Ubukhulu beLwandle oluMnyama: ubunzulu, ububanzi nobude

Ii-archives ziqukethe amaxwebhu aqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi lokuqala malunga noLwandle oluMnyama lubuyela kwikhulu le-5. BC. Kwakungenxa yokuba uArtgonauts ongenabuthatho okhokelwa nguJason waya eColchis ekhangela ubuqhopho begolide, anqobe izithintelo ezininzi. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba ingatshintshi ukususela ngelo xesha igama! ULwandle oluMnyama kulesi sibonakaliso kuqala kwihlabathi. Ekubeni okokuqala kuthethwa ngamaxwebhu, igama litshintshile malunga namaxesha angama-20.

Livela phi igama lamanje?

Kukho iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo ezivela kuyo. AmaGrike asendulo athiwa ulwandle - uPont Aksinsky, ekuguquleleni lithetha "Ukungenakucinga". Igama elinjalo libonakala ngenxa yeengxaki zokuhamba kunye nabanxweme bamandulo, nangona bancinci, xa kuthelekiswa nabanye, ubungakanani boLwandle oluMnyama. Emva kokuba ama-colonist ayilunxweme wonxweme, yatshintsha yaba yiPontus Euxine, eguqulela ngokuthi "Isihambi." Kwiinkulungwane ezili-10-16 iRusichi yaqanjwa ngokuthi "uLwandle lwaseRashiya", okanye "iScythian". Igama lale mihla liMnyama.

Kutheni eli gama? Imithombo yokuqala yeli gama ibhekisela kwi-XIII leminyaka, nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba ibonakala kakhulu ngaphambili. Enye yeengcamango zibonisa ukuba igama lavela ngenxa yokuvukela kwabantu bezilwanyana ngokuchasene nabanqobileyo. "UKaraz Deniz" "omnyama, ongenakunqwenela". Ngokwezinye iinguqulelo, kwabizwa ngabafuduka bevela kumazwe asezantsi, ababethe ngethuba lesiphango esibhakabhakeni esibumnyama. Iqonga empeleni kwisiqhwithi esiphepho sibheka omnyama.

Enye ingcamango yegama lamanje ivela ngenxa yepropati ethile yendawo, "mnyama" ekujuleni kwe-anchor kunye nezinye izinto. Oku kubangelwa yimpembelelo ye-hydrogen sulphide. Ngokwezinye iingcamango, ulwandle lwafumana igama layo ngenxa yodaka olumnyama, oluye lwaphonswa ngexesha elithile ngephango.

Ubukhulu boLwandle oluMnyama: ububanzi, ubude

Ubungakanani bePonto babuzama ukubala ngoHerodotus, ukulinganisa ngamagangatho, abalwa ngamanqanawa adlulisiweyo ngexesha lomhla ngobudlelwane (umgama). Ubude bayo, ngokutsho kukaHerodotus, babenamaqela ayi-11 100, kwaye ububanzi kwindawo ephakamileyo kakhulu - ama-3300 amanqanaba. Oososayensi banamhlanje bayakwazi ukubala ubungakanani boLwandle oluMnyama ukuya kwikhilomitha elisondeleyo. Ubukhulu balo ubude ukusuka empuma ukuya entshonalanga ngumgama ongaphezu kwe-1150 km, ukusuka kulunxweme lwaseBulgaria ukuya kummandla waseGeorgia.

Ukusuka kwisixeko saseUkraine saseKoblevo ukuya emanxwemeni aseTurkey, uLwandle oluMnyama lunomlinganiselo (km) -616, ukusuka enyakatho ukuya kumzantsi. Ubude obude kunama-265 km. Ngendawo yenzululwazi-i-geographers abanako ukugqiba isigqibo, nangona ubukhulu becala boLwandle oluMnyama. Ngokomlinganiselo wokubala, i-422,000 km², kwaye enye - 436,400 km². Ubude obude bomda wonxweme bu malunga ne-4100 km. Umthamo wamanzi okufuneka ubekwe ngowama-555,000 cubic kilometer.

Ubungakanani boLwandle oluMnyama obunzulu? Ezi zikhombisi zezi zilandelayo: ubunzulu obuninzi bububanzi be-2212-2245 m, umgangatho ophakathi kwe-1250 m. Inxalenye esenyakatho-ntshona yelitye iyahlukaniswa kukuba kukho indawo ende engagungqiyo, efikelela ububanzi bemizuzu engama-200 kwaye ingabi ngaphezu kwe-160 metres ejulile.

Imvelaphi yolwandle

Kule ndawo malunga nama-30-40 yezigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo kwakukho ulwandle olukhulu lweTethys. Iimveliso ezinkulu ze-Geological kulo lonke ixesha zakha uxolo lweentaba ezifana neeCarpathians, iiAlps kunye neCaucasus, ezonakalisa ulwandle olukhulu lweTethys zibe ngamachibi amancinci. Omnye wabo kwakuyiLwandle laseSarmatian. Kwakusendaweni yeAral, iAzov, iCaspian kunye namaLwandle amnyama namhlanje.

I-Geological specificity

Ubungakanani boLwandle oluMnyama lubamba umgodi, olwahlula e-Atlantic Ocean. Ulwahlulo lwalo lukhulu kwaye luquka iinkalo ezintathu eziqaqambileyo: intlambo yelizwekazi, ishalofu kunye nesitya esisinzulu. Indawo yeshefu ibonakaliswe ubunzulu obunzulu, intlambo yelizwekazi ayinalingani, kuba ubukho bezintambo kunye namagquma angaphantsi kwamanzi bubonakaliso. Isitya sifike ekujuleni kunzulu kwinqanaba loLwandle oluMnyama. Kwakhona, indawo ephambili yokuncedisa ngezantsi iindawo ze-Alpine geosynclinal zone. Iqula lizalisa imilambo yase-Eurasia: i-Dnieper, i-Dniester, i-Southern Bug, i-Danube, i-Psou, iBzyb, i-Kodor, i-Yoshil-Irmak, i-Inguri, i-Rioni nabanye.

Eli liziko elikhulu le-hydrogen sulphide yeplanethi yethu. Isiqalo saso sichaphazelekayo, ngaphandle kweentlobo ezikhethekileyo ze-microerganic i-anaerobic, ezingafanelekanga kubomi obuphantsi kwezantsi kwe-150-200 m. Ezi zibonda zithathwa yi-hydrogen sulphide, ukuqokelela okuhambelana ngqo nokuqulunqwa kwe-microbes-reducing microbes. Umlinganiselo wesantya kumanqanaba aphezulu angaphezulu kwinqanaba elingaphakathi kweli gaba liphakathi (16-18 ‰). Kwizansi ngaphantsi kwe-150-200 m iphakama ukuya ku-21-22 .

Ziziphi iimpawu zoLwandle oluMnyama?

Umlambo wolwandle ulwahlula kwiindawo ezintathu ezinkulu. Izalathisi zazo zi:

Indawo yeendawo

Unxweme loMzantsi Afrika loLwandle oluMnyama, ukusuka eGeorgia ukuya emlanjeni. Rezovsk, ingowommandla waseTurkey. Ulunxweme olusentshonalanga lugumbi luseBulgaria, kwaye ngokuqhubekayo - ukuya ngasentla ukuya kumda ne-Ukraine - eRomania. Amanzi oLwandle oluMnyama ahlanjululwa yimida yaseRashiya, iRomania, iBulgaria, iUkraine, i-Turkey, i-Abkhazia ne-Georgia. Emhlabeni wayo umda ongokomqondiso phakathi kwe-Asia neYurophu.

Ekubeni ubungakanani boLwandle oluMnyama (ububanzi, ubude, ubunzulu) buncinci, kukho iinqanaba ezingabalulekanga xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izikhumbi ezivulekileyo. Oku kungenxa yokutshintshiselwa kwamanzi kunye ne-Atlantic Ocean. Ulwandle luhlala emgodini omkhulu we-tectonic, ubunzulu obuninzi malunga ne-2245 m. Kwintshona nasentla-ntshona-ntshona kunemihlaba ephantsi, kodwa kukho indawo ephantsi. KwiCrimea - ngokuthe ngqo kwiindawo eziphantsi komhlaba, kungabalwa kwiindawo ezisentlaleni ezisentla. Ukusuka empuma nasempumalanga, iintaba zeCaspian nePontic zisondele elwandle.

Kwiindawo ezinqumlayo imilambo, iindawo ezincinci zenziwe - iindawo zokuhlala: iDniester, Hadzhibey, Kuyalnitsky, Tiligulsky, kunye neDnieper. I-peninsula enkulu kunazo zonke yoLwandle oluMnyama yiCrimea, ehambelana nelizwe libulela kwiPerekop Isthmus. Kukho iziqithi ezimbalwa kuLwandle oluMnyama. Iyona enkulu kunazo zonke yiBerezan neNyoka, nganye inommandla ongaphantsi kwe-1 km². I-Kerch Strait, ubunzulu beemitha ezine ukuya kwe-18, uLwandle oluMnyama ludibanisa ne-Azov. I-Bosporus kunye neDardanelles ngokusebenzisa iMarble ne-Aegean Sea idibanisa neMeditera.

Inyaniso

Phakathi kwenzululwazi, iingcamango zazicatshangelwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba uLwandle oluMnyama lwaluqala malunga ne-6000-8000 kwiminyaka edlulileyo, xa izinga lehlabathi elwandle linyuka ngenxa yokuqhaqha kwamaqhwa. Ngokunyuka kwinqanaba, amanzi aseMeditera awanomdaka wendalo, kwindima ye-Bosporus namhlanje. Emva kokuqhuma, ukugeleza okukhulu kwamanzi okulingana namandla e-Niagara Falls ezingama-200 zazalisa umjelo wolwandle wangoku. Lo mzimba wendalo unjengenguqu eyaziwayo yoMkhukula, eboniswa kwiTestamente Elidala. Kubalulekile ukuba ixesha le-cataclysm enkulu yendalo lihambelana ngokupheleleyo kunye nemithombo yenzululwazi kunye nenkolo.