Kutheni le nzululwazi ibiza ukukhwabanisa uninzi lwaphando lomhlaza?

"Wonke umntu kufuneka aqonde ukuba uphando olunzulu lomhlaza lubuqhetseba, kwaye imibutho emikhulu ejongene nokufunda ngokubanzi ngale ngxaki ayenzi imisebenzi yabo kubantu ababaxhasayo."

Ingcamango yesazinzululwazi ogunyazisiweyo

Ingcaphuno engentla iLynus Pauling (1901-1994), i-Ph.D. kunye nomzuzwana weNobel umvuzo kwi-chemistry. Lo mntu uthathwa njengomnye wezona zenzululwazi ezisemthethweni kwimbali. Ungumsekeli weengcamango ezininzi kwi-chemum chemistry kunye ne-biology ye-molecular.

Inzululwazi yayiyinkokeli yoxolo emhlabeni. Wayemenywa ukuba angene kwiSebe leMicrosoft yaseManhattan Project, kodwa wala. Kananjalo ungumongameli womsebenzi omkhulu kwi-tekhnoloji yempi, eyenza igalelo elikhulu kwihlabathi lezesayensi. Ukukhangela ngokukhawuleza kwe-Google kuya kukwanela ukuba ufuna ukufumana ulwazi oluninzi malunga nalo mntu.

Indima yaloo nzu lulwazi kwisayensi inkulu. Kwaye akayena yedwa uyingcali ehlabathini ebonisa iinkolelo ezingenakuphikiswa malunga nophando lomhlaza.

Inkolelo yokukhwabanisa ifumana ubungqina

Nanku omnye umzekelo omhle wecatshulwa elinzima xa kuziwa ngobuqhetseba bezesayensi kunye nokuphathwa. Ivela kuDkt. Marcia Angell, ugqirha oye waba ne-post-editor of head of the New England Medical Journal (NEMJ). Eli phephancwadi liyimpapasho ehloniphekileyo kwihlabathi lamachiza.

"Akunakwenzeka ukuba akholelwe kwiimvavanyo zonyango, iingxelo ezishicilelweyo, okanye zithembele kwimbono yoogqirha abathembekileyo kunye neengcebiso zonyango ezigunyazayo. Ndifuna ukuvuma ukuba andiyivuyo kakhulu kwesi sigqibo. Ndaya kwesi sigqibo ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngenyameko kangangeminyaka engamashumi amabini njengomhleli weNew England Journal of Medicine, "inzululwazi ithi.

Uluhlu lwabaxhasi luhlala luzaliswa

Uluhlu lwabaphengululi beengcali alupheli. UDkt John Byler wasebenza iminyaka engama-20 kwiNational Cancer Institute. Umphandi naye uphinde abe ngumhleli-oyintloko kwincwadi yakhe. Inzululwazi yenza isitatimende sikawonkewonke: "Uvalo lwam oluqhelekileyo kukuba inkqubo yesizwe yokulwa nomhlaza kufuneka ihlelwe phantsi. Yonke uphando lwethu lomhlaza kwiminyaka engama-20 liluhlu lwezinto ezingapheliyo. " Waphinde wathi ukunyangwa komhlaza ngokubanzi kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuhluleka ngokupheleleyo.

Iingcamango ezilwanyana azikwazi ukwazisa

Inzala yoluntu yinto yokuba ininzi yemali eyanikezelwa uphando lomhlaza isetyenziselwa ukufunda isilwanyana semfuyo. Loo msebenzi wenzululwazi uthathwa njengabantu abaninzi.

Ngokomzekelo, ngo-1981, uDkt. Irwin Bross, owayesakuba ngumlawuli we-Sloan-Kettering Research Institute (i-world's largest research center) wathi: "Ukungaxhamli kwezifundo ezininzi zezilwanyana akuninzi ngokubanzi. Ngokomzekelo, ukufunyanwa kwee-chemotherapeutic agents ukwenzela unyango lomhlaza womntu kuye kwafakwa kwisayensi njengesigxina ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zezilwanyana. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukulindela okulindelekileyo. Iziphumo zavunywa yiqela labantu abafumene iimali zenkxaso yemfuyo yezifundo zezilwanyana. Kukho ubungqina obuncinane bokuxhasa le mfundiso. Ngokuqhelekileyo zonke i-agents ze-chemotherapeutic zifunyenwe kumongo wekliniki, kwaye kungekhona kwimvavanyo eyenziwa kwizilwanyana. "

Icala eliphambene nenye yemali

Namhlanje, unyango lwezifo lukhuthazwa ngemali. Eli li shishini elinenzuzo kakhulu, kodwa kuphela xa lijoliswe kunyango, kunokuba kuthathwe amanyathelo okukhusela okanye unyango, kwaye oku kubaluleke kakhulu.

Esinye isicatshulwa esizalisa zonke iingxelo ezi ngasentla zenziwe nguDkt. Dean Burke, umvelisi wezinto eziphilayo zeMerika kunye nompempi ophezulu kwiSizwe seCancercer Institute: "Xa unamandla, akudingeki ukuba uthethe inyaniso. Lo mgaqo uyasebenza kwizizukulwana ezininzi. Inquma ukuziphatha kwabantu abaninzi abanqwenela ukuvula onke amakhadi xa bezo zikhundla zokuphatha. "

Umsebenzi wakhe "Ukuzimisela kwamaxesha okungafani kwama-enzyme," eshicilelwe kwiNcwadi ye-American Chemical Society, yenye yezona zinto zikhankanywe rhoqo kwiindawo ze-biochemistry. Inzululwazi yathi kwakhona: "I-fluoride ibangele ukufa kwabantu besifo somhlaza kunanoma yiphina imichiza. Olu lunye lobubungqina obunamandla kunzululwazi endiyifumene nayo kwingcipheko yophando lomhlaza iminyaka engama-50. "

Inzululwazi iduka ebumnyameni

Ngomhla kaJanuwari 15, 2015 weMagazini yeLancet, ebonwa njengeyona nkcazo yonyango e-UK, umhleli-nhloko uRichard Horton wathi: "Uninzi lweencwadi zenzululwazi lunokungalunganga. Inzululwazi yajika yaba bumnyama. "

Ngo-2005, uDkt. John P. A. Ioannidis, ngoku uprofesa wokukhusela izifo kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford, wakhicilela inqaku elibanzi elifumanekayo lokufunda kwiincwadi zoLondolozo lweeNkonzo zoLuntu (PLoS). Kwakunegama loqobo "Kutheni iziphumo zophando ezipapashiweyo zinyani".

Kule ngxelo, usosayensi wathi: "Inkxalabo ekhulayo kukuba inani elincinci leempapasho ezipapashiweyo zophando lomhlaza lubuxoki."

Iminqweno yeenkampani zonyango iyanqoba

Isikhungo somhlaza esiyinkimbinkimbi saseYunivesithi yaseMichigan sashicilele uhlalutyo olubonisa ukuba uphando oludumileyo kummandla we-pathologies lungumxoki kwaye iziphumo ezininzi zenziwe. Le nyaniso ichazwa ngquzulwano lwemfuno.

Iingcali zenzululwazi zicebise ukuba iziphumo ezikhohlakeleyo zihlangabezane nezilindelo zezona nkxalabo ezinkulu. Ekugqibeleni, uninzi lwaphando lwe-oncological lukhutshwe ngqo.

Kukho ixabiso elininzi lenkcazelo elisebenzayo njengesiqinisekiso saloluvo, kwaye luvela kubantu ababandakanyeke ngqo kule nkqubo. Enyanisweni, akukho nqongophala yemithombo ethembekileyo engathanda ukuchaza ukuba siphila kwihlabathi lobuqhetseba lobuqhetseba kunye nokuxhaphaza.

Yonke le nto ingabonakala kwi "corporatocracy" esiphila ngayo namhlanje, xa iinkampani ezinkulu zeqela elikhethiweyo labantu "abakhethiweyo" bathatha ukulawula umhlaba kunye nazo zonke izibonelelo zayo.

Oku kuchaza ukuba kutheni ezinye izigulane zithatha unyango, kwaye zihlawula ingqalelo ngokukhethekileyo ekukhuselweni komhlaza. Ininzi yezinto ezisijikelezayo kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla inxulumene nomhlaza. Inombolo yezinto ezixhasayo ze-oncology kunokwenzeka ukuba zithwale izibulala-zinambuzane, i-GMO, iindlela zokuziqhenqa, ukutya ezithile, ukutshaya, utswala kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi. Yiyo into engakaze ixineke ngakumbi. Sisoloko siphosakele, sicinga ukuba ukunikela ngemali kwimibutho encedisayo eyenza uphando loomhlaza luya kusinika ithuba lokubalekela ingxaki, nangona ukuba imisebenzi yabo yenzeke kakhulu.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Cannab kungabonakali

Nangona kunjalo, abaninzi abantu baye baphumelela kwezinye iindlela zokonyango. Ngokomzekelo, iziphumo ezilungileyo zanikwa ioli ye-cannabis ngokudibanisa nokutya okuluhlaza. Abanye abantu babebandakanya naye kwikhemotherapy yabo.

Isikhundla esisemthethweni kwi-cannabisi ngumzekelo ocacileyo we-disinformation echazwe kwinqaku. Iipropati zayo zokuchasana ziye zabonakaliswa iminyaka emininzi, kodwa akukho zilingo zonyango ezenziwe.

Eli nqaku linika ukutya okufutshane. Le ngcaciso inganakunyuswa, kodwa ungaphenduli amehlo kwiinkcukacha ezininzi.