Louis-Nicolas Davout. Kuphela Marshal of uNapoleon, ngubani wayengaphelelwanga elinye idabi

Lui Nikola Davu - enye iinjengele intle Napoleonic Wars. Ngaba kuphela Marshal of uNapoleon, andilahlekwanga elinye idabi. Makhe sihlolisise le ngobomi kunye impumelelo yale umphathi odumileyo yomkhosi.

Childhood and Education

Le jikelele elizayo wazalwa eBurgundy, May 10, 1770 kwintsapho unguwo. Lui Nikola wakhulela Thethani sikolo Brienne-le-Inqaba. Kunika umdla ukuqaphela ukuba unyaka phambi kokuba engena esikolweni efanayo waphumelela uNapoleon Bonaparte. Ukuba yinyaniso kwizithethe entsatsheni, 1788 Davoust waqalisa inkonzo yakhe webutho, amahashe, ngaphambili waba uyise kunye notatomkhulu wakhe.

Le revolution French

Ngexesha French Revolution, ukuba ukuqala emkhosini, ngaphandle ndicinga kabini, ndagqiba ukuze akhusele indawo yabantu yotshintsho olululo. Ekubeni umkhosi abaleka okanye kudilizwa abaxhasi ezininzi Bourbons, kwabonakala inani elikhulu lezithuba ezingenabantu. Bayithabatha amajoni aselula, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, nkqu namajoni zesiqhelo nethuku zobunkokeli. Louis-Nicolas Davout wayengomnye lamagosa abaninzi zifanele ukunyuka kwabo revolution kunye uloyiso phezu Bourbons. Ukususela 1794 ukuya 1797 Davoust kwi elikwinqanaba jikelele, uBrigadier yokuba ebelwile kwizikhundla Wezomkhosi of iRhine. Noko ke, eqhineni langoku ukuya Olympus umphathi Odumo Davoust yaqala phantsi kwebhanile lwe Bonaparte.

hambo Egyptian

Kweli thuba ukususela 1798 ukuya 1801 kunye elikwinqanaba uMajor General Davoust inxaxheba kwiphulo Egyptian uNapoleon kaThixo. Lowo wamkela umyalelo we-mabutho French. Kweli dabi Aboukir, izinto ezo ezenzeka ngoJuni 25, 1799, a warlord oselula kakhulu avelele. Ngaloo mini, 7000 Umkhosi French woyisa 15 sewaka Turkish umkhosi alimwi yi igama Mustafa Pasha. -Ezimbini kwezintathu imikhosi yotshaba yawa edabini, nabo bonke abanye, kunye Mustafa Pasha, yanikezela. A reserve angaphathi encinane, umphathi ogama Lui Davu, wenza igalelo elikhulu kule loyiso. mbali amaninzi akathandi ukukholelwa ukuba kweli dabi, Bonaparte ingqalelo iqhawe incoko yethu, umphathi ngokungesabi nabakwaziyo.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba hambo laseYiputa isithsaba ungungantweni ngenxa eFransi, oko kwavula amaninzi yamagama amatsha, nto leyo kwixesha elizayo kwaye kubanjwe nozuko lempi uNapoleon. Jikelele Lui Davu kweli dabi waba layo i kufuphi Bonaparte kaThixo, ngubani ngokuzithemba bafudukela phezulu karhulumente.

isikhundla eliphethe kwindawo

Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba hambo Egyptian Dawa kwakhokelela ngempumelelo mabutho yomkhosi Italian ka Bonaparte, abaye balwa Austrians. Ngowe-1804, iqhawe kwiphulo zaseYiputa noMlawuli we nkampani Italian wawongwa elikwinqanaba Marshal of France kunye nezikhundla umcebisi uNapoleon kaThixo.

Kweempumelelo yokuqala uyazilawula angaphathi

Kweli thuba ukususela 1805 ukuya 1814 eyayikhokelwa Marshal Davoust lweSizwe. Ngowe-1805, iqela lakhe baye babonisa ngokwabo kakuhle Ulm, apho umkhosi lo mlawuli woyisa umkhosi Austria. Baron von Mack Layberih - eyiNtloko Austrians, kunye nomkhosi 30-amawaka kwanyanzeleka ukuba anikezele elutshabeni, apho wagwetywa iminyaka engama-20 entolongweni ngumgwebi yasemkhosini.

Oktobha 9, iiwadi 1805 Davoust ngempumelelo sawela iDanube, zindanda e Gunzburg kunye ewela ndawo. Austrians ngubani wasivuna isixeko weDanube, kwafuneka ukuba siphumele emva ukulwa enzima.

Yalelani Davout wayengomnye nxaxheba abakhutheleyo uhlaselo umkhosi Bonaparte eVienna. November 8 kwi intloko yomzimba wakhe kufutshane nedolophu Mariazell, waphumelela edabini nxamnye angaphathi Austria, ikhokelwa ngu-Jikelele von Meerfeldom. Kule mfazwe, isiFrentshi bakwazi ukuthatha 4000 amabanjwa. Uloyiso kwaba umcimbi uchaza oko eVienna kaThixo.

Battle of Austerlitz

NgoDisemba 2, 1805 at Austerlitz emfazweni wathabatha khona, waya ezantsi kwimbali njenge "Battle of uMlawuli Three". Ngaloo mini, umkhosi French iphumelele a boyise umkhosi encedisayo Russian-Austria. Austerlitz loyiso yaba isiphelo for angalawuliyo anti-French, ngenxa yoyiNgcwele uBukhosi baseRoma. Franz II - umlawuli wokugqibela uBukhosi baseRoma, awawenza kukaNapoleon noxolo nje waseRoma Francis kuqala. Kokuwa nelembali ubukhosi onamandla kanye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo, yaye umphathi French Davoust.

Le yen-Auershtedtskoe ukulwa

Ngowe-1806, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu umphathi Davoust zazaliswa uloyiso ezintsha. Le yen-Auershtedtskom idabi kwenzeka phakathi kukaNapoleon nemikhosi Prussia ngo-Oktobha 14, umncedisi ngomnye abadlali eziphambili. Impi yahlulwe ngezigaba ezibini. Sokuqala senzeka kwi Auerstadt, kwaye eyesibini - e Jena. Corps Marshal Lui Davu afunyenwe kwinqanaba lokuqala.

Yalelani wanikwa umyalelo we iphiko lokuqala amabutho zabalawuli. Phantsi kolawulo lwakhe kwakukho 26 lamawaka amadoda nemipu 44. Davoust wenza ngokuchasene ephangweni lasekhohlo umkhosi Prussia ikhokelwa yi iNkosana Brunswick, equka amajoni 54 000 230 imipu. Enye ubuhlobo imikhosi ezaneleyo ukuze kuhlolwe ayintsokothanga isakhono ngamaqela. Noko ke, le mfazwe kunawo Davoust ayikwazanga kuphela litshitshiswe imikhosi utshaba, kodwa ukubulala nenkokeli yalo.

Kweli dabi Jena, umkhosi French ka kukaNapoleon kulawulwa ngokobuqu. Woyisa umphathi umkhosi Prussia Prince Hohenlohe ngokupheleleyo. Noko ke, kule zedabi ukulingana kwamandla ukuba phantse ngokulinganayo. Xa zizonke, lo yen-Auershtedtskoy ukulwa, umkhosi French ezilahlekileyo amawaka 11 abantu, 7 nabo Auershtedtskoe ekulweni.

isihloko ahlukile

Kwakhona ngo-1806 Louis-Nicolas Davout kwanyanzeleka ukuba ajongane amajoni Russian. NgoDisemba 24, umzimba wakhe, kunye nomkhosi uNapoleon kaThixo wawuwela steepening umlambo, yaye ebusuku phantsi Czarnowo wahlasela umkhosi 15000th Russian. Kule mfazwe, isiFrentshi waphulukana malunga nesiqingatha njengoko Russian kakhulu.

Uloyiso ndiyincutshe Auerstadt Davoust ubengenakuya kuyabonwa, kunye uNapoleon imbeko ngokubanzi, hayi nje kuphela umyalelo kodwa ngesiqu ka-Duke Auershtedtskogo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba UNapoleon Bonaparte, ekubeni oyinzalelwane ntsapho yayingamahlwempu Corsican-Italian ezindilekileyo, waba ngumlawuli eFransi, ngesisa oluhlakaziweyo izihloko abalandeli bakhe, ngaloo ndlela ezama ukwenza elite esitsha sikarhulumente.

Battle of Ekmyule

Aprili 22, 1809 imikhosi uNapoleon obumisiweyo kwakhona kunye nomkhosi Austria, ogama myalelo unikwe iTshawe Charles. Austrians bakwazi ukuthatha phezulu Ekmyulem phantsi kwisikhundla kuFeliks. UNapoleon wathumela ukuba ahlasele utshaba izikhundla imizimba yabo intle, kuquka umzimba Marshal Davoust. Kuphela emva kokuba idabi bungwanyalala, hayi kanye ukuguquka kule melee, isiFrentshi yakwazi kkuba utshaba eziphakamileyo. Ngokuhlwa, i iTshawe uCharles umkhosi wakhe Regensburg. ilahleko akhe Idabi Ekmyule yaba amawaka 11 abantu 76 umkhosi senkulungwane. Uloyiso kule mfazwe, uNapoleon wavula amathuba amahle - razchlenilas umkhosi Austria izigaba ezibini. Iinjengele, badlale indima ebalulekileyo kule loyiso, zaye umvuzo. Ngoko ke, Louis-Nicolas Davout yafumana dukedom, yaye isikhulu - Prince waba Ekmyulskim.

I-Battle of Wagram

Ngowe-1809 Davout kwakhona wafumana ithuba lokuhlangana edabini kunye iTshawe Charles. Eli xesha kwaliwa e Wagram. Ngobusuku ngaphambi kokuba impi, umkhosi uNapoleon wokuba kwisiqithi Lobau awela abami weDanube. Umkhosi Austria, ezingaphezulu kwama ikhulu lamawaka amajoni kunye 452 imipu, waya Vahram kunye nzulu apho. Ngokuhlwa ngoJulayi 5, * uKhesare wayalela umkhosi wakhe eItali, nto leyo iphucula Saxon lweSizwe, ukuhlasela utshaba. Ngenxa imposiso abavela ngubani wathabatha amaSaxons ngokuba utshaba, umyalelo kwafuneka ukuba irhoxiswe.

Iziganeko zenzeka ngemini elandelayo, xa uNapoleon ngokutsha umkhosi wakhe, waba noludumileyo ngamanani phezu utshaba ngendlela entsha edabini. Davout kunye Oudinot ukuba basebenze kunye nxamnye iphiko lasekhohlo yotshaba sikhundla. I Austrians ahlasela kakhulu kweli cala French, kodwa impumelelo yabo zingahlanganiselwanga. Ukanti, phantsi Ukuhlasela kwiziko utshaba kunye ephangweni ekhohlo yomkhosi French kwafuneka ukurhoxisa eRetreat. Ithumela amajoni ukuya kumbindi kugunyaziso ngohlobo i-Italian Corps of MacDonald, bawurhuqa umva zokudubula, * uKhesare wakwazi ukugcina meko. umlilo zokudubula enamandla walivala Ukuhlasela lo Austrians. Louis-Nicolas Davout kaloku kokuzila ukusekelwa kunye, ebetha ephangweni lasekhohlo yomkhosi utshaba, wathabatha ngcono kuye. Yalelani wakwazi ukuba bangene ngasemva yomkhosi Austria kwaye ukuhlahlela naye Vesedele. Housing ugxa wakhe Vahram Uda woyisa. Ekulweni iyure-11, uCarl waphulukana abantu abamalunga nama-50 amawaka. Ngenxa yoko, kwanyanzeleka ukuba siphumele malunga Moravia.

Uloyiso Wagram iindleko French lubiza kakhulu. Okokuqala, umkhosi uNapoleon elilahlekileyo amajoni 32.000. Okwesibini, emva kwempi zaseBritani kunye uBukhosi Russian wangena nxamnye Napoleonic France emfazweni.

Singena ku Russia

French uMlawuli akazange boyikisa lusekiwe ngaye mfelandawonye yasebukhosini yaseYurophu. Ngowe-1812, eRashiya bendisele ndedwa - babehlangene zangaphambili amadabi anti-Napoleonic, Austria kunye Prussia, kwanyanzeleka ukuba babe babehlangene uBukhosi French.

July 12, umkhosi uNapoleon ngayo wawela Neman River, ahlasela uBukhosi Russian. Phambi bebutho imikhosi Russian kwafuneka abaleke ukunqanda edabini. Ukunika ukulwa kuphela, kodwa phantse baqinisekisa ukoyiswa kwazo ngokupheleleyo.

Amabutho Marshal Davoust wathunyelwa uncedo yomkhosi uJerome Bonaparte, awayeleqa Russian Western Army Jikelele Bagration yesibini, layohlala ukusuka Vaukavysk emzantsi-mpuma. Ngobuchule zenzeke ndingumthetheli amajoni Russian urhoxile phantsi kuvuthelwa kabini lutshaba, nto leyo zombini i-French Marshal zaye ubambisa up. Xa umkhosi Bagration baqalisa ukuba bawele Niemen, iinjengele French wenza esinye komzamo ongaphumelelanga ukuba naye kokusingqongileyo. Ebona izicwangciso utshaba, Jikelele Bagration wajika waya Minsk.

In Mogilev Davout nemoto umkhosi wamlandela, weza umzi phambi kotshaba. I-Russian Western Army yesibini waphinda ndinqumle ukusuka yokuqala Western Army Jikelele Barclay de Tolly, layohlala ngasentla. Kule meko, ukuba akukho nto Bagration, kodwa ukuba ukulibazisa qhubela yotshaba. Yenza oko wathuma amabutho General Rajewski.

Le avant-garde ye kwisisu semoto Dawa bahlangana ezishelifini kufutshane nelali Saltanovka Rajewski. Kweli dabi Saltanovka Russian ikwazile ukuba zibaqamangele iminqweno isiFrentshi, kunye nomkhosi Bagration kwakhona wavela kukutyundyutha i-Imperial Army. Eli xesha ke wathumela ESmolensk.

Kufuphi ESmolensk 1st nemikhosi 2nd Western wajoyina Russian. August 4, waqalisa Idabi ESmolensk (imfazwe we 1812), apho inxaxheba Davout. Enye uqhekeko, ikhokelwa ngu Gudin, wakwazi ukwahlula ngokwakhe kweli dabi Valutina Mountain, wahlasela ibutho Major-General Tuchkov-wesithathu. Le yokugqibela walimala kakhulu, wayithimba.

Ngexesha kwedabi Borodino, ngokungqinelana isimo soMhlekazi, Davout okulungileyo imi embindini yomkhosi. IZiko yayinoxanduva phantsi kwengqumbo yomkhosi uNapoleon kaThixo. Kwafuneka ukuba kahle iinqaba intsimi Russian, ezibe zifakiwe nembali yamajoni njengoko Bagration ukufikelwa.

Ngokutsho kwizithethe, oqale uNapoleon, ngaphambi kokuba impi enkulu, amajoni ilokhwe yakhe bukhosi iyunifom ilokhwe ngokupheleleyo. Agasti 26, 1812, kunye ilanga kokusa, waqalisa ukuhlasela zokudubula enamandla ezivela macala omabini. Ehlabathini 6:00 kusasa isiFrentshi lasungula ukufikelwa uqhwithela omkhulu. izahlulo ezibini of Davoust zazijoliswe kwi ezigungxulwayo esemazantsi. Phezu kwazo noludumileyo ngamanani French, sekunjalo Russian ikwazile ukuba alwe uhlaselo.

Ngo-7 kusasa Davout wazinikela phezulu kwaye Sabuyela uhlaselo. Eli xesha wakwazi walithimba ezigungxulwayo esemazantsi. Nangona kunjalo, intlawulo onencula of ithathele nomkhosi eziliqela, nto leyo Bagration wathumela ezigungxulwayo, bavunyelwe ukuba knock French ngaphandle iinqaba. Emva koko uNapoleon wathumela uncedo kula mabutho ka Murat, Davout, amapolisa ney kunye namanye amajoni. The French atyhoboza, angena kulo ngasekunene nangasekhohlo ezigungxulwayo, kodwa kwakhona omkhulu Russian counter-kuhlaselwa wankqonkqoza phandle. Ukuhlaselwa Bagration ukufikelwa suku balandela enye emva kwenye ...

Ngexesha kokurhoxa Grand Army of kukaNapoleon Louis-Nicolas Davout wabubhekisa rearguard wayo, nto leyo rhoqo kwafuneka ukuba atshitshise i Cossack Ataman Platov , kunye abalwa Jikelele Miloradovich. October 22, Vyazma utshaba Russian rearguard sinamafu indlela eya West. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba umkhosi Davoust wafumana ukusekelwa, Russian waqhekeza kuye. Ngaloo mini, umkhosi uNapoleon elilahlekileyo amajoni malunga 8000. Emva kokoyiswa kwi Vyazma umlawuli indawo i "Iron Marshal" (-kuthiwa kwilizwe Davoust) ndingumthetheli womkhosi kwi abasemva Marshal uNehemiya.

Enye ilahleko enkulu Russian Army Corps of Davout eve ubunzima kwidabi kufutshane kwilali oluBomvu, eyayibanjelwe ukusuka-3 ukuya kwisi-6 Novemba. Kwaleli evela ESmolensk, isiFrentshi babefuna ukuphula kude intshutshiso Russian nokuphuma emlanjaneni Berezina. Emva kwale mfazwe, umzimba Marshal Davoust apho ngaphandle elixwebhu.

Le ngokoyiswa France

Davoust wayengekho phakathi iimashali ka uNapoleon, ondinikeleyo Amanyeneyo ku Paris. Ngo-1813 no-1814 wayesilwa kumantla eJamani, Hamburg akhusela zokungqinga eentloko ezaxhobela Russian kunye Prussia. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba zokungqinga kwenzeka ngaphandle kuhlaselo lobundlobongela ukuhlasela, Hamburg ekampini kusekho kwiNgxowa Amanyeneyo.

Xa UNapoleon France lahluleka yomkhosi kunye nezopolitiko, Louis-Nicolas Davout, ogama engobomi belusoloko edibene uNapoleon, yaye wahlala ethembekile kuye. Kwaye xa esekuthinjweni kwisiqithi Elba, Davout akazange anikezele iimbono zabo. Xa uNapoleon ziwela kumazantsi eli lizwe, waqalisa ukuba ahambe umngcelele noloyiso eParis, Lui Davu naye. Ebudeni 'iintsuku ezimakhulu ", wahlala phezu isithuba nguMphathiswa of War eFransi.

Xa Bourbons babuyela igunya, Davoust lidumile kweli lizwe, ingakumbi emkhosini. Yena, njengazo zonke bamashali ka uNapoleon, yaphulukana ezintlwini zakhe nezihloko, kodwa ixesha elide - ngo-1817, ukwenzela ukuthintela ukungavisisani kuluntu, wabuyela zonke izihloko ezindala kunye nezikhundla. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, Davoust wakwazi nje kuphela woo abasemagunyeni, kodwa ukuze ube oontanga France.

June 1, 1823 Louis-Nicolas Davout wabulawa sisifo sephepha yemiphunga Paris.