Isantya ukukhanya kungekho ... hayi kuphela

Umntu Ndisoloko ndinomdla uhlobo wokukhanya, njengoko kuboniswa iintsomi, amabali, iingxoxo isetyenziswayo bulumko kunye yisayensi. Ukukhanya bekusoloko unobangela ingxoxo zobulumko zamandulo, yaye kwenziwa iinzame ukufunda kuyo ebudeni bexesha kukuvela Euclidean geometry - 300 BC Kwaba sele uyazi andise rectilinear-engile ukukhanya, lingana lweziganeko reflection, refraction nesenzeko, yaxoxa oonobangela yomnyama. Aristotle wayekholelwa ukuba isantya ukukhanya ongapheliyo, yaye ngoko, ngokusengqiqweni, kunye yokukala isantya lokukhanya asinakuguqulwa.. Ityala eqhelekileyo xa ngxaki yokuqonda yayo enzulu ixesha ngaphambi impendulo.

Kwiminyaka engama-900 eyadlulayo, uAvicenna wacebisa ukuba enoba enkulu akurhawukanga isantya ukukhanya ke, emva koko, abe ixabiso ezisikelwe. Le mbono wayengekho yena kuphela, kodwa akukho mntu uye wakwazi ukuba ubungqina ngokomfuniselo. Genius UGalileo Galiley ecetywayo umfuniselo ukuqonda ngomatshini ingxaki: Abantu ababini bemi kumgama kwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa omnye komnye, anike imiqondiso, ovula lantern vana. Xa iqela lesibini ukubona ukukhanya kwesibane yokuqala, wakuvulela isango layo, kwaye iqela lokuqala ubhala ixesha zokufumana ukukhanya uphawu impendulo. Ngoko ke umgama kwandisa, yaye yonke into iphindiwe. Ukunyuka okulindelweyo kwi lock ukulibaziseka yaye ngaloo mihla ukwenza ekubaleni isivamvo sokukhanya. Le lokulinga yaphela nto, kuba "ibingeyiyo ngequbuliso, kodwa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu."

Eyokuqala walinganisa isantya ukukhanya lwepolitiki ku 1676, ngeenkwenkwezi ole Roemer - kuthatha uvula UGalileo: i Ndafumanisa ngo-1609, ezine uJupiter satellite, apho ngexesha leenyanga ezintandathu umahluko ixesha phakathi emibini yesathelayithi imizuzwana 1320. Ukusebenzisa ulwazi ngeenkwenkwezi ixesha Roemer waye isivamvo sokukhanya elingana 222.000 km ngomzuzu. Emangalisa kukuba nesilinganiso indlela ngokwayo ichanekile kakhulu - ukusetyenziswa ezaziwayo manje data ukutyeba , ilawula Earth, uJupiter ukufiphala ixesha satellite ukulibaziseka unika uqina zokukhanya lwepolitiki, ukuya amaxabiso omhla afunyenwe ezinye iindlela.

Ekuqaleni, a experiments Romer waba isikhalazo enye kuphela - oko kuyimfuneko ukulinganisa indlela basemhlabeni. Kwathatha phantse kwiminyaka engama-200 kunye Louis Fizeau wakha izixhobo luli apho umqadi ukukhanya kubonakala ukusuka esipilini kumgama ongaphezu kwe-8 km kwaye wabuya. Fineness kukuba kwenzeka endleleni emva naphambili ngokusebenzisa nemingxuma iiseyile, yaye ukuba isantya ojikeleza ngaso kweevili ukwandisa, kufika ixesha xa ukukhanya iyayeka ukuba zibonakale. Abanye - iqhinga. NeSingqinisiso japan - 312.000 eekhilomitha ngomzuzwana. Ngoku bona ukuba Fizeau kwakusekho kufutshane inyaniso.

Inyathelo elilandelayo kukulinganisa isantya sokukhanya Foucault, isikhundla iiseyile isibuko flat. Kuyenzeka ukunciphisa ubungakanani ufakelo nokwandisa ukuchaneka yomlinganiselo ukuya kwi 288.000 km ngomzuzwana. Akukho shu yaba umsebenzi owenziweyo eksperimenti Foucault kaThixo apho wagqiba isantya zokukhanya kwixesha eliphakathi. Ukulungiselela le njongo umbhobho ngamanzi yabekwa phakathi izibuko Lokulinganisa. Kule yomzamo, kwafunyanwa izinga ukuncitshiswa ukukhanya ngexesha zityalwe yayo eliphakathi kuxhomekeka index zokunganyangeki.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19, lixesha lokuba Michelson, ngubani na phantsi engama-40 ngokwemilinganiso ubomi yakhe endle yokukhanya. Isithsaba umsebenzi wakhe ufakelo apho lulinganiselwa isantya ukukhanya emoyeni usebenzisa i ityhubhu metal bakhutshwe linamalungu ongaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama kwesiqingatha. Enye impumelelo ebalulekileyo Michelson ubungqina bokuba into yokuba nayiphi na ngamaza Velocity ukukhanya kungekho, kwaye ngokufanayo umgangatho owayephila 299792458 +/- 1,2 m / c. imilinganiselo Ezo olwenziwe ngokususela reference ehlaziyiweyo ixabiso imitha njengoko kuchaziwe ezivunyiweyo, ngo-1983 kunye njengomgangatho.

Wise Aristotle ephosakeleyo, kodwa ukubonisa kwathabatha phantse 2000 iminyaka.