Physiocrats - ngubani na le nto? abameli Physiocrats

Xa ingcamango kwezoqoqosho ngenkulungwane XVI eYurophu ukuba unenzondelelo iinguqu ezibalulekileyo: Baqala uphendlo esebenzayo ukuba imithombo nkulu yeengcingane ubutyebi. Le lesiphithiphithi ukufanele ingqalelo ixesha zokuqokelelwa kobutyebi ngendlela eyayingekaphuhli of capital, ixesha apho amazwe aseYurophu baye baqalisa ukurhweba nokwandiswa kwezopolitiko, njalo njalo. D. Ngeli xesha, oohlohlesakhe recaptures sikhundla, kungekuphela kwiipolitiki, kodwa kwakhona kuqoqosho.

Ngelo xesha, kwabakho utshintsho loo nto ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubela-imfundiso classical eFransi, apho kwakukho isikolo Physiocrats, umseki leyo yayingeyiyo Fransua Kene.

Yintoni physiocracy yaye ngoobani physiocrats?

Le mbono "physiocracy" livela ngokudibana igama lesiGrike elithi "physis", bona bubonakala "indalo" yaye "kratos", into ethetha amandla, namandla, ubunganga. Physiocracy - igama lomnye kwiindawo ezininzi ithandwayo ebizwa ngokuba uqoqosho classical lwezopolitiko, kwaye Physiocrats - ukuba, ngokunjalo, abameli le meko. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba isikolo owasungula eFransi phakathi kwenkulungwane XVIII (ngo-1750, njengoko imithombo ezininzi), xa ilizwe lukhula nengxaki yenkqubo feudal ngokukhawuleza, ibinzana elithi "Physiocrats" waqalisa ukusetyenziswa kuphela kwinkulungwane XIX. It livele Dupont de Nemours, ubani imisebenzi ngunozala yesikolo French ziingcali zezoqoqosho - F. Koehne. Ngokwabo abameli kwimimandla babekhetha ezibiza i "abanoQoqosho" kunye nethiyori ke ukuba ziphuhliswe ukuze apho abaseka - ". Kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko" Physiocrats - abaxhasi kwi "umyalelo yendalo 'kubomi kwezoqoqosho ekuhlaleni, ngubani ngamandla waluthethelela ingcamango yokuba ubume bomhlaba - lo ngumba ezimeleyo kwemveliso kuphela.

Imvelaphi thiyori the Physiocrats

Ngokutsho kuninzi IsiNgesi, mbali Russian kunye nesiJamani, umseki yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko yi Adam Smith. Noko ke, izazinzulu French aphikise lo mbono, ekhala ukuba ukuvela kwale nzululwazi - an elenziwa ezizodwa zeSikolo Physiocrats. impikiswano wabo ukuba uAdam Smith ngokwakhe efuna ukuba anikele umsebenzi wakhe eziphambili "Ubutyebi Nations 'owaziwa le Physiocrats - Fransua Kene.

Physiocracy indawo ekuthiwa-mercantilism, nto leyo inkqubo ngaphezu theory. Ukongeza, ezi mercantilists wasilela ukwenza imfundiso yinxalenye zenzululwazi. Ngoko ke, oko Physiocrats bafanele ukuba agqalwe njengesibambekayo wabaseki yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko. Baye babeka phambili okokuqala kwimbali umgaqo ukuba uluntu emiselwe ezilungelelaniswe ngayo ebomini. Ngenxa yazo, kwanele ukuba ukufumanisa imithetho ezichaphazela ubomi bezoqoqosho, yaye oko kuya kuba lula ukwenza ithiyori yokuzala kunye nokusasazwa kobutyebi phakathi kwamalungu oluntu. Yabo indlela aqale sifana kakhulu indlela Adam Smith kunye nabanye abameli abadumileyo be-Economics "wayengekho".

Imfundiso Physiocrats Basics

Physiocrats - na iqela mercantilism, nto leyo eneneni ukwazile ukwakha inzululwazi kwezoqoqosho jikelele. Bavakalisa imidla amafama ezinkulu, oongxowankulu, kwaye kubangwe ukuba zolimo (amafama) aba udidi elinemveliso kuphela kuluntu.

Iimbono eziphambili zale Physiocrats zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Imithetho ngezoqoqosho ezi character ezahlukeneyo zendalo, oko kukuthi, bakwazi ukuqonda umntu ngamnye. Kwimeko ecaleni nayo le nkqubo nemithetho yokuvelisa uphazamiseke ngokungenakunqandwa.
2. Le mfundiso kwezoqoqosho Physiocrats isekelwe sikholelwa ukuba ngumthombo wobutyebi yi kwisigaba lwemveliso, ingakumbi ezolimo.
3. kwabonakala Industry nje ludlolo, ongavelisi kwinqanaba ezibonakalayo.
4. Ngu physiocrats endle uludlolo zibangelwa kunye nemisebenzi zorhwebo.
5. Physiocrats imveliso Pure kuthathwa umahluko phakathi iseti imveliso kwezolimo, kwaye indleko efunekayo ukuba bazivelise okanye bazenze.
6. Emva kokuhlalutya yinxalenye lwenkunzi, i Physiocrats (abameli umdla yamafama) ingxelo ukuba umntu kufuneka umahluko phakathi "inkqubela zonyaka" (zokuqhuba), "inkqubela zaseprayimari" (asethi esisigxina) kunye neendleko zonyaka, apho, ngokwembono yabo, lo mbutho yefama amafama-mali engundoqo .
7. Le mali ezingafakwanga nayiphi na kwezi ntlobo phambili. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba "imali-capital" yingcamango evame kakhulu isebenza ithiyori zoqoqosho zale mihla, le Physiocrats, Noko ke, akazange asebenzise ngayo, ekhala ukuba imali ludlolo, ukuba unalo ixabiso umsebenzi wabo kuphela medium of exchange. Ngaphezu koko, oko kwakukholelwa ukuba wonge imali wena ungakwazi, kuba emva nokubasusa kuleyo ukujikeleza, ke kuvinjwa elinye kuphela abaxhamlayo, umsebenzi - ukuba kube indlela exchange yempahla.
8. Umba imfundiso urhafiso i Physiocrats wehlela kwimigaqo ezintathu ezingundoqo:

- Irhafu isekelwe phezu umthombo wengeniso;

- irhafu kufuneka kufuneka ukuhlangabezana ingeniso;

- iindleko zolawulo irhafu kufuneka ibe kakhulu.

Fransua Kene kunye kwetafile yakhe yezoqoqosho

Ilungu nezoqoqosho loluntu French kwesiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVIII waba owabulawa kunye iingcamango ichazwa yaza yathunyelwa ezikolweni ngo mass Physiocrats. Abameli lo mkhwa ezoqoqosho yamandulo isigqibo imibuzo ukuba uqhubeke njani ukuba ubudlelwane kwezoqoqosho phakathi kwabantu ngokubhekiselele umyalelo zendalo, ngokunjalo kufuneka ibe yintoni na imigaqo kobudlelwane data. Owasungula le isikolo Physiocrats Fransua Kene wazalwa kwimimandla Paris ngo-1694. Xa umsebenzi wayengekho ngezoqoqosho, yaye waba ngugqirha kwinkundla Louis XV. Iingxaki yoqoqosho, waba nomdla ekufikeleleni kominyaka imashumi mathandathu.

Igalelo ephambili F. Quesnay yaba kukudala "itheyibhile kwezoqoqosho 'odumileyo. Xa umsebenzi wakhe, waza wabonisa njani imveliso iyonke ukuba wadala kwezolimo, yahlulwe phakathi kwiiklasi zentlalo okhoyo. Quesnay wakhetha mahlelo alandelayo:

- yokusebenza (amafama nabasebenzi zezolimo);

- abawaziyo (abarhwebi kunye nabenzi);

- lobunini (abanini, kwakunye kukumkani).

Ngokutsho Quesnay, intshukumo yabo imveliso iyonke yonyaka iqulathe amanyathelo 5 ezisisiseko okanye izenzo:

1. Amafama athenga zamafama iimveliso zokutya mali franc billion 1. Eli nyathelo ubuyisela kumafama franc billion 1, kwaye 1/3 imveliso yonyaka uyanyamalala ejikeleza.
2. Ppb yaveliswa njengoko iklasi nabanini nakwimizi nabanini-mhlaba ukufumana izinto zoshishino wenza "ludlolo" iklasi.
3. Mveliso ukuthenga kwesigidi amafama (iklasi onemveliso) ukutya. Ngoko ke abalimi, kwaye uya billion sele 2/3 imveliso yonyaka olandelayo liduke ejikeleza.
4. Abalimi uthenga kbavelisi yavelisa iimveliso. Iindleko iimpahla ezithengiweyo ifakiwe kwixabiso lemveliso yonyaka.
5. Mveliso ukuthenga billion evela kumafama izinto eziyimfuneko ekrwada ukuze imveliso iimveliso zabo. Ngenxa yoko, intshukumo yonyaka imveliso zinegalelo imbuyekezo imali esetyenziswa kolu shishino yaye ngokuqinisekileyo kwezolimo, njengoko prerequisite siphambili kut- inkqubo yemveliso.

Ngokuphathelele irhafu, F. Quesnay babekholelwa ukuba ubathethele kuphela kunye nabanini. Imali yerhafu iya kuba, ngokwembono yakhe, 1/3 imveliso ecocekileyo.

kuphuhliswa F. Quesnay ingqiqo ukuze zendalo kuye, ingcamango esisiseko yazo kukuba imithetho yokuziphatha, oko ke kumele urhulumente kwaye akufunekanga ibe nxamnye nomdla zoluntu luphela ummi ngamnye ngamnye.

Eyona eziphambili iingcamango Physiocrat A. Turgot

A. Turgot wazalwa ngo-1727 eFransi baphumelela Sorbonne Faculty of Theology. Okuhamba, waba nomdla economics. Iminyaka emibini, ukususela 1774 ukuya 1776 A. Turgot yaba Comptroller Jikelele. WezaBasebenzi, owakukhuphayo Physiocrats udumo, ebizwa ngokuba "Reflections on indalo kunye nokusasazwa kobutyebi", oko yapapashwa ngowe-1770.

Njengezinye Physiocrats, A. Turgot zanyanzelisa ekunikeni inkululeko epheleleyo yemisebenzi yezoqoqosho kunye nokuxoxa ukuba umthombo kuphela imveliso surplus yi ezolimo. Yayinguye lowo wokuqala kubalaseliswe eklasini "amafama" kunye neklasi "bayo" abasebenzi, abasebenzi abaziqeshileyo noosomashishini.

A. Turgot laliqulunqwe "umthetho imbuyekezo nokunqongophala", ngokutsho apho uncamathiselo emva nganye ilizwe, nokuba zabasebenzi okanye eyinkunzi onika isiphumo incinane uthimbo elidlulileyo, yaye kwinqanaba elithile kuza mda xa isiphumo ezongezelelweyo nje ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba kuzuzwe.

Amanye amalungu avelele physiocracy

Indima edlalwe yi-Physiocrats kuqoqosho yaseFransi kufanele kungajongelwa phantsi. izimvo zazo ziboniswa imisebenzi ubuntu ezaziwayo-kakuhle afana Pierre de Lepezan Boisguillebert noRichard Cantillon.

Per De Boisguillebert eyaziwa ukuba imbali le ndoda ukubeka phambili umgaqo edume «Laisser nokuhamba kancinane, laisser odlulayo», apho kamva waba umgaqo iphambili kuqoqosho. Yena kabukhali wagxeka kwithiyori mercantilism, kodwa kwangaxeshanye inkxaso nengcamango yokuba wathwala ubunzima School Physiocrats. Abameli mercantilism, njengako Boisguillebert kufuneka hlaziya umbono wabo kwinkalo yezoqoqosho, leyo ayingqinelani neengxaki akhoyo ebomini.

Ngokutsho Boisguillebert, kufanelekile ukuba kuphela ezo iirhafu ezingekho abangquzulana umyalelo zendalo, kwaye kuza kwenza igalelo kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho. Wathetha ekuphazanyisweni ngokungenabulungisa nguRhulumente kunye ubomi bezoqoqosho bokumkani, bafuna ukunika ilungelo norhwebelwano ngokukhululekileyo labantu. Ukongeza, waba ngomnye wababhali yabasebenzi ukuba ingcamango yexabiso, esithi ixabiso elililo yempahla ziya kumiselwa abasebenzi kunye neendleko umlinganiselo - ixesha besebenza.

R. Cantillon wazalelwa e-Ireland, kodwa ibe elide kakhulu babehlala eFransi. Ngowe-1755 wapapasha umsebenzi enkulu "Amava endalo kunye nezorhwebo." Xa umsebenzi wakhe, yena ichonge iingozi ezisongela lizwe ukuba iza kulandela ithisisi "ukuthenga Akubizi kakhulu kwaye bathengise imali eninzi kakhulu." R. Cantillon waphawula ukuba phakathi unikezelo kwimarike yangoku kunye nemfuneko, kukho umahluko ngenxa apho kunokwenzeka khona ukuba afumane into nakho ukuthengisa, ngokulandelelana, ezibizayo. Abantu abasebenzisa eli thuba ukuze kulungelwe, wathi "ngoosomashishini".

Ukusasazeka imfundiso le Physiocrats ngaphandle France

Physiocrats - ayikho kuphela French lowo waseka isikolo Physiocrats kwaye zikhuselwe izimvo zakhe kweli lizwe. Physiocrats kwakhona ingqalelo ngokwabo baseJamani Shlettveyn, Springer, Movilon baseItali Bandini, Delphic, Sarkiani, Swiss likaSchaeffer, uOlaf Runeberg, Hidenius, Brunkman, Westerman, nezibonda Stroynovsky B., A. Poplavsky kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Physiocrats iingcamango ngakumbi wafumana abaxhasi amaninzi eJamani. wayelapha Eyona edumileyo, uKarl-Friedrich, abazama wokuhlaziya inkqubo yerhafu. Ukuze wenze oku, khetha iilali eziliqela ezincinci, usuke zonke iirhafu zangaphambili kwaye endaweni yoko laqalisa werhafu olunye 1/5 we "ingeniso net 'livela imisebenzi emhlabeni.

Ngo-Italy, ithiyori ye-Physiocrats kube nefuthe elikhulu iinguqu eziqulathwe ubomi Tuscany, Leopold.

E Sweden physiocracy nayo recaptures sikhundla. mercantilism kanye yaqala ukwehla, kwaye Physiocrats Zange ndiphoswe ithuba lakhe. Ecwebezelayo kakhulu ngummeli wabo Hidenius sasithetha malunga imvelaphi ebangela ukuba ubuhlwempu karhulumente. Ukongeza, yena ubhidwe umbuzo yokushiywa. Wazama ukuba oyena nobangela wale meko kunye nokuphuhlisa amanyathelo okususa kuyo.

Malunga Poland kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kweli lizwe, ezolimo yaba iphambili nomsebenzi yabemi nangoku kude ukususela kwinkulungwane XVI. Kungenxa yoko le nto ngokukhawuleza kakhulu wafumana abaxhasi zalo ingcamango eyayityhala physiocrats isiFrentshi. E Poland, uqoqosho benze utshintsho ngokomgangatho umgangatho wokuphila yalo iyaxela phakathi kwabantu linyuke kakhulu.

Kudlalwa physiocracy eRussia

Nangona Russia wayengekho abameli olunyulu Physiocrats, kodwa imiqathango ethile oku ukusa kumkhamo othile nempembelelo ubukumkani uCatherine II. Ngokomzekelo, kwiminyaka yokuqala wobukumkani bakhe of uKumkanikazi izenza iifektri bodwa ekuvelisweni imveliso, yaye ngoMatshi 17, 1775 ipapasha Manifesto ukuba wayevakalisa othi ithuba lokukhuphisana free. Ngowe-1765 ukuba udale i-Free Economic Society, amalungu egama beseka Russian of Applied physiocracy. Omnye wabo sezolimo Andrei Bolotov.

NguDmitry Golitsyn waba umthunywa Russian eParis yaye ngokufuthi wathabatha inxaxheba kwiintlanganiso ze-French Physiocrats. Ziphefumlelwe izimvo zabo, kucetyiswa ukuba uCatherine II ukuthumela umfundi Pierre Quesnay de la Riviera isimemo kutyelela eRussia. Ukufika kweli lizwe, Riviere wenza kwisigqibo kwezinye ukuba serfdom ezinxamnye "umyalelo zendalo", ukuveza umbono wakhe elingalunganga kwaye, ekugqibeleni, emva kweenyanga 8, wathunyelwa wabuyela eFransi.

Golitsyn, ke, wabeka phambili ingcamango ukuvumela amafama inkululeko umntu ubanike ilungelo lokuba nezinto ezizezakhe impahla yakhe. Ilizwe wacela ukuba ushiye yipropathi kwabanini, nenokuthi aqeshise ngaso kubalimi.

Ekubeni nenani-70. Catherine ngekhulu XVIII II kakhulu watshintsha uluvo lwakhe malunga Physiocrats. Ngoku uqala ukukhalaza ukuba bakhathele nge tai yakhe kunye neengcebiso ngalo lonke ithuba ubabiza "ranters" okanye "uzikhohlisa macala."

Ezingeloncedo kwiimfundiso Physiocrats

Kwaye ke mercantilists kunye physiocrats ngokufuthi agxekwa iingcamango zakhe. Phakathi iintsilelo ezinkulu Physiocrats yesikolo ilandelayo:

1. Eyona ethile le thiyori kuqhutyelwe phambili physiocrats, ezinxulumene ngokuyintloko ngenkolelo sicinge ukuba kwezolimo icandelo kuphela ukudala ubutyebi.
2. zabasebenzi bazimisele kuphela kwezolimo.
3. Physiocrats ixoxe ukuba uhlobo kuphela imveliso surplus ingumhlaba rent.
4. Azandlala ukungaqondi malunga ngebande elinye kunye neendleko zabasebenzi kwakhona ngumthombo umhlaba.
5. Abazange ukuqhuba uhlalutyo olunzulu kunye olubanzi inkqubo yokuzala, kuba iziveliso zoshishino ayizange ibonwe ngabo njengomthombo yexabiso.

Ukomelela kwiimfundiso Physiocrats

Phakathi kwiinkalo ezakhayo thiyori le Physiocrats kufuneka bonisa oku kulandelayo:

1. Enye yemfaneleko eziyintloko Physiocrats kukuba bakwazi ukudlulisela uphando kwisigaba kwimveliso. Umzekelo wabo kwalandelwa lonke uqoqosho zoqobo yezopolitiko.
2. iintlobo yamaphephandaba Physiocrats imveliso ingqalelo njengoko komzimba, okt zendalo kunye elizimeleyo wesintu okanye isakhiwo sezopolitiko yoluntu. Oku ekuqaleni imfundiso naxanasi kwemithetho kwezoqoqosho.
3. Wasivuna imbono yokuba ubutyebi ukusetyenziswa-ixabiso, hayi imali.
4. Ngaba izazinzulu bokuqala banikela ukwahlukanisa imveliso emigudwini balala emqokozweni.
5. Banika kwenkcazo 'capital. "
6. Kufaneleka ukwahlulwa kuluntu kwiiklasi ezintathu.
7. F. Quesnay ngo "itheyibhile kwezoqoqosho 'wakhe wenza inzame ukwenza uhlahlelo olunzulu inkqubo yokuzala.
8. Ukuchola umxholo exchange elingana, i Physiocrats kubethwa enzima imfundiso le mercantilists kwaqinisekisa ukuba ngokutshintshiselana lulodwa ngumthombo wobutyebi.

Ekubeni Physiocrats fanele ukuba ingcamango ekudaleni ubutyebi kuphela kwezolimo, afuna ukuba urhulumente rhoxisa yonke irhafu kwicandelo mveliso. Ngenxa yoko, kwakukho iimeko zokuphuhliswa eqhelekileyo yongxowankulu.