Kwemvelo kunye zizivelela: ezifanayo nezahlukileyo

Kwemvelo kunye zizivelela zahluke ukuba kwikota yokuqala sichaza utshintsho kwinqanaba eziphilayo, kwaye eyesibini - zazivelela supraspecific. Le nkcazelo kuthiwa inguqu lakho umzimba eziphilileyo, adaptively ifana neemeko ezingqongileyo.

Yintoni na le imigaqo?

Xa echaza umahluko ngokwemiqathango "yokuzivelela" yaye "zizivelela 'ukuba libambe indawo ebalulekileyo ubukhulu iinkqubo yangoku. Kuthathelwa ingqalelo ixesha elifunekayo ukutshintsha izinto eziphilayo. Iimpawu kokukhulu luqulathe microprocessors ezininzi.

Kwemvelo kanye zofuzo - iseti lweziganeko ekhokelela ukuvela amaqela indlela:

• ngezigaba;
• ukuzala;
• iintlobo okanye iminyango;
• iintsapho.

Kuzo zonke ezi maqela kukho ukufana; bafika kurhulumente efanayo. Ngcembe ndandisachacha kokusingqongileyo, bona inokuzitshintsha kwaye babe ayaba le fom yokuqala. Kwaye ke ixesha elininzi zimka nabo abantu buqapheleke umahluko phakathi lwento.

Inkqubo yokuzivelela utshintsho vuhlayiseki kwi izinto zendalo, ekhokelela ukuyilwa lithi zilandelayo:

• ukutshintsha ufuzo;
• ukuyilwa lohlengahlengiso kweemeko ezintsha lobomi;
• ukuyilwa iintlobo ezintsha;
• biogeocoenoses ukuguqulwa;
• yokuduka eziphila kakade;
• utshintsho umhlaba onokuphila liphela.

Yintoni eyabangela ukuba umahluko lwesemantiki amagama?

Ukutshintsha labantu kweentlobo ngamnye kukhokelela kukuba kukho izinto zazivelela kunye zizivelela. Ukungaboni of nkcazelo:

• Le nkcazelo lokuqala lisetyenziswa ukuchaza utshintsho eziphilayo ehlabathini. Oku kuquka ukuyilwa zenyathi eendawo, kodwa ayikwazi ukuqala ngaphandle zizivelela.
• iinkqubo Global yokuba izinto zazivelela kuthatha amashumi, amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka. Ixesha utshintsho zeekhemikhali ezinobungozi zizivelela amawaka eminyaka ubudala.

Xa imfundiso zizivelela ingqalelo iinkqubo lohlengahlengiso abantu ukuya ukutshintsha iimeko zokusingqongileyo.

Ngokufuthi inkqubo yophuhliso lweentlobo ngexesha elinye kuthiwa zazivelela kunye zizivelela. Iimfano neeyantlukwano ngcamango ezikhoyo kufuneka iimeko i parameters bafunda kuphuhliso lweentlobo.

Iimbalasane yeentlobo ezimbini

Umntu uyakwazi ukubona inkqubo efanayo iingcamango ezifana zazivelela kunye zizivelela. Ukuthelekiswa iintlobo ezimbini yophuhliso unika sizathu ukuba bacinge malunga siseko ingqalelo ngokulinganayo kwemvelo. Kwimeko yokuqala, ukuyilwa kwisizukulwana ezisandula kuluhlu, iintlobo. A isigwebo yesibini efanayo oluqhutywa uzingela kwezakhi, kokushenxa yemfuza, ukufuduka yezinto eziphilayo.

Theory of olukhulu kunye zizivelela zisekelwe ekudaleni elithile Ukuhlola ukufunda zophuhliso lweentlobo, evumela uhlalutyo eneenkcukacha zophuhliso lwexesha elide eziphilayo. Igama elithi "izinto Ozahlulayo" lisetyenziswa ukufumana inkcazo epheleleyo ngakumbi lweentlobo. Ezi ziquka iimeko ezichaphazela chavelela:

• ukutshintsha flow umlambo ibangela iintlanzi nezinye izidalwa zasemanzini ukuqhelana kokusingqongileyo entsha;
• kwi imeko wesintu yeentaka eziphembelela intshukumo kuqweqwe komhlaba, xa ukuyilwa uluhlu entsha entabeni;
• Global warming kwandisa lobushushu yolwandle ezichaphazela ubomi njengezidalwa zasemanzini kunye nezilwanyana kumazwekazi.

Ukuba uqhelane nendawo entsha, izidalwa eziphilayo kufuneka lokuziguqula ukuya kwinqanaba zizivelela.

utshintsho Global

Ukuthelekisa ingqiqo ka "yokuzivelela" yaye "zizivelela", sinokugqiba ukuba ngenxa yokutshintsha jikelele ixhomekeke iseti iingozi ezenzeka kwinqanaba eziphilayo. Ngasinye kancinci inkqubo kungafezeki elithile bakwazi ukukhula zibe supermakroevolyutsiyu. Noko ke, le nto ixesha elide kakhulu ixesha.

Imfundiso yokuba izinto zazivelela ezicinga imithetho ekukhuleni kwehlabathi ephilayo. uyakwazi ukwenza umfanekiso ecacileyo jikelele ye utshintsho yendaleko kweentlobo yi kwedatha yeenkcukacha-manani. Ngokucacileyo esicaciswe iintsingiselo ezinkulu kunye nezalathiso, nto leyo ekunzima ukuyenza xa befunda zizivelela kuphela.

Imizekelo iziganeko zehlabathi

theory okubangelwa iqwalasela iinkqubo kuhlala kwizigidi zeminyaka. Ezi ziquka output zidalwa ezingahlali phezu komhlaba, utshintsho ukusuka abantu ukuhamba ngazitho zine intshukumo ukuma bipedal. Ezi ziganeko zihamba ziinguqu ezibalulekileyo kwiintlobo zombini kwinqanaba gene nangaphandle. Kuba ukuyilwa iintlobo ezintsha basoloko iintlobo ezimbini uphuhliso zenzeka: zizivelela kunye zazivelela. iziganeko ukufana ilala into yokuba ngumba ophambili ukuyilwa iintlobo ezintsha kunye zenyathi iba zivunywa. Xa kuqwalaselwa zonke iinkqubo ngale ndlela ukwenza izigqibo jikelele malunga iipateni notshintsho yendaleko.

neenguqulelo

Kwemvelo kunye zizivelela zizinto lixhomekeke kwelinye. Inkqubo yokuqala kufuneka ilungiswe yi ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• kuphakanyiswa Genetic;
• akukho lula ukumisela genetic ;
• Zokuvala phantsi kwempembelelo isenzo ekhokelayo ngokukhethwa zendalo.

Imfundiso zizivelela lubandakanya imiba utshintsho oluthile lwento, xa abanye abantu baba isakhiwo abadumileyo ngokwasemzimbeni ngenxa kwezinye izinto kwaye enze ohlobo ezintsha. Ukuze lula ukuhlelwa iziganeko usebenzisa iyunithi esisiseko kwindaleko - labemi.

iinkqubo Microevolutionary ungaqhubeka Ukuqhela abantu ngabanye, ikheswa ukusuka ohlobo umzali kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko kwenzeka xa omnye uhlobo lwabantu zebhayoloji yahlulwe ezibini ezahlukeneyo ngalinye omnye urhulumente.

Imizekelo iziganeko intraspecific

Ngu zizivelela zibandakanya ezi ziganeko zilandelayo:

• lithathelwe inkqubo zokwetyisa kweempuku ukuba iityhefu ezintsha kunye neekhemikhali (kule nkqubo kakhulu fast - kwiminyaka nje embalwa);
• utshintsho kwi gene echibini olulodwa, nto leyo ekuthiwa zazivelela phyletic;
• zizivelela enokufunyanwa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo: iintaka kunye Amalulwane amaphiko, intlanzi kunye zolwandle nakwizidalwa - izinto ezingenamaphiko Kwakukhuhlwa, xa emanzini baphawula zombini;
• iinkqubo ezifanayo Izakufunyanwa izilwanyana kwahlulwa omnye komnye ngeempawu ngendlela: iigilizi babe intlanzi lobster okanye kanonkala, kunye iinyenzane nolovane imilenze ziyafana isakhiwo xa ihamba adla;
• bangamalungu izilwanyana abahlala emithini, efanayo isakhiwo umsebenzi.

Iindlela zophuhliso kweentlobo zebhayoloji

Inkcazo "iintlobo" uquka uluhlu olubanzi kwiipropati:

• Bokuphila, eziphilayo kunye physico-kwemichiza parameters.
• Abantu babe nethuba ukuzala.
• Ngaba ukuze zikwazi ukumelana neemeko ezithile zokusingqongileyo.
• Abantu ziyathandwa niche kwikhonkco lokutya.

Iikhrayitheriya iindidi zovavanyo ezisetyenziswayo zazivelela abasakhulayo kunye:

1. Morphological.
2. Bokuphila.
3. Ezinto eziphilayo.
4. Yemfuza.
5. Geographic.
6. Environmental.

View libhekisela unit yemfuza lincinane uze uthelekise kunye labemi, xa omnye umntu unako ukuba ewakhwelayo komnye. Ngelo xesha Uthumele yinxalenye ikhowudi yebhayoloji ukuzala. Oku kudala iintlobo ezintsha.

Ukutshintsha uhlobo kuvela kufuneka iimeko ezifanelekileyo phantsi kweempembelelo iziganeko: bodwa ukusuka kokusingqongileyo bako, imithetho yokukhethwa yendalo, ukuguquka kunye nokutshintsha kwamanani siziinduli.