde kunye mncane. Xa buttercup amanzi imilo igqabi kuxhomekeke apho yokuhlala - emoyeni okanye emanzini.

Ukuzalana phenotypes kunye genotypes

Ukubanako ukutshintsha, nto leyo inikwa ngumntu inkqubo yemfuza, ebizwa umlinganiselo yokusabela. Njengoko umthetho, kokukhona azifani iimeko apho ahlala imboniselo, i ebanzi eqhelekileyo. Kwimeko apho bume yahluke gqitha ukusuka kuloo apho uhlobo yokuviwa ephula lwenzeka kuphuhliso eziphilayo, baze bafe. Imiqondiso phenotype azisoloko kubonakala alleles sofuzo. Kodwa kugcinwa kwaye ugqithele kwinzala. Ezi data kwenza kube lula ukuqonda ngcono inkqubo yendaleko. Xa zivunywa lubandakanya phenotypes kuphela inzala wadlulisela kwaye ezinye genotypes abakhoyo. Intsebenziswano ayiphelelanga ukuzalana alleles sofuzo kwaye ephezulu - zofuzo banxibelelane nabanye.