Loyamano plastids - Kuyaziwa ehlabathini kwezityalo. Plastids: isakhiwo, umsebenzi

Omnye umahluko ophambili phakathi kwiiseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kuba phambi kwi organelles kukho icytoplasm lokuqala ezifana plastids. Isakhiwo, ingakumbi iinkqubo zabo pathways, kwakunye chromoplasts nexabiso chloroplasts kunye leucoplasts ziza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku.

Ubume chloroplast

isakhiwo plastid Green ngazo ngoku sihlole zinxulumene organelles olusisinyanzelo iiseli yezityalo ibihlungu kunye nembewu ephakamileyo. Bona organelles iseli dvuhmembrannymi kwaye okweqanda imilo. Inani labo kule kukho icytoplasm zinokuba nomahluko. Ngokomzekelo, iiseli columnar icuba igqabi parenchyma ipleyiti anokuqulatha ukuya kwi amawaka chloroplasts kwi lezikhinkci usapho izityalo cereal ukususela-30 ukuya kuma-50.

Zombini imifinya eziyinxalenye organelle, kufuneka izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo: engaphandle - egudileyo,-umaleko amathathu, ezifana ukuya inwebu ye ezininzi iiseli zezityalo. Internal iqulathe ezininzi ezibayeni, ebizwa lamellae. Ezi pouches omelene flat - thylakoids. Le lamellae ukwakha uthungelwano tubules ngaxeshanye. Va lamellae ezi thylakoids-iiseli. Bona eqokelelwa ngokufumba - ubuso aokusetyenziswa ezihambelanayo. Inani labo elinye chloroplast - 60-150. Lonke kwisisu elingaphakathi ezaliswe matrix le chloroplast.

Organelle uye iimpawu okuzimela: impahla yayo yezofuzo - DNA setyhula, apho chloroplasts ungaphinda-phinda. Kwakhona kukho inwebu esivalekileyo engaphandle isuka imitsi eli organelle yi iinkqubo ibakho kule kukho icytoplasm. Chloroplasts babe ribosomes zabo kunye iimolekyuli RNA kunye tRNA, yaye ngaloo ndlela, ubuchule nokulungelelanisa iiprothini.

imisebenzi thylakoids

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, plastids iiseli sisityalo - chloroplasts, ziqulathe kumafa njengamaqhakuva zabo ezizodwa atshabalalisa ngokuba thylakoids. Bafumana ngombala - chlorophylls (abandakanyeka photosynthesis) kunye carotenoids (inkxaso zokusebenza umsebenzi trophic). Kukwakho nenkqubo enzyme, basabela inika ukukhanya kwisigaba mnyama zefotosinthesisi. Thylakoids umsebenzi njenge-eriyali: zigxila reyi ukukhanya baqondise molecule ngokuba yiklorofili.

- photosynthesis inkqubo omkhulu chloroplasts

iiseli Autotrophic bayakwazi nokulungelelanisa izinto eziphilayo, xa glucose ethile, kusetyenziswa carbon dioxide kunye namandla ukukhanya. Green umsebenzi plastid apho siya ukufunda, lukwa yinxalenye yale phototrophic - eziphilayo multicellular, ezifana:

• izityalo ibihlungu ephakamileyo (ubulembu, horsetails, ubulembu club, kumila);
• imbewu (gymnosperms - gingovye, Conifers, efedrovye kunye angiosperms okanye izityalo ezininzi).

- photosynthesis inkqubo reactions igcwala-unciphiso, ezo zisekelwe Inkqubo yogqithiselo electron ezintweni zabaxhasi ukuze eqhola 'ukuqonda "kubo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-acceptors.

Ezi khemikhali ezikhokelela kuyondelelaniswe kwezinto eziphilayo, xa glucose ethile, kwaye ukwahlulwa ioksijini eziphilayo. Isigaba Ukukhanya photosynthesis lwenzeka kwi inwebu thylakoid phantsi isenzo ukukhanya. Le ziluhlaza sathatha useza electron athom wemagniziyam ukukhanya eziqulethwe kombala eluhlaza - yiklorofili.

I-eneji electron lisetyenziswa atye igunya-izinto kuyondelelaniswe ATP kunye NADP-H2. Bona ukwahlula iseli ukuya reactions isigaba emnyama ibakho isizalo le chloroplast. Zizo zonke ezi khemikhali zokwenziwa kukhokelela ukuyilwa iimolekyuli glucose, ii-asidi acid, glycerol kunye acids ezinamanqatha, ezisetyenziswa iiseli zokwakha kunye nezinto trophic.

iintlobo plastids

isakhiwo plastid Green kunye nemisebenzi apho thina ngokutsha ngaphambili, e amagqabi, iziqu, yaye eziluhlaza uhlobo kuphela. Ngokomzekelo, xa eluswini iziqhamo, kwi esiqwene kweentyatyambo izityalo kumaqweqwe zangaphandle iimbaleki komhlaba - amatswele kunye neebhalbhu, kukho ezinye plastids. Zibizwa chromoplasts okanye leucoplasts.

organelles enemibala (leucoplasts) kufuneka iimilo ezahlukeneyo yaye yahlukile chloroplasts ukuba kwisisu wabo ngaphakathi akanayo zizixwexwe - lamella, kwaye inani thylakoids okulungiswe matrix encinane. Matrix ngokwayo iqulathe deoxyribonucleic acid, i organelles iiproteins-synthesizing - ribosomes kunye nee-enzayim proteolytic ukuba ndiludilize iiprothini kanye carbohydrate.

Leucoplasts nazo enzyme - synthetase inxaxheba ekubunjweni iimolekyuli iswekile bestatshi. plastids yoko enemibala weeseli zezityalo oluhlala izondlo replacement: iingqalutye iiproteins kunye nombona istatshi. Ezi plastids imisebenzi zokwanda kwezinto eziphilayo nga kuguqulwa chromoplasts, umzekelo ngexesha lokuvuthwa iitumato, xa ibakala ukuvuthwa acidosis.

Phantsi neemicroscope isixhobosovavanyo lwemifanekiso kokuba nokugqama, ngokucacileyo umahluko ebonakalayo isakhiwo zontathu iintlobo plastids. Oku kakhulu ekhathaza chloroplasts kunye nesakhiwo olunzima kakhulu enxulumene umsebenzi photosynthesis.

Chromoplasts - plastids umbala

Kunye eluhlaza kunye ezingenambala kwi plant cells kukho organelles view wesithathu ebizwa chromoplasts. Zinelungelo ezahlukahlukeneyo imibala: emthubi, neengubo ezimfusa, obomvu. isakhiwo yabo iyafana leucoplasts: i inwebu yangaphakathi kukho inani elincinane lamellae kwaye inani elincinane thylakoids. Chromoplasts ziqulathe ngombala ezahlukeneyo: xanthophylls, carotenes, carotenoids, izinto photosynthesis abangabancedani. Kuyinto le plastids zinika umbala lweengcambu beet, iminqathe, iziqhamo, imithi yeziqhamo kunye amaqunube.

Njengoko apho plastids ngokufanayo siguqulwe

Leucoplasts, chromoplasts, chloroplasts - i plastids (isakhiwo umsebenzi apho sifunda), ukuba imvelaphi eqhelekileyo. Bona zivela tissues zomzimba (emfundo), apho benziwa protoplastidy - dvuhmembrannye organelles sacciform ukuya ku-1 micron. Xa ukukhanya, ukuba nzima isakhiwo wayo: inwebu engaphakathi ukhandwa equlethe lamellae, kwaye kuhlelwe yi kombala yiklorofili eluhlaza. Protoplastidy babe chloroplasts. Leucoplasts kwakhona inokujikwa phantsi intshukumo yamandla ukukhanya plastids eluhlaza, yaye ngoko chromoplasts. Nenguqulo plastid - yinto isenzeko ngokubanzi ehlabathini kwezityalo.

Chromatophores njengoko ezazingaphambi of chloroplasts

eziphilayo Prokaryotic phototrophic - iintsholongwane eluhlaza nemfusa, inkqubo photosynthesis olwenziwa ngokusebenzisa A bacteriochlorophyll zilungiswe kwi embilwini outgrowths inwebu cytoplasmic ogama iimolekyuli. Microbiologists bakholelwa chromatophores iintsholongwane ngaphambili plastids.

Oku kungqinwe efanayo chloroplasts ubume babo, ezizezi ubukho amaziko indlela neesistim svetoulavlivayuschih kunye jikelele iziphumo photosynthesis, ekhokelela kuseko oganikhi khompawundi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izityalo ephantsi - ulele eluhlaza, kwakunye prokaryotes, babe plastids. Oku kungenxa yokuba imfundo hlorofillosoderzhaschie - chromatophores wathabatha phezu imisebenzi yazo - photosynthesis.

Njani le chloroplasts

Phakathi yeengcinga ezininzi ngemvelaphi plastid ingqalelo symbiogenesis. Ngokutsho izimvo zakhe, plastids - iiseli (chloroplasts) eyayikho era Archean ngenxa kwii-yeseli lokuqala iintsholongwane phototrophic heterotrophic. Bathi kamva kwakhokelela ukuyilwa plastids eluhlaza.

Kweli phepha sifunda isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi organelles cell yezityalo dvuhmembrannyh: leucoplasts, chloroplasts kunye chromoplasts. Uze ufumanise ixabiso wabo umsebenzi cell.