Kutheni iintsholongwane yodwa kummandla ekhethekileyo wendalo ophilileyo?

Zonke izinto eziphilayo kwiplanethi yethu ngesayensi lweelwimi kwahlulwa ibe ngamaqela eziliqela elikhulu eziquka ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kweentlobo kunye ohlobo. Kutheni iintsholongwane idla indawo ekhethekileyo? Kule kukho izizathu ezizodwa, ukuba izazinzulu ukusebenzisa kucalulo efanayo. Makhe nguwe yaye ndiza kuphanda lo mba.

amaqela amabini

Kutheni iintsholongwane idla indawo ekhethekileyo? Impendulo ilula: zonke izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni yethu angohlulwa lokungavinjwa ngokwamaqela amakhulu amabini: prokaryotes kunye eukaryotes. Kule yesibini iquka ikhowa kunye nezityalo nezilwanyana - eziphilayo multicellular.

Okokuqala iibhaktheriya zimelwe ngokubanzi (kwakhona tsianovodoroslyami kunye nomngundo ezincane). Abameli iqela lokuqala kufuneka ezahlukene, sivumele iintsholongwane ukuba amisele abantu abakhethekileyo, ikheswa kwabo bonke. Kwakutheni ukuze iintsholongwane idla indawo ekhethekileyo? Yintoni umahluko ntoni ahluke kwezinye izinto zazivelela?

Umahluko omkhulu, okanye kutheni iintsholongwane idla indawo ekhethekileyo?

Umahluko omkhulu, bakwazi ukwenza lohlelo: prokaryote akukho inucleus ikhona DNA setyhula ngqo kukho icytoplasm (ebizwa ngokuba umbuzo esebenzayo yalo nucleoid). Xa eukaryotes, kwelinye icala, undoqo Zibonisa ngokucacileyo kwaye data amafa bahlukane kukho icytoplasm oonokrwece zabo. Ngenxa yoko, siyabona ukuba iintsholongwane zahluke kwezinye izinto eziphilileyo ukuba bahlala Earth, kubume zazo zangaphakathi.

Ukongeza, uninzi abanye abathathu izikumkani - izilwanyana kunye nezityalo kunye neenkowane - izidalwa multicellular. Kwaye phantse zonke iintsholongwane kwiseli enye.

Ezinye iimpawu

Kukho izizathu ezongezelelweyo ukuqonda isizathu sokuba iintsholongwane idla indawo ekhethekileyo.

• Ekubeni prokaryotes akukho ezingundoqo, akukho nto ezifana mitosis. Bathi nokuzala icandelo elula leeseli kwisiqingatha.
• Xa eukaryotes, lo ribosomal emikhulu organelles: i-mitochondria kunye namaziko iseli kunye reticulum endoplasmic. A indima organelles ziibhakteriya inwebu mesosoma eyenziwa - protuberances kwi inwebu plasma, kunye ribosomes - ezincinane organelles non-ndizayo.
• iiseli Prokaryotic kuba ngaphantsi kakhulu kunalowo eukaryotes (ubukhulu - malunga 10 amaxesha umthamo - malunga liwaka).

Le nokufana omabini amaqela

Noko ke, abameli bawo onke amaqela ayafana kubume. Iiseli ze nayiphi esiphilayo ziqulathe: okokuqala, i inwebu plasma, yaye okwesibini, ukuba kukho icytoplasm, okwesithathu, ribosomes. Lo mthetho usebenza kubo bonke abameli abakhoyo izikumkani indalo.

iyantlukwano

Ngenxa yoko, siye saseka kutheni iintsholongwane yodwa kummandla ezizodwa eziphilayo. Ubukumkani elikhulu ngokwenene, yaye iquka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ukudibanisa archaea kunye eubacteria, umngundo esasinokubonwa icyanobacteria. Phantsi iintsholongwane inzululwazi yanamhlanje eqonda eziphilayo incinane, prokaryotes, obubonakala ngokuba yincwadi evuliweyo isakhiwo eyiselula (ubukhulu - 0.1-30 microns).

Ezi zidalwa zibonwa abangaboniyo, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo enombala, akunakwenzeka ngokwasemzimbeni. Nje kwenzeka ukuba kokusungulwa isixhobo ngemicroscope, kuse kwixesha elithile emva kokuba ezinye izikhanyiso nenzululwazi (oku kuquka, umzekelo, kwaye odumileyo Karl Linney) wakhanyela ubukho uhlobo ezi izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu, bebanika umdlalo lwabo banga. Okwangoku, oosonzululwazi baye bafunda iindidi ezimbini ezinesiqingatha amawaka kuphela yaye le ubukumkani. Kodwa kuninzi kufunyanwa - nto nangoku iintlobo ezaziwayo. Uhlolisiso iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo ababandakanyekayo kwisebe ethile kwezenzululwazi - eziphilayo. Yena uphonononga abemi abaninzi ezininzi iplanethi yethu, nto leyo ayibonakali ngeliso lenyama.