Lanthanides kunye actinides: simi kwinkqubo ngamaxesha athile

Ngalinye imichiza eboniswe kweqokobhe Umhlaba: emoyeni kunye lithosfere kwehayidrosfere - kunokuba abe ngumzekelo oqaqambileyo engqina iimfundiso ezisisiseko-atom ezinto nomthetho ngamaxesha athile. Bona ziqulunqwe izikhanyiso of Natural History - izazinzulu Russian M. V. Lomonosovym kunye D. I. Mendeleevym. Lanthanides and Actinides - iintsapho ezimbini, eziquka 14 imichiza, kwakunye iintsimbi ngokwabo - lanthanum kunye actinium. iimpawu zabo - ngokomzimba nemichiza - ukuba iqwalaselwe ngu kuthi lo msebenzi. Ukongeza, siye sibone isikhundla kwinkqubo ngamaxesha hydrogen, lanthanides, actinides ixhomekeke isakhiwo orbitals electron-athom.

History of izovela

Ngenkulungwane ye-18 ekupheleni Yu gadolinium zifunyenwe yi ezimbaxa lokuqala kwiqela emhlabeni ezinqabileyo ngentsimbi - oxide of yttrium. De kwenkulungwane yama-20, ngenxa wophando G. Moseley chemistry wazi ubukho liqela zesinyithi. Baye eGibheyon ngelo lwezakhi phakathi lanthanum kunye ചിഹ്നം uphawu. Enye chemical element - actinium, lanthanum ngathi, yakha intsapho ka-14 radioactive imichiza, ezi actinides. ifunyanwe zesayensi kwenzeka ukususela ngowe-1879 de kwinkulungwane yama-20. Lanthanides kunye actinides ezininzi kufano iipropati emzimbeni imichiza. Oku kuchazwe lilungiselelo elektroni kwi atom lwezi methali, leyo ke amanqanaba eneji, oko kukuthi lanthanide ngumphakamo sesine f-sublayer, kunye actinides - inqanaba sesihlanu f-sublayer. Okulandelayo, sicinga kweqokobhe electron-athom ye iintsimbi zikhankanywe apha ngasentla iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu.

Ubume izinto utshintsho ngaphakathi kwi ekukhanyeni ingcamango atomic-ezinto

ukufunyanwa okhanyayo ngesakhiwo kweekhemikhali M. V. Lomonosova yaba sisiseko uqhubeka ufundisisa kweqokobhe electron-athom. imodeli Rutherford lwesakhiwo yamasuntswana eziziziqalelo element kwemichiza, uphando Max Planck, F. Hund wavumela ekhemisi ukufumana ingcaciso eyiyo yemithetho ekhoyo ye loguqu ngamaxesha kweepropati emzimbeni acid, luphawulwa lanthanides kunye actinides. Awukwazi indiva indima ebalulekileyo yomthetho ngamaxesha D. I. Mendeleeva kuphononongo ngesakhiwo-athom lweziqalelo sethutyana. Makhe sihlolisise lo mba ngokucacileyo ngaphezulu.

Beka izinto utshintsho ngaphakathi kwinkqubo ngamaxesha D. I. Mendeleeva

Xa iqela lesithathu lesithandathu - ixesha elide - kuba metal yosapho lanthanum, cerium kwaye amalungiselelo lutetium ebandakanya wonke. Xa lanthanum ingaphezulu 4f-sublayer engenanto kwaye ezizaliswe ngokupheleleyo lutetium 14 electron. Kwimiba ilahlwe therebetween, kukho ukugcwaliswa okuthe f-orbitals. Xa intsapho actinides - ukusuka thorium ukuya lawrencium - Umgaqo ofanayo waphawula Ukhuliso lwe amasuntswana kakubi icala kuphela umahluko ezehla electron ngokuzalisa 5f-sublayer. Ubume inqanaba amandla angaphandle kunye nenani amasuntswana embi kwayo (ilingana ezimbini) kuzo zonke iintsimbi ngentla efanayo. Oku kuphendula umbuzo malunga kutheni lanthanides kunye actinides, ngokuba izinto utshintsho engaphakathi, zifana ezininzi.

Eminye imithombo uncwadi lwemichiza zombini iintsapho angena kulo Ezecala lesibini laseMelika. Bona nensimbi ezimbini kusapho ngalinye. Xa uhlobo esifutshane kwinkqubo ngamaxesha of imichiza abameli di Mendeleev ezi iintsapho uyazimela itafile ngokwayo yaye amalungiselelo imiqolo ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, ukuma actinides kunye lanthanides kwisixokelelwano ngamaxesha ekwafanekisa kwisicwangciso jikelele ubume athom kunye elektroni kwi periodicity ukugcwalisa amanqanaba yangaphakathi kwaye ubukho igcwala kwathi aggregating iintsimbi utshintsho lwangaphakathi iqela jikelele. Kwezi imichiza iimpawu kunye neempawu lanthanum elingana okanye actinium. Yiyo loo nto loo lanthanides kunye actinides isusiwe etafileni imichiza.

Njengoko uqwalaselo ngekhompyutha f-sublayer iphembelela iimpawu zesinyithi

Njengokuba besesitshilo, ukuma lanthanides kunye actinides kwinkqubo ngamaxesha imisela ngqo iimpawu zabo ngokwasemzimbeni imichiza. Umzekelo, ion cerium, gadolinium, kunye nezinye izinto losapho lanthanide ufikelwa eliphezulu iinkcukacha ngemagnethi ngenxa iimpawu noshowo f-sublayer. Kuyenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa iintsimbi njengoko dopants ukwenzela ukuvelisa semiconductors ngempahla ngemagnethi. Sulfides usapho iziqalelo actinium (umz, emanzini iprothokhol ಪ್ಲೋಚಾರ್ಟ್, thorium) e iimolekyuli yabo ingxubevange uhlobo chemical nisondelelane: ionic-covalent okanye covalent-zalo. Olu phawu kwesakhiwo iye yakhokelela ukuvela iipropati ezintsha emzimbeni imichiza nikhonze ekuphenduleni umbuzo kutheni lanthanides kunye actinides kufuneka iipropati ezibengezelayo. Umzekelo, isampuli actinium yesilivere uba ngokuvutha emnyama elinombala. Oku kungenxa yintshukumo ion zombane metal lwangoku, photon yokukhanya, leyo eyenzeka phantsi kwempembelelo le excitation ye-athom kunye electron kulo "jump" ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu amandla aze abuyele orbit zabo zokubhala. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba lanthanides kunye actinides ke phosphors.

Imiphumo ukunciphisa radii ionic ye atom

Xa lanthanum kunye actinium, ngathi ezakha kwiintsapho zabo, ukuhla monotonic izalathisi ubungakanani radii of ion yesinyithi. Xa chemistry, kwiimeko ezinjalo ukuthetha lanthanide kunye actinide ucinezelo. Le chemistry wabeka ipatheni zilandelayo: olwandayo isigxina isiqalo athom, xa izinto bangamalungu elinye kunye nexesha elifanayo kunye nokuncipha kwabo radii. Oku kuchazwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo: ngokuba iintsimbi ezifana cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, inani amanqanaba amandla athom kwaye isoloko ilingana ezintandathu. iintlawulo kunjalo eziba ngokulandelelanayo incremented omnye kwaye i-+58, +59, +60. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwandisa amandla umtsalane kweqokobhe angaphakathi elektroni malunga ngumongo kakuhle ityala. Ngenxa yoko kukho kunciphiso radii ye atom. Imichiza metal ionic kunye nokwandisa inani atom le radii ionic nazo lincitshiswe. utshintsho ezifanayo babonakala kusapho izinto actinium. Yiyo loo nto loo lanthanides kunye actinides zibizwa ngokuba amawele. Ukunciphisa ion radii ikhokelela kuqala buthathaka iimpawu ezisisiseko hydroxides ka-Ce (OH) _3, ethenga. (OH) _3, kunye isiseko lutetium sele ebonisa izinto amphoteric.

iziphumo ezingalindelekanga kukhokelela ugcwalisa electron unpaired 4f-sublevel kwi orbitals ukuba isiqingatha atom europium. Yena ingaphezulu radius ayenziwanga kakhulu, kodwa kunokuba ukwanda. Ekulandeleni kuyo imingcelele gadolinium lanthanides 5d-sublevel, kukho enye electron 4f-sublevel efanayo Eu. Loo isakhiwo ebangela ukwehla ngokukhawuleza kwi oyi-athom gadolinium. A meko efanayo uyaqapheleka iperi ytterbium - lutetium. Into yokuqala atom owela ngaphakathi kwama-enkulu ngenxa ukugqiba ukugcwalisa 4f-sublayer, lo gama lutetium ngayo evele lehla nge electron imbonakalo waphawula 5d-sublevel. Xa actinium kunye nezinye izinto radioactive kule radii kwintsapho athom kunye ion musa ukutshintsha monotonically, kodwa ngokunjalo nolo lanthanides, ephala. Ngoko ke, lo lanthanides kunye actinides yimiba apho iimpawu iikhompawundi zabo correlatively ixhomekeke radius ionic kunye nolwakhiwo kweqokobhe electron ye atom.

Valence States

Lanthanides kunye Actinides yimiba zabo iimpawu iyafana. Ngokukodwa, kumayelana igcwala yazo ithi kwi ion Valence kunye atom. Umzekelo, thorium, iprothokhol ಪ್ಲೋಚಾರ್ಟ್, sibonise valency emithathu, xa iikhompawundi ze Th (OH) _3, PaCl _3, ThF _3, Pa ₂ (CO _{3) 3.} Zonke ezi zinto zibe ezingenakunyibilika yaye iimpawu yemichiza efanayo nje isinyithi ukusuka lanthanum usapho: .., cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, njalo njalo kwi Lanthanides kwezi zinto ziya kube trivalent. Le mizekelo zingqina ukuchaneka ngoluvo lethu ukuba lanthanides kunye actinides - amawele. Baye iipropati ezifanayo emzimbeni imichiza. Oku kuchazwe ikakhulu ubume orbitals electron xa atom zombini iintsapho izinto sethutyana lwangaphakathi.

iipropati metal

Zonke abameli maqela mabini isinyithi ezithe yokuqukunjelwa 4f-, 5f-, kwakunye d-sublevels. Lanthanum kunye semvelo somhlaba enqabileyo ekuthiwa intsapho yakhe. inkangeleko kunye yamachiza efana kangangokuba ngokwahlukileyo phantsi kweemeko elebhu, bahlukane ebunzimeni. Ukubonisa igcwala zikarhulumente +3, izinto lanthanum uthotho zifana ezininzi kunye nesinyithi obrak komhlaba (barium, calcium, kwiteksti). Actinides nazo iintsimbi esebenzayo kakhulu ukongeza nayo imisebe.

iimpawu noshowo le lanthanides kunye actinides kunye neepropati touch ezifana, ngokomzekelo, u yahlulwe pyrophoric. Kukho kwakhona ukwehliswa ubungakanani ezikrobeni crystalline metal ubuso-wedwa. Yongeza ukuba zonke izinto eekhemikhali zombini neentsapho - a yentsimbi Ndileka ubuhle, ngenxa reactivity eliphezulu zezulu lifathul ngokukhawuleza. aba bahamba yi ezichaphazelekayo umboniso oxide elisikhusela igcwala ngakumbi. Zonke izinto ke eliyinjubaqa ngokwaneleyo ngaphandle neptunium, neplutoniyam, lobushushu ukunyibilika i ngokuphawulekayo ngezantsi 1000 ° C.

reactions chemical uphawu

Njengokuba bekutshiwo ngaphambili, i-lanthanides kunye actinides ezi iikhemikhali iintsimbi esebenzayo. Ngenxa yoko, lanthanum, cerium kunye namanye amalungu entsapho lula edibene zizinto ezilula - halogens, kwakunye phosphorus, carbon. Lanthanides kwakhona ukusebenzisana kunye zombini carbon monoxide kunye carbon dioxide. Kwakhona unako ukubola amanzi. Ngaphandle iityuwa ezilula, ezifana umz SeCl ₃ okanye PrF _3, zakha ityuwa kabini. Xa ifildi yodibaniso, uphethe indawo ebalulekileyo indlela kunye lanthanide metal-glycine kunye asidi citric. Oku kubangela iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo iinkqubo ezinjalo emiselweyo kokwahlulwa ngomxube lanthanides, ezifana nezentsimbi ekrwada.

Ukusabela kunye nitrate, chloride kunye acids sulfate, isinyithi zenza iityuwa ahambelanayo. Zifikeleleka lula enyibilikayo emanzini kwaye ngokulula ekwaziyo yokutshata carbohydrate crystalline. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izisombululo zolwelo of iityuwa lanthanide anemibala, nto leyo luchazwa phambi kwesi ion zabo. ityuwa izisombululo samarium okanye praseodymium neodymium eluhlaza - ebomvu-ezimfusa, europium kunye promethium - pink. Ekubeni ion kwi igcwala zikarhulumente +3 anemibala, kusetyenziswa ifildi yodibaniso ekufunyanisweni kwe-ion yesinyithi, lanthanides (njalo-ebizwa ezikumgangatho ophezulu reaction). Ngenjongo efanayo nayo kusetyenziswa iindlela uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali ezifana crystallization iqhezu kunye chromatography ion exchange.

Ngo ezimbini iqela actinides le lweziqalelo zingahlukaniswa. Oku eBerkeley, ifama, mendelevium, nobelium, lawrencium neyuranium, neptunium, neplutoniyam, omeretsy. Iipropati yamachiza efana kunye lanthanum zesinyithi yokuqala nentsapho yakhe. Elements of iqela lesibini aneempawu imichiza efana kakhulu (kakhulu twatse kwesinye). Zonke actinides ngokukhawuleza basebenzisane non-isinyithi: isalfure, initrogen, carbon. Mpilo legandami zakha iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo. Njengoko kubonakala, zombini iintsapho zesinyithi efana nye ukuziphatha imichiza. Yiyo loo nto loo lanthanides kunye actinides iintsimbi ibizwe amawele.

inkqubo lwemeko hydrogen ngamaxesha athile, le lanthanides, i actinides

Kuyimfuneko ukuba uyithathele ingqalelo into yokuba hydrogen ngokwaneleyo into lovukelo. Ukuthi kuziveza, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko imichiza reaction: nje ekunciphiseni arhente kunye oxidizing arhente. Yiyo loo nto kule nkqubo ngamaxesha athile, hydrogen ngexesha elinye nomnye ezinkulu maqela mabini.

I-hydrogen lokuqala usebenza njenge-arhente ekunciphiseni, kwakunye zesinyithi kwealkali, akhiwe apha. Hydrogen endaweni iqela 7 kunye iziqalelo halogens ibonisa ukomelela kwalo. Kweli xesha yesithandathu oko kukuthi, njengokuba kuchaziwe ngaphambili, kusapho lanthanides, eliguqulelwe emgceni eyahlukileyo lula kunye compactness kwetafile. ixesha Seventh iqulethe iqela lweziqalelo radioactive ezineempawu ezifanayo actin. Actinides ibekwe ngaphandle etafileni imichiza di Mendeleev phantsi usapho lanthanum kufutshane. Le miba bangabona bancinane ngaye, ukususela isiqalo athom zabo iyahlozinga kakhulu ngenxa yemisebe. Khumbula ukuba lanthanides kunye actinides yimiba utshintsho lwangaphakathi, kunye neempawu zazo physicochemical ziyafana kakhulu.

iindlela Jikelele ukuvelisa kushishino metal

Ngaphandle thorium, iprothokhol ಪ್ಲೋಚಾರ್ಟ್ neyuranium, apho iveliswa ngqo ukusuka sisimbiwa, ezinye actinides nga eziqulunqwe irradiating iisampuli lokumpompoza uranium metal ngokukhawuleza ezihambayo neutron. Yandile neptunium mveliso neplutoniyam licatshulwa lwezibaso ukusuka zamandla zenyukliya. Qaphela ukuba kokufumana actinides - abamaziyo yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kwaye kuyabiza, neendlela ezingundoqo leyo exchange ion nezokukhupha multistage. Lanthanides, leyo ibizwa ngokuba izinto ezinqabileyo emhlabeni, ezifunyenwe yi electrolysis of kloride okanye Imichiza. Ukuze ufumane lanthanides ultrapure, kusetyenziswa indlela metallothermal.

Apho isicelo izinto utshintsho yangaphakathi

Le spectrum lokusetyenziswa zesinyithi apho zokufunda qatha. Kuba intsapho actinium - na, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, izixhobo zenyukliya namandla. Zibalulekile amayeza, Ubhaqo isici, uhlalutyo lokuvula Actinides. Akwenzeki ukuba ngoyaba ukusetyenziswa lanthanides kunye actinides, njengoko neutron capture kwi eKhubheki imithombo zenyukliya. Lanthanides Yayisetyenziselwa nezongezo alloying ayina nensimbi, kwakunye ekuvelisweni phosphors.

Distribution endalweni

Oxides of actinides kunye lanthanides zidla ngokuba zirconium, thorium, yttrium nemihlaba. Basimisela umthombo enkulu ngenxa soqulunqo iintsimbi esihambelanayo. Uranus, njengoko ummeli engundoqo actinides na umaleko olungaphandle lithosfere ngohlobo kweendidi ezine ekrwada okanye izimbiwa. Okokuqala, oko pitchblende, nto leyo uranium dioxide. Yeyona isiqulatho eliphezulu ngentsimbi. Soloko ilandelwa lutshintsho lwemithetho Radium iidipozithi uranium dayokhsayidi (imithambo). Bona afumaneka eKhanada, eFransi, Zaire. Izakhiwo thorium kunye uranium ores ziqulathe rhoqo namanye ores zesinyithi ezixabisekileyo, ezifana njengegolide okanye isilivere.

Uluhlu izinto ezinjalo ekrwada zizityebi eRashiya, South Africa, Canada ne Australia. Ezinye rocks lentlenga luqulathe carnotite bezimbiwa. isakhiwo sayo, ukongeza uranium, vanadium aye kwenye. Uhlobo lwesine uranium ekrwada - a ore phosphate kunye zileyiti zhelezouranovye. oovimba zazo e Morocco, Sweden nase-United States. I okwangoku ingqalelo ezithembisayo njengoko iidiphozithi amalahle kunye lignite equlathe ukungcola uranium. Bona ziveliswa eSpeyin, Czech Republic, kwakunye ezimbini ithi US - North noMzantsi Dakota.