Qala ushicilelo ku Russia

Qala ushicilelo eRashiya, umhla kutshanje ye elisuke laba ingxoxo enkulu, lidla ezinxulumene ne amagama Ivan Fedorov kunye Pet Mstislavets ukuba imiyalelo Tsar Ivan IV esekwe kummandla endlwini yoshicilelo Russian incwadi yesicelo yokuqala.

Ngeli xesha e Western Yurophu, ushicilelo iye kakhulu eziqhelekileyo: emva Johannes Gutenberg ngenkulungwane XV phakathi nini, njani na ubhale incwadi ngesandla uze uprinte kuzo koomatshini ezikhethekileyo, bavele ushicilelo kwizixeko ezininzi ezinkulu yaseYurophu. Yazo kuba abaMhlophe ebalulekileyo: uphuhliso lwentlalo-qoqosho kunye inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe ibiya kuba nje akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ekujonganeni imfuneko ukugcinwa kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi.

Yazo e iRussia ezinye ngumba eziliqela. Apha printings baba kuyimfuneko, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuze komelezwe ideologically amandla ngonaphakade-yokwanda le nguzwilakhe kunye Church Orthodox. Oko ngobuninzi iincwadi zokuqhelaniswa enkolo, ngokoluvo Ivana Groznogo, akukho kuphela ukudibanisa zonke iincwadi ibandla, ukubatshabalalisa ngokudlula kwabonakala iintshukumo heretical, kodwa ukudala isiseko eziyimfuneko yembono ukuze wesijikelezi-naseRussia njengohlobo ngamandla amakhulu.

Qala ushicilelo eRashiya kuphakamisa imibuzo eliqela. Okokuqala, yemihla zithetha Ivan Fedorov kunye ushicilelo lokuqala ayicacanga kakhulu kwaye mfiliba. Ngaphezu koko, xa oonobumba Ivana Groznogo ekhankanywe ngokunxulumene ekuqaleni kwemveliso yoshishino zeencwadi zabantu ezifana Marusha Nefed'ev kunye Vasyuk Nikiforov, iinkcukacha ezo zingekho. data esisiseko ngqo malunga Ivan Fedorov no Peter Mstislavets equlethwe imisebenzi kwenkulungwane XVII kakade.

Okwesibini, ukuba umatshini wokushicilela eRashiya lidla ezinxulumene ne ukukhululwa eMoscow ngo-1564 ethi "Umpostile", oko isekhona ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX kwi entsimini lwembono -mbali efika le ncwadi, leyo, njengoko kuboniswa loviwo ngakumbi, zaye zashicilelwa eMoscow phambi kwalo mhla. Izazinzulu ziye kude kangaka ezichongiweyo iincwadi ezisixhenxe ezinjalo, ezintathu ezine zeVangeli, IiNdumiso, yaye ezimbini-leNzila ezimbini Triodion.

Okwesithathu, ithetha lukhulu malunga ngaphambi Fedorov eMoscow nakwezinye izixeko iinkosi Russian, ingakumbi yoonongendi, nto leyo bazama ukwenza kwivenkile yoshicilelo yokushicilela apho iincwadi zonqulo. Kolu hlelo iimpapasho eziveliswa ngabo kuyo lalilikhulu ngokwaneleyo, nangona umgangatho womsebenzi amagqabi kangako.

Ngokutsho imbali esemthethweni, ekuqaleni bokushicilela eRashiya ngenxa uthumo ekhethekileyo Ivan Grozny ngokusebenzisana ne-Metropolitan Macarius wamnika Ivan Fedorov. Ukuzalisekisa esi sigunyaziso waqala wokugqibela Aprili 19, 1563, yaye kuphela emva kokuba phantse konyaka, kaMatshi 1, 1564, bapapasha i "uMpostile" yokuqala. Umgangatho sale ncwadi ngeendlela ezininzi kunabanye oogxa babo angaphandle, kodwa kwasasazwa kunyiniwe kakhulu. Emva konyaka, Fedorov kunye Mstislavets epapashwe eMoscow "Breviary", emva koko kwanyanzeleka ukuba bahambe e Rzeczpospolita, nto leyo edale ukuba umatshini wokushicilela omtsha wavelisa eprintiweyo "ABC."

Emva Fedorov washiya Moscow, umsebenzi wakhe kwikomkhulu Russian waqhubeka Nikifor Tarasievym kunye kuAndroniko, ngubani yakhululwa "iiNdumiso" ngo-1568. Nangona kwenzeka kungoku umlilo apho kutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo indlu wokushicilela, inkqubo yemveliso incwadi mveliso ayikwazanga ukumiswa. Russia yayihamba chu kwindlela yiEnlightenment.

Qala ushicilelo eRashiya, nangona ubungqina mpikiswano umhla kunye notoliko ezahlukeneyo, iye yaba isehlakalo obalulekileyo kwimbali yelizwe lethu. Ukudala yoshicilelo eMoscow wemveliso industrial iincwadi wagxininisa iimfuno zoluntu enkulu kubantu ukufunda wadala imiqathango ukwenzela uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lizwe.