Lamarck: biography kanye impumelelo. Le ngcamango yokuzivelela kwezinto neempazamo yayo

Njengoko igama elithi "indaleko" lidla enxulumene igama Charles Darwin. Nangona kunjalo, umbuzo ngemvelaphi kunye nophuhliso yobomi on Earth yayimkhathaza iinkcuba ngamakhoboka. Omnye izazinzulu zokuqala abaye bazama ukuqulunqa ingcamango yendaleko, waba Lamarck. Biography sesayensi iqulethe ezinye izinto ezininzi ezibangel 'umdla. Kuba ngakumbi kule, siza kuthetha kweli nqaku.

Zhan Lamark: biography

Ngowe-1744-m kwi dolophu Bazante wazalelwa Zhan Lamark. Usapho lwakhe, nangona, weza evela kwintsapho amanene yeengcungcu, yaba lihlwempu. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali abazali ukuthumela unyana wakhe kufunda wamaJesuit College. Bekucingelwa ukuba wayeza kuba ngumbingeleli. Akukho namnye eko yintoni ukuba Lamarck.

Biography Scientist elizayo ijika kwicala eyahlukileyo emva kokusweleka kukatata wakhe. Yena Ndasiyeka esikolweni, waya emkhosini. Sele kule minyaka 23 waba ligosa. Ngowe-1772, emva kokushiya inkonzo, Zhan Batist Lamark engena esikolweni zonyango izindawo. E Paris, likuthethayo Botany, kunye nexesha kunye ngokuphila.

Ngenxa ukuzingisa kunye netalente, wakwazi ukuba bazibonakalise abafundile. Udumo namava ukuqokelelwa volume ezithathu yokuhlela French kwezityalo. Emva koko, yena ukusebenza ingqokelela izityalo the Royal Botanic Gardens. Ngowe-1783 waba lilungu Paris Academy of Sciences.

Intuthuko eziphilayo

Emva kokukhutshwa ethi "French Flora" ngo-1778 ngu Zhan Batist waba ngomnye izazinzulu ezininzi liphambili zezityalo ngexesha lakhe. Le ncwadi iqukethe inkcazelo ekhethekileyo dichotomous sophendlo lula zezityalo ezisetyenziswa ngexesha lethu.

Sele iyibonisa oqolileyo utshintsho inkangeleko age Scientist sphere zenzululwazi. Waba uprofesa e Museum of Natural History, apho waqalisa ukufundisa ngokuphila. Ngeli xesha, Lamarck inika ingqwalasela eyodwa micro-eziphilayo, izinambuzane kunye ntshulube.

Uhlola indalo wabo, yena sazisa elithi "ezingenamqolo" liwabe zibe iiklasi ezilishumi, nangona yena wachacha ezimbini kuphela. Ngowe-1822 wapapasha umqulu wesixhenxe kwincwadi yakhe "Natural History of ezingenamqolo", apho ubonisa yonke imibono yakhe.

Kakade ke, oko akuthethi ukuba wonke ngetyala, nto leyo yahluke Lamarck. Biography of semvelo, yingcaphephe ngezityalo nengcaphephe yezinto nzulu bambalwa a izinto langutana. Kunye ne ngumphandi waseJamani Gottfried Treviranus yena wazisa intsingiselo yanamhlanje "biology 'kwikota. Lamarck kukwadala iincwadi yaba ngezimanga zendalo, hydrogeology kunye nomsebenzi abazi womntu.

Zoology Philosophy

umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu, "The Ifilosofi Zoology", Zhan Batist Lamark epapasha 1809. Kulo Inzululwazi theory inonamathelwano kwaye enesakhiwo sazo nasekusungulweni eziphilileyo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, kwavela ubomi abangekaphuhli entweni ezingaphiliyo, kwaye ngoko ke ekuqaleni ekhawulezayo yobhekiso phambili.

Wayishiya nokungapheli iintlobo, ucinga ukuba ngamnye kubo badla ukutshintsha. Ngokutsho kwakhe, yonke ephilayo kuphuhlisa ukusuka kokulula ukuya koko kuntsonkothileyo, edlula "izigaba" zazivelela evela ciliates ezincancisayo. Ngenxa yoko, kwisithuba kwisigaba ngasinye akhiwa iiyantlukwano kunye namasebe, leyo aboniswa njenge kwisizukulwana neentlobo.

Xa ingcamango yakhe, yena wakhetha imithetho emibini esisiseko eyile:

• Umthetho lokuzilolonga kunye neuprazhneniya.
• Umthetho ilifa iimpawu ezifunyenwe.

Lamarck wayekholelwa ukuba izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ziye zatshintsha phantsi kwempembelelo kokusingqongileyo. Ukuze ukuqhelana nemozulu, umhlaba, indlela ukuveliswa kokutya kunye ezifana. D. Ukubonisa izinto eziphilayo okanye obonisa (usebenzisa okanye hayi usebenzisa) amanye amalungu. Ngethuba lale nkqubo abasemagunyeni uyakwazi ukutshintsha inkangeleko kunye nokusebenza, kwaye ezi tshintsho zidlulele inzala. Ngokomzekelo, yena sicaphula zobude entanyeni nendlulamthi xa, kunye nokufunyanwa abamenzelayo ziimfama.

Iimposiso kule mbono

izimvo Lamarck wabenza iimpikiswano ezininzi kunye neengxelo antsonkothileyo. Ingqikelelo yakhe Ukwahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kunye ingxaki yabo ngcembe oxhaswa isayensi namhlanje. Kwakhona yaba yinxalenye amalungelo, kuqulunqo umthambo nokunyanzeliswa komthetho.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho iinkolelo lesiphoso le ngcamango yokuzivelela Lamarck. isayensi Modern kuye, wawancamisa ekuhleni ibango zakhe kukuba ubomi iyaqhubeka samozarozhdatsya-bume ezingaphiliyo. Kananjalo wenza impazamo ekuqapheleni ngoonobangela kunye nemigaqo ilifa. Ngenxa yoko, Lamarck wayekholelwa ukuba bonke ubomi batshintsha ngenxa umnqweno isegazini zokulunga kwaye ziyafikelelwa iimpawu ngokuqinisekileyo ilifa imbewu.

Experiments Avgusta Veysmana iyaphikisana kuyo. imisila neempuku Scientific kunqunyulwa wayemgcinile kubo ezizukulwaneni-20. Utshintsho aluzange kuchaphazela inzala. Kamva, kuye kwagqitywa ukuba umgangatho entsha ilifa kuphela xa oko kwesiphumo yofuzo.