Imbali karhulumente Russian enemvelaphi yayo ngamakhoboka. Yaye ukusuka apho waya kwintetho yethu amazwi amaninzi. Ngokuba le mini sikhumbula ukumkani ertyisi, Trishka caftan yakhe, "bonke Ivanovo". Kwaye apha ke omnye Izaci, kancinci kancinci njengoko isetyenziswa ngoku, kodwa kakhulu, umdla kakhulu.
Ukuzimisela yokuvakalisa
Eli binzana - "iminyaka enga". Indlela ukuqonda izithethi zomthonyama mihla? Ethetha elidlulileyo elikude. ngenkulungwane ye-16, ebudeni bolawulo Ivana Groznogo. Kanye ngeli xesha, yaye kwakukho "iminyaka enga". Ngowe-1581 esibi liqhuba ubalo. Kwelinye icala, yena siqhutywa ngumnqweno ukubethelela igunya labo ngeendleko wabanumzana abathembekileyo, ehambisa amazwe azo ebuncwaneni ukuze nemiti abalimi. Kwelinye - kwi imi--70-80 ehle kakhulu uqoqosho eRashiya. Eloyikekayo Kubalulekile ukuchonga ngobungakanani bomonakalo. Loko urhulumente tsarist, ngokwemiyalelo bakhe, baza ukwazisa iminyaka ezitokisini. Oku namnye ngaphandle amafama isalelo kude umkhosi umnini omnye komnye. Ngokutsho Sudebnik 1497, emva kokuphela komsebenzi entsimini, xa koSuku eSt George kaThixo (26 Novemba), amafama akwazi ukufumana kude iinkosi ethile ububi komnye, nobuntu ngakumbi. Umthetho "iminyaka enga" ndayihluthwa abafuna ithuba enjalo. Ekuqaleni Ivan kwi amakhoboka abantu baqhubeka Fyodor Ivanovich, uvaliwe kwiminyaka 1592-93 ngokwahlukana ye abalimi kwiilali zabo. Hi ndlela leyi, ngokusekelwe esi siganeko Ndazalelwa ibinzana elithi: "! Thabatha, ugogo, noSuku eSt George esithi"
etymology
Ngoko ke, kunyaka ongamiselwanga ekuqalisweni kwe kunyaka ezikhuselweyo - 1581. Official -. 1592. Igama ingqiqo ezinxulumene elithi "umyalelo", elithetha "Umthetho", "mnqophiso," "ummiselo", "kubulawa esisinyanzelo" Okubangel 'umdla kukuba mbali anifumananga kwi yemihla, iincwadi kunye namanye amaxwebhu ngexesha Ivana Groznogo ezikhethiweyo mibhalo malunga "iminyaka esalelweyo" - ezo minyaka xa abemi emaphandleni, ukuhlonipheka bawuthobele, kukhethwa ithuba lokuya kwenye ilali okanye isixeko. Abaphandi aziwa kuphela Ngokubhekiselele imithetho yokumkani. Kodwa kutheni bekholelwa ukuba ukuqaliswa ngokusesikweni ubudala okhuselweyo lu dityanisiwe ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-16 - ukusuka kwiminyaka 1592-93? Kwaye ngenxa emva kwaloo mhla anifumananga nokuba kubhekiswa lo myalelo.
Ukomeleza serfdom
Ekugqibeleni Oko kuthetha konke oku? Okokuqala, sibulela i "iincwadi umbhali", okt. E. Ukubalwa, kwakukho ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi oluneenkcukacha, umfanekiso ocacileyo abalimi abahlala sikarhulumente. Oku kube negalelo nje ukubuyisela ukuze kweli lizwe, kodwa zavelisa nzuzo kulawulo feudal. Nabalimi belizwe ngoku nako bathi ukuya kwindawo esisigxina yokuhlala njengako yonke ingcaciso ayifumene, yaye ukuba umntu babaleka mhlaba, kwaba lula ukufumanisa ukuba lowo ngeyabo. Ngoko owasungulwa abanini yeengcungcu of ngamakhoboka, kwabakho isiseko somthetho nokulungisa abaqhelekileyo yeenkosi. Ekugqibeleni, le migaqo ekhuselweyo iminyaka baye eyamkelekileyo. Kwaye le ngcamango ngcembe eye zisabonakala, eseleyo kuphela umfanekiso, ibinzana ethandwayo. Kwaye ngoku, oko kubonwa ntonye into yamandulo, wamandulo, njengoko ongafaniyo namhlanje.