Izakhono Motor zibizwa ... Ukuphuhliswa kwezakhono ebantwaneni

Kuyinto yesiko ukubiza izakhono zezakhono kunye nezakhono ezifunyenweyo zokuqhuba izenzo zeemoto ezivela ngesiseko solwazi, amava kunye nokuphindaphinda kwezinto ezifundwayo. Kulo nxalenye yolawulo, izakhono kunye nezakhono zibonakaliswa ngamazinga ahlukeneyo yobunini bezenzo ezenziwayo.

Ubuchule bokuhamba

Ikhono lemoto yinqanaba lokuqonda isenzo, ehamba kunye nokulawula ngokucinga. Phakathi kweendlela ezahlukileyo phakathi kobuchule kunye nobuchule zilandelayo:

• Ulawulo lwemiqulu;
• Ukulawulwa kwengqalelo;
• Ukunyameka ekuphunyezweni kwezenzo;
• Ubuninzi bezinga eliphezulu lokukhathala, ngenxa yokuchithwa kwamanzi okungaqhelekanga;
• Ubukho bokwehlukana ngezihlobo;
• Ukukhubazeka;
• Ukungabi nokukhumbula ngokusisigxina.

Inkqubo yokuqhubela phambili iimpawu zeemoto ishintsha ubuchule kwizakhono. Ngaloo ndlela, isakhono sogunyaziso luhlobo oluthile lwezenzo apho ukusetyenziswa kwengcinga kusetyenziswa ngokuthe tye. Ikhono lokwenza izinto ezintsha zikho phambi kwezinto ezifunekayo njengemfuneko ebalulekileyo yolwazi malunga nobuchule bokusebenza, ukufumaneka kwamava kunye nokulungelelanisa ngokwaneleyo umzimba. Ukucinga kokudala kubandakanya indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ukunyakaza.

Izakhono zendlela ezisisiseko zibonakaliswa ngamandla obunini bobuchwepheshe, obonakaliswe ngongxininiso olwandisiweyo. Ukugxininisa kwengcamango kugxininise kwiqela ngalinye lezenzo ezibandakanyekayo kwinkqubela efundiswayo.

Iinkcukacha zobungcali

Ikhono lemoto, ngaphezu kwakho konke, luxabisa kakhulu imfundo, kuba inento ephambili - ukusetyenziswa kweengcamango zobuchule ezijoliswe ekuqaliseni nasekuhlaziyweni kwentshukumo nganye. Ukusuka kwinqanaba lemfundo yempilo, izakhono zilandela iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bazisa izakhono xa kuyimfuneko ukufezekisa iindlela ezigqibeleleyo zokuzenza izenzo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuphuhliswa kwezakhono zeemoto kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokutshintsha kwezakhono emva koko. Kwimeko apho bancedisayo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuhambelana nezinto eziphathekayo kwikharityhulam yesikolo kwimveli yenyama, kwanele ngokwazi ulwazi lokuqala.

Ngaloo ndlela, ubuchule kukuphuculwa kwezenzo zithuthi, okokuba, ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kubangela ukuba kusebenze ukusebenza kwabo. Le nkqubo ayikho into engenguqu yenguqu kwizakhono. Oku kuya kuphunyezwa kuphela phantsi kwimeko yokuhlaziywa rhoqo kunye nokulungiswa kweentshukumo. Isiphumo kukuzinza kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwento nganye eyenziwa, kwaye, ngokubalulekayo, ukubonakala komgca we-automation of control motion.

Kukho ezimbini iintlobo zezakhono zamandla:

• Uhlobo lokuqala lubonakaliswe ekuphunyezweni komsebenzi opheleleyo;
• Uhlobo lwesibini lubonisa ukuphunyezwa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezahlukeneyo kwisakhiwo kunye nobunzima bokuhamba.

Umsebenzi wokuqhuba umbane uhambelana ngqo nesidingo sokwenza izigqibo ngokukhawuleza, umzekelo, ngexesha lomdlalo okanye ulwa. Kule meko, izakhono zamashishini zisekelwe kwaye zibonakaliswe ngokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ezifunyenwe ngaphambili.

Ukuphunyezwa kweminyango ehlukeneyo, eyahlukileyo kwiinkathazo kunye nesakhiwo, ngokukhawuleza iya kuba yikhono. Le nkqubo ihambelana nokuphuhliswa kwezenzo ngolwazi lwendlela yokuqala yokuphunyezwa, ekhokelela ekuphuculeni ngokuthe ngcembe kwezakhono. Ukunyakaza okuzenzekelayo kwangaphambili kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba kubunjwe ngenxa yokuthatha inxaxheba komfundi kwaye ufundiswa ukuhlalutya intsingiselo yemisebenzi eyabelwe. Izinto eziphathekayo nayiphi na inkqubo edibeneyo kufuneka ifunde kakuhle kwinqanaba lezakhono, kuba ayiluncedo kuphela, kodwa iyimfuneko.

Kwinkqubo eqhubekayo yokuqonda izenzo zeemoto kwinqanaba lezakhono kunye nokwanda kwenyanzelekile kwinani lokuphindaphinda, ukukhumbula into nganye kunye nesenzo senziwa ngokuqinile. Njengoko ukufunda nokufunda, ubuchule buba yinkcubeko ngokukhawuleza.

Ingcamango yokubunjwa nokuphuhliswa kwezakhono zamandla

Ikhono lokuxhumela imoto yinqanaba elithile lokuhamba, ukubonelela ngokuzenzekelayo. Kule meko, ukulawulwa okuncinci kolwazi emva kwezenzo ezenziweyo kwenziwa, kuba lujoliswe kuphela ekulawuleni iinqununu zecandelo ngalinye: imbono yendalo kunye nesiphumo sokugqibela. Umbono "wezakhono zombane", umzekelo, ugxininise ekulawuleni isivinini xa usebenza okanye utshintsha indawo xa uhamba nge skis. Inkcazelo ecacileyo kunye neyona nto ibalulekileyo yekhono lomqhubi i-automation of control motion. Ubumnono bukhululekile kwiimfuneko zokulawula rhoqo kwiinkcukacha, ezikuvumela ukuba ugxilise kwisiphumo kunye nemeko yezenzo ezenziwe.

Ukuphuhliswa kwezakhono zamandla kuxhomekeke kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Ukunika izibonelelo - ukufumaneka kwamanqanaba athile kwimisebenzi ethile;
• Amava eenqwelo-moya - ukufumana ulwazi oluthile;
• Ubudala bomntu-ekuphuhlisweni kwabantwana bokunyakaza kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza;
• Ulungelelaniso - iindlela ezininzi zezithuthi zifuna ixesha elide loqeqesho;
• Izakhono zobungcali bootitshala;
• Inqanaba lokwazisa, umsebenzi kunye nenjongo kumfundi.

Ikhono lemoto yona nqanaba eliphezulu lokuqonda izenzo, ezibaluleka kwimizi, imidlalo, imfundo, imisebenzi yasekhaya kunye nemisebenzi. Amathuba afumanekayo angagcinwa ixesha elide (iminyaka emininzi). Oku kuqinisekiswa kukuba abantu abayeke ukudlala imidlalo bangaphinda bavelise ngokuchanekileyo ubuchule bemisebenzi yemidlalo.

Ziziphi izakhono

Ingcamango "yesakhono somsebenzi" namhlanje yaziwa ngeentlobo ezimbini zokuqaphela imisebenzi eyenziwa. Okokuqala, ngumbuzo wobugcisa bezenzo, xa umntu eqwalasela zonke iinkalo zokuhamba. Udidi lwesibini luyakuthunyelwa kwisigaba sokuphunyezwa, xa izinto sele zisezingeni elithile. Kule meko, kuphela injongo ekufezekileyo, oko kukuthi, ingqwalasela ibhekiswe kwisiphumo.

Ikhono loxhumo lwakwazi ukwenza iindawo ezizenzekelayo zokuhamba ngokufunda umsebenzi onenjongo. Ingqwalaselo ekhethekileyo ayifuni. Kule meko, ukuqonda kuphela kusebenza, okuchaphazela umgangatho wokwenziwa kwezenzo ezithile.

Iinkqubo zokujonga izinto eziphathekayo zidibaniswa nokubunjwa kwezakhono zamandla. Ngokuxhomekeka kwiimeko apho zenziwe khona, ezi zilandelayo zintlobo zezakhono ziyakwazi ukwahlukana:

• Engafundiweyo, eyenziwe;
• Omdala, omncinci;
• Inkomfa, elula;
• Inkomfa, idibeneyo;
• Flexible, template.

Ukuqulunqwa kwezakhono zamandla

Ukwakhiwa kwezakhono kuneempawu zayo. Kubo, ukungalingani kunye nophuhliso oluqhubekayo luyimvelaphi, ukuguqulwa kwamandla emfundo kuboniswe ngu-A.C. Punin:

1. "Ukukhawuleza ukukhawuleza" - kubonisa ukunyuka okukhulu kwinqanaba ekuqaleni kwenkqubo yokufunda. Ukongezelela, ukunyuka kubangabalulekanga ngenxa yokunciphisa ikhosi yoqeqesho. Oku kuthetha ukuba kumntu ubonakaliswa ngokukhawuleza kwesiseko sesenzo, kwaye iinkcukacha zifuna ixesha elingakumbi. Uhlobo olulinganayo lwesakhiwo luboniswa kumzekelo wokufunda izithuthi zezinto ezilula, xa ukuhamba okulula kulula ukukhawuleza.
2. "Ukukhawuleza okukhawulezayo" - ukwakheka kwezakhono zezakhono kunye nezakhono zenziwa ngxaki enkulu ngenxa yokungalungi kunye neephene. Ukongezelela, ukwanda kwendwangu yomgangatho kwanda ngokukhawuleza. Olu hlobo lokuphuhliswa luyinto enzima kwizenzo zangexesha elide, apho ukungatshintshi okwenziwe kwangaphandle kulungele ukukhawuleza.
3. "I-Plateau" - ukwakheka kwezakhono kusekhona. Kukho ukulibaziseka ngokucacileyo kwenkqubela phambili. Ukuvela kwale nqubo kubini: okokuqala, kunokubangela ubukho bezinto ezivimbela inkqubela phambili yokuphucula (ukugula, ukungabikho kokulungiswa ngokomzimba); okwesibini, indawo inokuthi ibe neenguqu kwisakhiwo esithile sakhono (ukuzisa iindlela ezintsha kwiindlela zokusebenzisa).

Ukuphuhliswa kwezakhono zezithuthi kunye nezakhono zenzeka ukusuka kubuntwaneni, ngoko kubalulekile ukuba umntwana abeke ngokufanelekileyo isiseko sezo zakhono. Iimpawu zezithuthi kunye neempawu zokuhamba ebuntwaneni kubonakaliso oluphambili lwenqanaba lophuhliso lomntwana. Ezi ngqinisiso zibhekwa ukuba zikhokelela ekuhlaleni uphuhliso jikelele lomntwana.

Izakhono zobungakanani kubantwana

Izindlela zokuqeqesha izakhono zezithuthi mazikhethwe ngokucokisekileyo. Kubalulekile ukuhlawula ngokukhethekileyo umsebenzi wokwenyama womntwana phakathi kweminyaka emi-3 no-5 ubudala. Kulo xesha lexesha izakhono, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo izakhono zomntwana, zenziwe, eziza kuphazamisa imbono yoluntu ngokubanzi. Iminyaka emi-2, ukuphuhliswa kweemisipha eziyimfuneko ekuqhutyweni kweentshukumo zenzeka. Kule minyaka, kukho ukubunjwa kwezakhono ezifanelekileyo zezithuthi kunye nezakhono zokuhamba. Ukufezekisa ukusebenza kakuhle komgangatho wengqondo yomntwana, umntu kufuneka asebenzise amaqhinga kwifom yomdlalo.

Izindlela zemidlalo zokufundisa izakhono zezithuthi zivumela ukuba ungathinteli kuphela izihlunu, kodwa kunye neengcamango zomntwana. Ezi zihlandlo eziliqela zandisa ukwenziwa kobuchule obusetyenziswayo.

Ukuphuhliswa kwezakhono eziqhelekileyo kubantwana basesikolweni

Ukuphuhliswa kwezakhono zamatye abantwana abasenkulanga-ntsapho kufuneka kwenzeke ngemisebenzi ehleliweyo ejoliswe ekusebenziseni ukucinga, imemori yokuqeqesha, ukubonakalisa i-initiative, ukuhlakulela ingcinga kunye nokuzithemba. Oku kuncedisa ekubunjweni kungekhona nje kwezakhono zamandla, kodwa kunye nokuthanda ubuzwe, ukusabalalisa amazwe, ukuhlanganisana, ukunyaniseka, injongo, isibindi nokuzimisela. Izakhono zezakhono kunye nezakhono ezakhiwe kwizingane zasesikolweni zingundoqo ekuphuculeni kwikamva. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuqonda ukunyakaza okuthe kancinci kwaye kunceda ukuphumeza iziphumo zemidlalo ephezulu kwixesha elizayo.

Izakhono nezakhono, eziqokelelwa ebuntwaneni, zibambe iqela ekuphuculeni iimpawu neempilo. Oku kukuvumela ukuqinisa umzimba kunye nemisebenzi yabasebenzi. Ukusebenza ngokubambisana kokuzilolonga umzimba, ukuvumelanisa kunye nokubambisana kwazo zonke izenzo, ukubonakalisa kunye nobuhle bentsebenzo nganye, ukufumana inkululeko yazo zonke iinxalenye zomzimba kunye nokuhleleka kwezinto ezifanelekileyo zizinto eziphuhlisa iimfuno zomntu.

Izixhobo zokwakhiwa kwezakhono kubantwana

Kuqhelekileyo ukubiza izakhono zezakhono kunye nezakhono ukuphuhliswa komsebenzi wabantu bokufunda kunye nokusebenza. Ukususela kwindawo yokujonga amava okufundisa, olo lwakhiwo lwezakhono zemoto kubantwana yinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngelixa kubalulekile ukuba unqobe ubunzima obuninzi. Kwezinye iimeko, akunakwenzeka ukuba kufumaneke ukuchaneka kunye nokwahlukana kwintsebenzo eyenziwa.

Kukhona amathuba okuphuhlisa izakhono ezingenakukwazi ukulungelelanisa ngokwaneleyo, apho umntwana akakwazi ukutshintsha ngokulula kwiimeko ezintsha. Ukuze kuphuhliswe iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokufundisa izakhono zabantwana, izifundo zokuqala zengqondo nezengqondo kufuneka ziqhutyelwe kwangaphambili, ezifanele zijoliswe ekutyhileni iipatheni eziqhelekileyo zokwakhiwa kwezakhono kunye neminyaka yobudala kwinkqubo.

Ukususela kwimpembelelo yokufundisa, kuyisiko ukubiza izakhono zezakhono kunye nezakhono Ukuphuhliswa kweentshukumo eziphambili, ukuphumelela kokufezekiswa kweziphi utshintsho kunye nezilungelelaniso nezisebenzayo. Ukwazisa ngesifundo sale nkqubo kusekelwe ekukhangekeni kweemeko, iindlela kunye neendlela zokuphuhlisa imimandla ebangela ukuphuhliswa komntu ukususela ebuntwaneni.

Ukungabikho kwemoto ngenxa yokungabikho kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo lezakhono lichaphazela kakhulu impilo yezingane kwaye kukhokelela ekutshintsheni okungavumelekanga kwimeko yokuhamba kunye nokuchithwa kweenyawo. Ngokutsho kophando, malunga ne-60% yezifo zibekwe ngokusesikweni ebuntwaneni. Izakhono zonyango kunoma yiphina iminyaka yobudala njengesimo sempilo. Oku kubangelwa ukuba indlela efanelekileyo yengqondo kunye nendlela yokufundisa isisombululo esinamandla, inqanaba elikhokelayo apho kukho ukunyuka kwesimo sengqondo nesisu.

Izakhono zeemoto kunye nemikhwa ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa ngumsebenzi wemoto kunoma yiphi na indlela, leyo yinto enxulumene nobudala bomntwana kunye nempilo. Oku kuchaza ukusebenza kakuhle kweendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokuqhuba iiklasi, ezisekelwe kwifuthe elipheleleyo kumzimba womntwana ngokudibanisa nokuzivocavoca umzimba.

Ukufezekiswa kwezakhono zamandla kunye nezakhono

Kukho izixhobo ezininzi onokuziphucula ngayo izakhono zamandla kunye nezakhono kubantwana. Phakathi kwamanani amaninzi afunekayo okuhlula oku kulandelayo:

• Imfundo yomzimba ehlelekile;
• Imidlalo eyahlukeneyo yangaphandle;
• Ukuhamba kwansuku zonke nokuhamba;
• Imfundo yempilo ngexesha lemfundo;
• Imidlalo kunye nokuzonwabisa.

Indlela yokuphuhlisa izakhono kunye nemikhwa ibandakanya ukuqhuba umsebenzi oqhubekayo, ohlangeneyo noluntu oluhlangeneyo lwentsapho kunye namaziko angaphambili. Inendima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo ijolise, isebenzisekile kwaye isebenzise ngokusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso kunye nokwakhiwa kweempawu zomzimba. Ezi ziquka ulawulo lwaloo suku, lukhuni, umzimba, ucoceko lomntu kunye nokutya okunomdla.

Ngeendlela eziqeqeshiwe ezifanelekileyo ezilungiselelwe, kunokwenzeka ukuba uququzelele indlela esebenzayo ebandakanya yonke into efunekayo ekuphuhliseni iimpawu zomzimba zomntwana. Kwixesha ngalinye leminyaka, kufuneka usebenzise ukuqeqeshwa okufanelekileyo ukuba ungavumeli inkqubo yokwakha amandla omntwana. Akukhuthazwa ukuthatha amanyathelo emfundo phambi komhla wokugqibela, kuba oku kungabangela ukungaboni kakuhle kweenjongo ezilungiselelwe abantwana.

Iziseko zeengcinga zokubunjwa kwezakhono zamandla kunye nezakhono

Kuqhelekileyo ukubiza izakhono zamandla kunye nezakhono, ukusuka kwinqanaba leembono, i-stimulator enamandla yemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yendalo ekhulayo. Isiseko esisiseko somzimba womntwana sisidingo sokunyakaza, yimeko yokuphuhliso oluqhelekileyo kunye nokubunjwa kwendalo yonke. Namhlanje ukubaluleka kwesi sihloko kuye kwanda kakhulu, ehambelana nokungabikho kokuhamba (i-hypodynamia). Umsebenzi wemoto ngumgqugquzeli onamandla wemvelo wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yomzimba, imfuneko yinto ebalulekileyo yomzimba womntwana kwaye yimeko ebalulekileyo ekuphuculweni komzimba.

Phakathi imisebenzi ezibalulekileyo izigqibo ukubaluleka kwemfundo yemvelo:

• nokukhuthaza wobulali, umntwana ephendulayo, esisebenzayo kunye nokuzila esempilweni, yomelela;
• uphuhliso automatism lweentshukumo kunye nothando umthambo kunye nemidlalo ubunini;
• ukwandisa izakhono zokufunda kumaziko emfundo;
• Uphuhliso olusebenzayo iziphiwo zokudala.

Formation kwezakhono lwenziwa ukusuka ekuzalweni. Xa sijonga izizekelo isakhono zabantwana ngexesha lobudala ngalinye imfundiso imfundo umntu wenyama inika uluhlu lwe neemfuneko eziphathelele kwinkqubo olusekelwe kubungqina eyamkelekileyo entsonkothileyo emfundo kunye nemfundo. Le nokwenziwa kwenkqubo inika umntwana ngamnye kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo lokuphila.