Kwabulawa e iSrebrenica ngo-1995: Oonobangela

Kwabulawa e iSrebrenica ngoJulayi 1995, uye waba ngomnye ugqaliselo ezininzi ngokukrakra imfazwe Bosnian. Ngokutsho isigqibo UN yesixeko ibhengeze ummandla wokhuseleko, apho abahlali bakwazi ukuthwala igazi ngaphandle. Iminyaka emibini iSrebrenica wafudukela amawaka Bosniaks. Xa yathinjwa namaSerb, umkhosi abaqalise kubulawa. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi ezahlukeneyo, baye bafa ukususela ngowe-7 ukuya kwi-8 amawaka Bosniaks - uninzi amakhwenkwe, amadoda kunye nabantu abadala. Kamva inkundla i ngamazwe iye yayiqwalasela izenzakalo kohlanga.

ngumba

Kufa of empini lwalungekho nokunqaba banobukroti Bosnian. Kubulawa yaba phambili ubhalo zolu nyango nabuntu ababechasene omnye komnye. Ngowe-1993, esi sixeko kwakuhlala ngumkhosi Bosnian phantsi umyalelo naser Oric. Ngoko wavuka iSrebrenica eyayigquba - intwana encinane somhlaba, olawulwa yi amaSilamsi, kodwa engqongwe ngokupheleleyo kummandla weRiphabliki Srpska.

Ngenxa yoko, AmaBosnia uqale behlasela yokohlwaya kwi kwiilali ezikufutshane. inqwaba yamaSerb abulawa ngexesha uhlaselo. Konke oku wongezelela kukudla komlilo. imikhosi amabini esilwa bamthiya omnye komnye, zaxolela ukukhuphela umsindo babo abahlali abamsulwa. Ngowe-1992 - iminyaka 1993. iilali Bosnian owayo lwatsha lwaphela. Itotali ukutshatyalaliswa iindawo ezingama-50.

NgoMatshi 1993, ngomhla iSrebrenica wakhankanya kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo. wathi Umbutho Umzi yindawo ekhuselekileyo. Ukuze abajongene Dutch ziye zaziswa. Kuba oko libonelelwe ngohlahlo lwabiwo-database eyahlukileyo, elisuke laba yindawo ephephile yazo kwiikhilomitha ezininzi emhlabeni. Sekunjalo, lo eyayigquba eso. "Iminqwazi Blue 'ayikwazanga nefuthe imeko kule ngingqi. Iziganeko e iSrebrenica ngo-1995 kwenzeka kanye xa umkhosi Bosnian yanikezela isixeko kunye ebumelwaneni, eshiya abemi yedwa kunye namaqela Serbian.

Lokufakwa iSrebrenica yayingamaSerb

NgoJulayi 1995, i-Republika Srpska Army lasungula umsebenzi ukuba ulawulo iSrebrenica. Le hlaselo lwaqhutywa imikhosi Drinskogo emzimbeni. I-Dutch phantse akazange azame ukuyeka namaSerb. Yonke abazenzileyo - emsebenzini phezu kweentloko abahlaseli, ukuze ukunoyikisa ngazo. Uhlaselo ababandakanyekayo kwamasoldati, yokuba angaba 10 amawaka. Baqhubeka ukuya kwi iSrebrenica, apho le nto abajongene bagqiba ukuba sibalekele kwisiseko zabo. Mu kuya kwa nshita imikhosi UN, moya NATO wazama ukuba umlilo phezu kwiitanki Serb. Emva koko, kuqhuma phambili ezisengozini phezu abajongene ezincinane kakhulu. UmNtla Atlantic Alliance yagqiba ekubeni ukuphazamisa Ukungabikho eyayigquba Bosnian.

Julayi 11 kwidolophana Potočari iimbacu malunga 20 amawaka bahlanganisana iindonga iyunithi yasemkhosini ngoweqela abajongene UN. Kwabulawa e iSrebrenica akazange kuchaphazela Bosniaks abambalwa wakwazi ukuba atyhudise, abheke kuvimba ezikhuselweyo. indawo ezanele akuyona yonke. a kuphela amawaka ambalwa abantu baye yokuzimela. Phumla zokulindela yamaSerb kwafuneka kuzimela emaphandleni ajikelezileyo mveliso bamshiya.

Government Bosnian baqonda ukuba kukufika utshaba eyayigquba ziya kuphela. Ngoko ke, ulawulo wagqiba ukuba kuphunywe iSrebrenica nabantu e saseTuzla. Lo msebenzi wabelwa kwiCandelo 28. Yaba imfazwe 5000, malunga-15 amawaka iimbacu, abasebenzi esibhedlele, ulawulo komzi, njalo njalo. D. Julayi 12 kule lori uhlaselwe. ZamaSerb kwaye Bosniaks baqalisa kwidabi yasemkhosini. Empini babaleka. Kamva ke ngokwabo ukufika saseTuzla. Aba bantu aba bengaxhobanga. Bazama ukugcina udluliselwe iindlela, ukuze kukhubeka iibhakana ezizizingqinisiso Serbian. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi ezahlukeneyo, phambi kokuba uqale kwabulawa e iSrebrenica zaseTuzla wakwazi ukubaleka abantu malunga 5 amawaka.

kubulwa

Xa umkhosi Republika Srpska, wathabatha olawula eyayigquba, amajoni baqalisa ubunzima kusondele Bosniaks esingayilungisanga bakwazi ukubaleka kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo. Kubulawa yathatha iintsuku eziliqela. Serb wabahlula abantu Bosnian ibe ngamaqela, nganye kuzo zithunyelwa kwigumbi elahlukileyo.

Ubunzima ekubulaweni lokuqala lwenzeka ngomhla we-13 kuJulayi. Bosniaks basiwa kwi Cerska kwintlambo lomlambo, apho omkhulu sokubulala bathwalwa phandle. Kwakhona zokudubula kwenzeka azivuni ezinkulu yelo bendawo imifelandawonye yezolimo. AmaSilamsi, ngubani elinde ukuba uza kufa, igcinwe ekuthinjweni ngaphandle ukutya. Banikwe nje intwana yamanzi ukugcina ubomi kude kube mzuzu ngokubulawa. Julayi ubushushu kunye iiholo abaninzi izakhiwo eshiyiwe zibe yinto eliphakathi elisemagqabini ezingcolileyo.

Okokuqala izidumbu ababuleweyo aphoswa izisele. Ababhali baqalisa ukubeka indlela ekhethekileyo ukususa izidumbu kwindawo ngokukhethekileyo ukulungele apho amangcwaba elikhulu ubunzima akhe agrunjwa. Le ababefuneka ukufihla izenzo zabo. Kodwa ke bengenanto ukufihla i yenkohlakalo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba kude. Kamva, abaphandi baye baqokelela eninzi ubungqina bobundlobongela. Ukongeza, ngokubanzi ubungqina ngamangqina amaninzi.

kuqhubekayo ubudlova

Yokubulala eyayisetyenziswa imipu nje kuphela, kodwa iziqhushumbisi ukuba bephosa enqabeni yomkhosi ezipheleleyo Bosniaks kuthinjwa. Kamva, abaphandi bafumana ezi warehouses eyintsalela igazi, iinwele kunye neziqhushumbisi. Uhlalutyo bonke ubungqina eziphathekayo kube lula ukuseka ezinye amaxhoba, uhlobo izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo, njalo-njalo. D.

Abantu babanjwa emasimini kunye neendlela. Ukuba namaSerb bayeka iibhasi kunye iimbacu, bamthabathela kubo bonke abantu. Abafazi nethamsanqa ngakumbi. Abameli UN baye baqala thethwano kunye nama yaye ndeyisekile ukuba angabandululi bemke le eyayigquba. ISrebrenica ushiye 25 amawaka abafazi.

Kubulawa e iSrebrenica yaba yeyona inkulu-scale ukubulawa abahlali eYurophu ukususela ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kwelabantu baye abaninzi kangangokuba ukungcwatywa wabo akufunyanwanga kwiminyaka emininzi kamva. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-2007, kwafunyaniswa ngempazamo engcwabeni ubunzima Bosniacs, leyo waphumla izidumbu ngaphezulu kwama-600.

Management luxanduva Republika Srpska

Kwenzeka iziganeko iSrebrenica ngo-1995? Iintsuku eziliqela kwisixeko kwakungekho ababukeleyo ngamazwe. Abantu bacinga ukuba ubuncinane senze ngokufanayo ulwazi malunga ngoko kwenzeka ehlabathini lonke. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba amarhe ukubulawa baqalisa coca ulwelo ngaphandle i emva kokuba isehlo kweentsuku nje ezimbalwa. Akukho namnye waba akukho lwazi malunga yintoni na isikali kwabulawa in iSrebrenica. Izizathu zoku ilele ukusekelwa-mthetho ngqo ngabasemagunyeni ye Republika Srpska.

Xa iimfazwe yesiYugoslav na ngasemva kwethu, amazwe Koloni usete imeko Belgrade extradite Radovan Karadzic kwi Tribunal International. Waye umongameli Republika Srpska neentloko zezindlu namagosa, ngenxa oluqale ekubulaweni iSrebrenica. Iifoto lo mntu uba kumaphepha ndaba Koloni. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo ngayo sele ibhengeziwe umvuzo enkulu kwezigidi ezihlanu zeerandi.

Karadzic wabamba kuphela kwiminyaka emininzi kamva. Malunga 10 neminyaka wayephila e Belgrade, waliguqula igama lakhe kunye nenkangeleko. Owayesakuba wezopolitiko kunye nejoni iyaqhutywa indlu encinane i uYuri Gagarin Street, sisebenza ngugqirha. arhente Intelligence ikwazile ukufikelela mbaleki kuphela ngenxa umnxeba ovela a ekuthinjweni ummelwane. Belgradets bayacetyiswa ukuba ukujonga bangaziswa ngenxa Ukufana yakhe olukrokrisayo Karadzic. Ngowe-2016 wagwetywa iminyaka engama-40 entolongweni ngezityholo ekuhleleni ngesothuso abaninzi ngokuchasene umphakathi Bosniak kunye nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho imfazwe.

ukwalela mthetho

Ngemihla zokuqala emva kokuba ntlekele ezenzeka jikelele Bosnian owayo wakhanyela ukuba ezinkulu-scale nokubulawa. Athumela uthumo leyo ukuphanda iziganeko iSrebrenica ngoJulayi 1995. Kwingxelo yayo, sithetha amakhulu amabanjwa kwabafileyo.

urhulumente Karadzic kaThixo ngoko kunamathela inguqulo umkhosi Bosnian wazama bayagqobhoza, bayangena encirclement kunye ukubalekela saseTuzla. Izidumbu labo babulawa kwezi amadabi iqela abangamaSerb oluboniswe njengobungqina "kohlanga". Kwabulawa e iSrebrenica ngo-1995 zange iqatshelwe yi the Republic of Srpska. Uphando Injongo emhlabeni yaqala kuphela emva kokuphela kwemfazwe Bosnian. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kulo eyayigquba baqhubeka mazilawulwe separatists.

Nangona namhlanje kwabulawa kwi iSrebrenica ngoJulayi 1995 ningabagwebanga abasemagunyeni eSerbia, umongameli yangoku yale lizwe engafuni nokuva kohlanga kwenzeke. Ngokutsho Tomislav Nikolic, urhulumente kufuneka ukufumana abenzi abohlwaye. Noko ke, yena ukholelwa ukuba amagama "kohlanga" wayeza kuba engachanekanga. E Belgrade, ngokubonakalayo basebenzisane kunye neNkundla International. Abuyiselwe Inkundla The Hague yenye yeemeko ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ukuze kubandakanywe eSerbia kwi European Union. Ingxaki lokuhlanganisa beli lizwe "intsapho" jikelele Yehlabathi Old uhlala engekasonjululwa kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. Kulo mzekelo, i Croatia elimelene wajoyina i-EU ngo-2013, nangona oko kwabuchaphazela kwakhona iimfazwe Balkan kunye obscurantism kwegazi.

iimpembelelo zezopolitiko

massacre esibi iSrebrenica ngowe-1995 kwaba nemiphumo ngqo yezopolitiko. Bamba iindawo Serb phantsi kolawulo abajongene UN, kwakhokelela ekuqaleni NATO iziqhushumbisi kwi Republika Srpska. Songenelelo North Atlantic Alliance ukuze kukhawuleziswe ukugqitywa imfazwe. Ngowe-1996, Bosniaks, amaSerb nama-Croats zisayiniwe Dayton Izivumelwano ukuba yaphela imfazwe yegazi Bosnian.

Nangona kubulawa e iSrebrenica ngo-1995, kwakukho sele ixesha elide, intlokoma ezo ziganeko nangoku zinikwe kwezopolitiko ngamazwe. Ngowe-2015 intlanganiso ye- UN liBhunga lezoKhuseleko, apho isigqibo uyilo kwi ntlekele kwi eyayigquba Bosnian yayigqalwa. UK ecetywayo ukuqaphela ngokubulawa kwabantu Muslims kohlanga. Eli phulo kwakhona kuxhaswa yi-US kunye neFransi. China babengayi. Russia wamelana isisombululo kunye azo ngayo. Amagosa yesicelo kwi-UN wachaza esi sigqibo ngokuthi uvavanyo elibukhali kakhulu iziganeko Bosnia enokukhokelela komnye umjikelo yongquzulwano inter-zobuhlanga kwiiBalkans namhlanje. Noko ke, amazwi "kohlanga" isasetyenziswa nangoku kwezinye iimeko (umzekelo, i-Tribunal Hague).

ISrebrenica emva kwemfazwe

Ngo-2003, uMongameli US ngo-1993 - 2001. Bill Clinton mathupha iSrebrenica ukuvula sisikhumbuzo kumaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho imfazwe. Yaba nguye owenza izigqibo ngexesha iimfazwe kwiiBalkans. Minyaka le sisikhumbuzo ityelelwa amawaka Bosniaks - izalamane abo babulala nabenzakeleyo kunye bakubo ezilula. Nkqu nabo abahlali azichaphazeleki ngqo kubulawa, ayazi kakuhle kwaye baqonde umvambo wemfazwe. ungquzulwano Bloody wazikrazula wonke ummandla yeBosnia, ngaphandle kokukhetha. Kwabulawa e iSrebrenica ngoJulayi 1995 kuphela eyincopho izidubedube zobuhlanga.

Esi sixeko igama lawo evela zezimbiwa yasekuhlaleni. Malunga Silver waziwa ngamaRoma amandulo. Bosnia bekusoloko ilizwe amahlwempu neekona buthuntu (kwi Habsburgs in Ottoman kunye t. D.). ISrebrenica kuba kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi bahlala omnye kakhulu lulungiselelwe ukuba ubomi obutofotofo ezidolophini. Emva kweMfazwe Civil, eli lizwe wemka phantse bonke abemi (kokubini AmaBosnia nama).

Ityala wabenzi bobubi

ISigqeba International uye wafumanisa ukuba lo mntu ndyikitya enemvume yaba Jikelele Ratko Mladic. Sele ngoJulayi 1995, wabekwa icala kohlanga mthetho nxamnye noluntu. Kwisazela wakhe nje kuphela iziganeko iSrebrenica ngo-1995, kodwa ke kuvalwe iindlela kwikomkhulu Bosnian, ukuthathwa nabafo abazizibambiso, owayesebenza UN, njalo-njalo. D.

Okokuqala, lo jikelele babehlala ngokuzolileyo e Serbia, Nezingathanga anike umphathi kwinkundla ngamazwe. Xa urhulumente Milosevic yabhukuqwayo, Mladic kwafuneka Masirhole aphile bazimele. Abasemagunyeni ezintsha bambamba ngo-2011 kuphela. Ityala Jikelele uya kude. Le nkqubo yenziwa ngenxa ukuba ubungqina kwezinye nama abatyholwa ukubandakanyeka kubulawa. Kungenxa Mladic bonke iingxelo amagosa, leyo ingxelo ebulala AmaBosnia namangcwaba zabo.

Uthelekelelo Jikelele wanyula iindawo apho amangcwaba ubunzima enimbiwe enkulu. Abaphandi bafumanisa amangcwaba kweshumi eziliqela. Bonke abantu ngokungenamkhethe zibekwe kummandla iSrebrenica. Trupovozki zaboniswa eyayigquba zangaphambili, hayi kuphela ehlotyeni kodwa ekwindla 1995.

isivumo

Ukongezelela Mladic ngezenzo e iSrebrenica babekwa ityala kunye namalungu amaninzi kakhulu-mkhosi Republika Srpska. I okokuqala ngo-1996, ixesha lakhe entolongweni yaba nanceba Drazen Erdemovic. Wabanika kakhulu ubungqina apho umgca uphando ngakumbi. Kungekudala kulandele kwabanjwa zamagosa akwizikhundla eziphezulu abangamaSerb - Radislav Krstic kunye neqembu yakhe. Uxanduva kwaba kuphela zobuqu. Ngo-2003, urhulumente omtsha weRiphabliki Srpska, eyinxenye ye Bosnia and Herzegovina, walivuma icala ngokubulawa kwabantu umphakathi Bosnian. Kwi-90 kwakukho imfazwe kunye amaSilamsi, kunye inxaxheba eBelgrade. Independent of Serbia, ePalamente ngo-2010 nabo ningabagwebanga kubulawa.

Loo nto inika umdla inkundla Hague akashiywa ngaphandle iziphumo connivance le abajongene Dutch, ukwakweli kwisiseko kufutshane iindawo kwegazi. Colonel Karremants watyholwa ukuba wanikela yinxalenye yeembacu Bosnian, esazi ukuba wayeza kubulawa namaSerb. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini wawo iinkqubo kunye neeseshoni neenkundla lwaqokelelwa ubungqina isiseko ebonakalayo kwabo ububi. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-2005, kubulelwe khangela Serbian abantu abalwela amalungelo oluntu zifunyenwe yapapashwa ividiyo, eyayibhalwe iinyaniso nokubulawa.