Iyintoni i-rudiment? Ukukhunjulwa kunye neendlela ezingabonakaliyo - ii-quirks zendalo okanye ubungqina bendalo?

Iyintoni i-rudiment? Inxalenye yesityalo okanye isilwanyana esingazalisekanga umsebenzi wayo ekujoliswe kuyo. Izinto eziphilayo zihlala kwiindawo ezinokwakha, kwaye uphando lwabo lunikezela ngamathuba angakumbi okubonisa ubungqina bokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Imizekelo yeempazamo ezikummandla wezilwanyana

Ziziphi iimpazamo? Imizekelo inokufumaneka yonke indawo. Ngokomzekelo, ii-dandelions, nangona zivelisa ngaphandle kokuchumisa, zineentyatyambo kwaye zenza i-pollen. Phakathi kweenambuzane, unako ukuhlangabezana nezilwanyana ezingenakubalwa, ezize zakha amaphiko, zifihliwe phantsi kwe-elytra eqinile.

Iindwendwe ezinjengeepythoni zihlala zineengqungquthela ezingenakunamathele kwi-vertebrae (njengokuba kukho ininzi yezilwanyana) - ithambeka nje kwisigxina esiswini. Oku bubungqina bokuba inyoka zivela kwiimvula ezinezilwanyana ezine. Ezinye izilwanyana zithwala iziqhelo, imilenze ekhohlakeleyo phantsi kwekhumba labo engabonakaliyo ngaphandle.

Izilwanyana ezininzi zinamehlo ahlaselayo. Ngokomzekelo, abemi basekuhlaleni bamanzi njengentlanzi (i-Mexican tetra kunye ne-salamander ye-Typhlotriton spelaeus kunye ne-Proteus anguinus iindidi) ziyimfama, kodwa zinamehlo angcolileyo. Amehlo e-tetra yaseMexico aphethe i-lens, i-retina ephazamisayo kunye ne-nertic optic. I-salamanders eziyimfama zinamehlo kunye nabafundi, ezibandakanya iinkophelo ezivela kumbane wangaphandle.

Imikhomo ine-pelvis yecala kunye ne-hind paws. Amathambo emilenze akhoyo emzimbeni whale, kodwa akaqhotyoshelwanga kuwo onke amathambo. Esikhundleni saloo ndlela, zivele zifakwe kwiifisi zezilwanyana. Oku bubungqina bokuba ukuguqulwa kweemikhomo kumhlaba okhokho, kulandelwa ukulahleka kweengalo zomlenze kunye neentloko. Zonke ezihlala zikhohlakeleyo kwiimikhomo zanamhlanje zihlala ezi zakhiwo.

UkuLungiswa koLuntu

Iyintoni i-rudiment? Le nxalenye yomzimba elahlekelwe yinjongo yayo ngqo kwinkqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umzekelo, isilathisi somntu, esake senza umsebenzi obalulekileyo, kwaye ngoku sikwenza okubi ngaphezu kokulungileyo. I-coccyx i-remains of boneal cauil of ookhokho obude bezilwanyana - le ngxenyana ehlalayo yomsila ombumonic, owenza umzimba womntu, aze adibanise kwaye "udliwe" ngamajoni omzimba. Kwaye abanye abantu basesekhona, nangona bengaqabile kakhulu, bazalwe ngemisila (ezingavumelekanga).

Abanye abantu banokugubungela indlebe zabo, nangona le propati ihambelana neekati nezinye izilwanyana kwaye kuyimfuneko ukuba zenzeke izandi ngexesha lokuzingela. Ookhokho babantu, njengoko kuyaziwa, babezihlambalaza, kwaye amazinyo ayeyimfuneko yokuhlafuna kunye nokutya ukutya. Ngaphezu kwe-90% yabantu bonke abadala banokuthiwa ngamazinyo obulumko. La mazinyo angenamsebenzi maxa wambi akhula ngokungalunganga kwaye angabangela intlungu ebuhlungu. Ngokuqhelekileyo abantu bawachitha nje.

Ukubonakala kwe "goosebumps" ebantwini kubuye kube yinto ekhohlakeleyo. Oku kusabela ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka xa kubanda okanye kuyatshisa. Imisipha kwisiseko senwele nganye iya kuphakamisa iinwele. Kwizilwanyana, lo msebenzi uhambelana nokugcinwa kobushushu. Oku kuya kwenzeka nokuba isilwanyana sisengozini. Eli xesha "ukuma ubomvu" kwenza ukuba inkohlakalo ibonakale isongela kwaye isongela.

Ububungqina obungenakuphikiswa bokuVikela

Ukufunda umgangatho we-phylogenetic umgangatho, kuyaqatshelwa ukuba nganye iindidi zinemigangatho ekhethekileyo. Umzimba ngamnye unomjikelezo wayo oyingqamaniso wookhokho oqhelekileyo, udibanisa nawo. Kufuneka kulindeleke ukuba izinto eziphilayo zizalise ubungqina balo mlando wezofuzo. Iyintoni i-rudiment? Kwizinto ze-biology, ezi zizinto ze-anatomiki kunye nee-molecular ezingenanto.

Iyintoni i-rudiment? Ngokomzekelo, amaphiko eentaka ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukusuka kwinqanaba lokujonga i-anatomical, izakhiwo ezilungiselelwe ukuhamba kwendiza, kodwa zikhona iintaka ezingenakukwazi ukundiza. Umzekelo obalaseleyo, amaaphiko ayo anokuthiwa ngamalungu angcolileyo ngokuzithemba, kuba akudingeki ukubaleka, kodwa kunokuba ulungelelanise ngexesha lokudlala nemidaniso yomtshato.

Ukuphazamiseka kwezenzululwazi

Izakhiwo eziqhelekileyo zikhokelela ekuphazamiseni izendalo zemvelo kwimbali. Lo mbuzo wawunomdla kwizenzululwazi ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba uDarwin aqale ephakamisa imbono yakhe yendalo yonke yemvelaphi yezilwanyana. Abaphengululi abaninzi bekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo elinesithoba elinesibhozo, njengoJohn Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), uGeorges-Louis Leclerc, u-Comte de Buffon (1707-1788) noGeorges Cuvier (1769-1832) bafunda ingxaki.

Iminyaka engamashumi amathandathu ngaphambi kokupapashwa kweMvelaphi yaseDarwin ye-Species, iNgcali yaseFransi engumntu obalaseleyo kwintsimi ye-anatomy, uGeffrey St Hilaire (1772-1844), wafunda amaphiko aqhekezayo e-cassowary kunye neenciniba. Wayelahlekelwa kukuba kutheni imvelo isoloko ishiya "imizila yelungu", elingasadingeki. Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva uJean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) wachaza ezinye izakhiwo ezinokwakha kwi-Zoological Philosophy.

Iingcebiso

Iingqinisiso zeziganeko ezithile ezivela kuphela kwiqela elincinci lezinto eziphilayo. Imizekelo imilala yomntu (i-cocgegeal projection), iminwe eyongezelelweyo okanye ebomvu, ubunwele obungavamile, i-hyoid muscle kwizinja, njalonjalo. Ezinye izakhi zofuzo, umzekelo, ukutshatyalaliswa komntwana, zivele zenziwe emva kokuziswa. Ziziphi iimpazamo kunye neentengiso? Oku kungumxholo we-iceberg wobungqina bokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Iimpawu zezinto ezingabonakaliyo:

1) ubukho kumgangatho omdala wobomi;

2) ukungabikho kwempawu ezivela kubazali okanye ootshanje;

3) i-rarity excessively in the population.

Enye yezinto ezingamangalisa kakhulu imisila yabantu. Ezinye zazo zilula, ziqukethe imisipha kuphela, imithwalo yegazi kunye neentsholongwane. Ngamanye amaxesha kukho i-cartilage. Le misila ingasuswa. I-Atavismas ibandakanya ubukho beenamba ezinkulu (ngaphezu kwe-2).

Iimfucu zeZindululo

Ziziphi iimpazamo kwi- biology? Lawa malungu alahlekelwe yinjongo yaso kwaye ayengasenzi imisebenzi yawo ngqo. Ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo zivela kookhokho oqhelekileyo, ngoko ukulahlekelwa okanye ukufunyanwa kwemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kunye nezakhiwo zihambelana nokuguquguquka kwembali.