Mark Katon Elder: ubomi kunye nomsebenzi. A mbhalo kwezolimo

Wezopolitiko kunye nombhali yaseCato Omdala (Elder babembiza inzala, ukuba mazingabhidaniswa umzukulwana) wazalwa ngo-234 BC. e. Waye ngozalelwe kuloo mzi ka Tusculum, ibekwe ezimbalwa kwiikhilomitha kweshumi ukusuka eRoma, yaye usuka kwintsapho abangenakwazi.

Bakhonze umkhosi

YaseCato wayeza lixesha ukulima ukuba oko kwaqala ngo 218 BC. e. Second Punic War. Nangona iRoma ukukhuphisana Carthage, ogama umphathi ithawula ngexesha iphulo ebhegini ahlasela Italy. Ngenxa imeko enzima zomkhosi kwiriphabliki iye kubizwa nangokuba yaseCato oselula kakhulu Omdala. Yena ngokukhawuleza waba linyuke yenkulungwane emkhosini. Kwiminyaka embalwa umfana wayekhonza esasiseSisili. Umphathi yakhe yaba jikelele odumileyo Mark Klavdy Marcellus.

Ngo-209 BC. e. YaseCato, uMdala wangena inkonzo ye-mkhosi Mangcu Fabius Maksimu Kunktatoru. Wandula ke emkhosini Gaya Klavdiya uNero nezikhundla zayo bathathe inxaxheba kweli dabi Metavre e Northern Italy. Kule mfazwe, amaRoma isigqibo woyisa umninawa ka-ithawula Gadrubala. iphulo Long nxamnye Carthage wavumela lo abanamakhono Marcus yaseCato ukuphumeza ingqalelo nangona imvelaphi yakhe esezantsi-wazalwa. "Abantu New" ERoma mandulo, zamani ezinjalo ebizwa.

Ngexesha Second Punic War, yaseCato wenza abaninzi luncedo ukuba ukuthandana umsebenzi elizayo. Ngokomzekelo, wenza abahlobo kunye ULucius Valeriem Flakkom, owathi kamva waba Praetor weRiphabhliki. Enye into kwi ngokuvela uMarko ukufa inani elikhulu basebukhosini baseRoma ngexesha lemfazwe. ubomi Ingakumbi abaninzi abameli yezikhulu wathabatha kwedabi Cannae, apho yaseCato ukuthatha inxaxheba kwi ulonwabo lwabo, kungekhona ngexesha.

204 BC. e. UMarko waba ekujikeni. Xa iminyaka engama-30, wamiselwa alimwi quaestor kaPubliyo Scipio, olisusileyo phezu lombutho ngokuhlaselwa amaRoma North Afrika, yona intliziyo ngamandla Carthaginian, kwaye uWele Afrika. I-butho ukuwela lweMeditera ukusuka eSisili. Ngexesha lamalungiselelo umsebenzi leqela Scipio baxabana nomncedisi wakhe. Ngokutsho kwenye inguqulelo ye-mbali bamandulo, yaseCato Elder, ummangalelwa umlawuli ngokunxulumene engaphucukanga ukuya lombutho emhlabeni. Inkokeli Kuthiwa bangahlali achithe ixesha lakhe yaseqongeni uyabachithachitha ezingcwalisiweyo imali zobuncwane. Xa enye inguqulo oonobangela ziingxabano baba nzulu kwaye ungquzulwano phakathi Scipio kunye yaseCato Flaccus le ndawo. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa yonke ekupheleni quaestor Second Punic War ebibanjelwe ESardinia. Ukuchana akwaziwa ukuba wayesele noko e-Afrika kunye nokuba ukwamkela ukuthatha inxaxheba kwidabi ka Zama. Imibono ababhali yamandulo ngalo mbandela diverge.

Ukuqala inkonzo yakhe yezopolitiko

Ngo-202 BC. e. ekupheleni yeSibini Punic War. Kwiminyaka emininzi impixano , kwiRiphabliki yamaRoma kodwa boyisiwe Carthage waza waba nokuyigutyula kuLwandle entshona lweMeditera. mbangi ikwazile inkululeko, kodwa kakhulu buthathaka. Xa kuqala of World Mark Katon Elder wafudukela kwikomkhulu. kungekudala waqalisa umsebenzi kawonke yezopolitiko. Ngo-199 BC. e. livela uhlobo aedile abangenakwazi yonyulwa, yaye kamva kunyaka - Undlunkulu welizwe.

New ngokwabo ubume yaseCato, uMdala wafudukela eSardinia, apho irhuluneli Nathwala isixhobo wolawulo omtsha. Praetor kwisiqithi odumileyo ngokuba kususwa kuyo ubolekisayo. Igosa yamothusa ngabemi abaqhelekileyo, engafuni ukuba bakholwe nabantu bakhe kunye neenqwelo. ukuziphatha kwakhe engaqhelekanga ukuba izifundo, wabonisa Frugality yakhe ukuchitha imali yoluntu (lo mkhwa yaseCato igcinwe kude ekufeni kwakhe).

iziko labameli-mazwe

Ngenxa wabonakala umxhelo zoluntu kunye nemisebenzi nkqubo ESardinia sele ixabiso elikhulu kwikomkhulu. Ngo-195 BC. e. YaseCato, uMdala wonyulwa ummeli-lizwe. In the Republic, esi sikhundla uthathwa aphezulu kulo lonke kwileli ingenalo novelwano. Ngenxa yesithethe, le consuls ababini inyulelwa ithuba lonyaka omnye. YaseCato Partner waba umxhasi yakhe yakudala ULucius valeriy Flakk.

Ukuba Unozakuzaku, koko uMarko waya eSpeyin, apho mvukelo kwavuka Iberians balapho baba abanganelisekanga ngamaRoma. INdlu Yeengwevu wegqitha yaseCato umkhosi 15000th kunye izithuthi encinane. Ngezi imikhosi Consul ahlasela i-Iberia. abavukeli Speech waqala livunyelwe. Kodwa izenzo yaseCato kwavusa basabela mixed eRoma. I-capital uve amahumhum malunga inkohlakalo lwakhe olungapheliyo, nto leyo ebangele ungquzulwano kunye Iberians kwaba mandundu nangakumbi. YaseCato waye mhlalutyi eziphambili Scipio africanus, awathi kanye wakhonza quaestor. Ngo-194 BC. e. wakhethwa Le igosa njengoko Consul elandelayo. Wafuna ukuba iNdlu Yeengwevu ngokutsha yaseCato eSpeyin, kodwa yeeNgwevu wala ukuyeka eli phulo. Ngaphezu koko, baye bavumela umphathi-mkhosi lowo wabuya ku tirhisa ikomkhulu umngcelele emveli loloyiso, nto leyo efuzisela ngegalelo lakhe lobuqu olukhulu kurhulumente.

Imfazwe nxamnye Asia

Umngeni elitsha yaseCato lenkulu lalinguLeya imfazwe waseSiriya (192-188 gg. BC. E.). Ngokwahlukileyo igama layo, ndandisithi Greece kunye Asia Minor, apho umkhosi alingenele ilizwe kaSeleucus okudalwe ezihlangwini Aleksandra Makedonskogo. KaBhedadi Carthage Roman Republic ngoku ondele Mediterranean empuma yaye akayi ukuvumela ukuqinisa okhuphisanayo yayo ngqo.

Mark Katon Elder waya emfazweni njenge waka amajoni phantsi Mania ukhokelo Glabrio, lo ke ummeli-lizwe. Egameni umphathi wakhe, wayetyelela izixeko ezininzi zamaGrike. Ngo-191 BC. e. YaseCato wathabatha inxaxheba Idabi Thermopylae, apho ahlala kwiindawo eziphakamileyo qhinga kunokuba wenze igalelo isigqibo ukuya ekubulaleni kaSeleucus kunye namahlakani abo Aetolians. Uphawu ngokwakhe waya eRoma ukuze azise yeeNgwevu malunga impumelelo kudala lilindelwe yomkhosi.

Umgxeki yomphakathi

Re-ngeniswa elikomkhulu, yaseCato, uMdala waba isithethi rhoqo kwi kwiforam, iinkundla kunye Yeengwevu. Isizathu esingundoqo intetho yakhe esidlangalaleni yaba critique nempembelelo yabantu basebukhosini baseRoma. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i "abantu abatsha", ngowokuqala kwintsapho lakhe elenza liphume kwi-ofisi zoluntu ezibalulekileyo, wazama ukuba badibane kunye nabameli yezikhulu. YaseCato baziphatha kanye okwahlukileyo. Yena uza rhoqo bangquzulane yezikhulu. Njengoko amaxhoba nkqubo kwindawo ekhethiweyo iintshaba yokuqala wabahlobo babo Flaccus. Kwelinye icala, wayichasa basebukhosini ngokubanzi, kuba oko kukuthi, ngokwembono yakhe, zibandakanyeke kubunewunewu ngokugqithiseleyo.

Phantsi yempembelelo le mpendulo kuye ngokuthe ngcembe imfundiso yaseCato Elder, kamva liphuhlise inani zikarhulumente kumaphepha kwiincwadi zakhe. Uthando wakubawa kokuqwalasela ezintsha nezothe efunyenwe amasiko babehlala athobeke izinyanya. Wabayala bexesha lakhe ukuba uthando ubutyebi iza kulandela Mass elihlazo, amampunge, ikratshi, ubukrwada kunye inkohlakalo, ebuhlungu ngenxa lonke uluntu yamaRoma. YaseCato wabiza ezithathwe lokuzingca, ukukhusela kuphela neemfuno ezazimalunga neziqu zabo, lo gama kwizinyanya ezizukileyo elidlulileyo wasebenza ngokuyintloko ukuze kuzuze uluntu.

Esinye sezizathu ukusasazeka imikhuba ekuthiwa wezopolitiko impembelelo bezinye iintlanga. YaseCato waba antiellinistom engatshintshiyo. Wagxeka yonke isiGrike, yaye ngenxa yoko, bokholo yalo inkcubeko busatyhutyha eRoma (phakathi lowo African Scipio efanayo). kungekudala izimvo Conservative yaseCato wafumana igama theory yokuziphatha ukubola. Asikwazi ukuba le wezopolitiko owasungula nto, kodwa ke yena liqulunqe le mfundiso waza wenza ukuba izaliswe ngokupheleleyo. Ukongeza, uMarko ellinofilov ummangalelwa, baba yinxalenye kubunkokheli wamajoni lizwe, xa kakubi igunya kunye nokungabikho ingqalelo uqeqesho emkhosini.

isithethi elondoloza

Njengoko ukulwa ezaziwayo-kakuhle ekuhlambululeni yokuziphatha yaseCato waya izihlandlo eziliqela eGrisi, apho walwa kunye namahlelo heretical yasekuhlaleni. Eyona idumileyo uluntu ezo ngabalandeli Bacchus, leyo wakhuthaza beqhawe, uburheletyo kunye nokunxila. YaseCato iyazeya sukela ezi ntsingiselo. Kwangaxeshanye, ngoxa eGrisi, akazange azilibale career yakhe yezopolitiko. Ekubeni yamajoni bathabatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo bezozakuzo kunye umnqwazi Aetolians.

Kodwa iimbono yepolitiki neyoqoqosho yaseCato Omdala uya yabuna phambi kokuba izicelo yakhe endala eceleni. Eyona ndlela elula ukuphembelela uluntu ngale ndlela banokuba ubume kumhloli karhulumente. YaseCato wazama ukuba kunyulwa kwi-ofisi eziphakamileyo 189 BC. e., ke sona lilinge lokuqala ngaphandle sofele. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye oomantyi censors zatshintsha ngaphezu kube kanye ngonyaka, yaye kanye qho emva kweminyaka emihlanu. Ngoko ke, lo mgaqo-nkqubo elandelayo ngengozi kuphela ngo-184 BC. e. YaseCato Omdala iye yasekwa kudala ngokwaso njenge ngokonga olukhulu. Ezinye contenders ngokuba indawo eyahlukileyo inokusebenza othambileyo. Kodwa yaseCato wathi: wayefuna ukuba uluntu waseRoma yaye ifuna enkulu ukushukunyiswa-up zala mazwe.

Eyona nowethu iphambili Unozakuzaku wangaphambili umzalwana ULucius Scipio africanus. UMarko wagqiba ukuhlasela icala, bahlasele isalamane odumileyo ngakumbi. Ngomhla olwandulela unyulo, wamcenga Mangcu Neviya, wakhonza waka, Scipio otyholwa umbuso. Kakuhle eli ibango yayikukuba mkhosi ekutyholwa ngenxa izinyobo uvumile ukuba asayine isivumelwano soxolo ne UAntiochus ethambileyo Aram, zisenzakaliswa iimfuno ngamazwe weRiphabliki.

Tsenzorstvo

zenzeke Public yaseCato, uMdala yaba yimpumelelo. umntakwabo Scipio kaThixo wahlulwa. Ifihla ukusuka nje baqalisa yaseCato, kunye nomhlobo wakhe noLukiyo Flaccus wathabatha ukuma okufanayo kwi patricians. Esi sikhundla wanika amagunya ezininzi ezizodwa. Censors balandela imikhwa ukuba basebenzise ulawulo lwezimali phezu ingeniso yerhafu kulandela ukufunyanwa iirhafu kunye nemisebenzi, liliso ulondolozo kunye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo eziphambili kunye neendlela.

YaseCato Elder, ogama iminyaka yobomi (234-149 gg. BC. E.) wawa kubalulekile kuphuhliso komthetho wamaRoma ixesha, waphumelela unyulo, ukuba emva inkqubo yokuphucula abasemagunyeni zempilo zonke iintlobo imikhuba emibi. Kumhloli karhulumente waqala ukuliphumeza, okumenza angabi ixesha ubuveleli. "Indawo yoBuyiselo-nkcukacha" ikakhulu azezi ukugxothwa ungquzulwano Yeengwevu kunye yaseCato tipolitiki. UMarko wenza esinye Flaccus (Valeria) princeps. Yena ngoko wachitha uhlaziyo ngqo ezifanayo izintlu abakhweli. nabagxeki abaninzi kumhloli karhulumente zaye ngaphandle kwiklasi wawuyinyhweba equity, kuquka umzalwana ULucius Scipio africanus. YaseCato ngokwakhe kwamaIgbo mabutho ukususela kwixesha phulo lakhe iSpanish, xenikweni amahashe yomkhosi ngxaki.

Niyazi ukuba amalungu ngabafo iintsapho yamandulo yeengcungcu baqalisa amaGrike akumgangatho ophezulu isiganeko kubaxekileyo. YaseCato Elder, ogama engobomi ngumzekelo i "umntu omtsha", umzamo phezu amalungelo amaRoma amaninzi, yintoni eyabangela intiyo yabo undisguised. Njengoko ifihla, wayephatha ubalo kwaye zisidimaze belizwe elinye kwiklasi propati. Inani elikhulu abemi kwizinhanha bukhosi elahlekelwa isikhundla sakhe ekuhlaleni. Besuke phezu kwazo izigqibo zabo, yaseCato wajonga uphatho lwe baseRoma xa uqoqosho yalo ngokufanelekileyo.

Ifihla liye landa kakhulu irhafu iziyolo ngamakhoboka zasekhaya. Wazama ukukhulisa iingeniso zikarhulumente ukwehlisa iindleko basebukhosini. Tshintsha isivumelwano ekugqitywe kunye namafama kweerhafu, yaseCato wamhlangula isixa esikhulu semali. Ezi mali zasetyenziselwa ukuba avuselele amanzi amdaka umzi, ejongene imithombo zamatye kunye nokwakhiwa kwindlu yonqulo elitsha kwiforam. Kwakhona, kumhloli karhulumente wayengomnye lwabasunguli umthetho yonyulo omtsha. Ngokutsho ngokwesithethe yamaRoma, abafundi abaphumeleleyo ukuba elinesidanga imidlalo iphezulu zegala kunye nokusasazwa izipho. Ngoku, le izinikezelo kubavoti ukuba beze phantsi mimiselo mitsha engqongqo. YaseCato wenza iintshaba ezininzi kangangokuba wamangalelwa izihlandlo 44, kodwa meko, akazange aphelelwe.

ukuguga

Emva kokuphela imingcele yayo yaseCato abandakanyeke ekwenzeni yaso emafeni amakhulu kunye nemisebenzi zoncwadi. Inzala ebomini yoluntu, Noko ke, yena akazange yalahleka. Ezinye imbonakalo yakhe oluntu kunye nenkampani ngamathuba Ziyakhunjuzwa ayephila censors elidlulileyo.

Ngo-171 BC. e. YaseCato waba lilungu uthumo eziphande ukuxhatshazwa zamasekela kwi kumaphondo Spanish. Wahlabela mgama ngokungaguquki kwazo imikhuba kunye nokwehla yokuziphatha. Uninzi lwemithetho yayo ukuhluza, Noko ke, iye yarhoxiswa ngexesha ubomi bakhe umhlala-phantsi. YaseCato waqhubeka antiellinistom ngumsindo. Wakhuthaza ekumeni nakunxibelelwano amaGrike, wababongoza ukuba bamkele abathunywa.

Ngo-152 BC. e. YaseCato waya Carthage. I Umzi wommeli-lizwe, apho waba lilungu, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe impikiswano nomda Numidia. Ekubeni eAfrika, owayesakuba ifihla waqiniseka ukuba Carthage waqalisa ukulandela inkqubo ezimeleyo amazwe ka eRoma. Ukususela ngexesha yeSibini Punic War, its been kakhulu ixesha elide kunye elide wexesha utshaba, nangona umlimandlela ukoyiswa yayo ukuphakamisa intloko yayo kwakhona.

Emva kwikomkhulu, yaseCato baqala ukubiza abakhaya Afrika kutshabalalisa amandla de ifunyanwe emva nentlekele elide. ibinzana Yakhe "Carthage kufuneka kutshatyalaliswa" iye yaguquka yaba lugcwabevu ngamazwe, esetyenziswa kwi intetho namhlanje. Olunomkhosi yokulinda yamaRoma yenze lakhe. Punic War wesithathu yaqala ngo-149 BC. e., kulo nyaka, wafa abaneminyaka yaseCato oneminyaka eli-85 ubudala, abangazange waphila ukubona ukoyiswa elide lulindelwe of Carthage.

"Kuba, unyana ka-Mark"

Ebutsheni bakhe yaseCato ababephila bakhumbula njengenkokheli okuqaqambileyo yasemkhosini. Xa ebudaleni wangena kwezopolitiko. Ekugqibeleni, kufutshane ebudaleni, waqalisa ukubhala le ncwadi. Zabo.Bacinga iingcamango zokufundiswa kwe yaseCato Elder, ababefuna ukucacisa ababephila ngemfuneko lokulwa ukwehla zokuziphatha, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa yokuthetha esidlangalaleni, kodwa esebenzisa uncwadi.

Ngo-192 BC. e. Unyana Mark wazalwa ngumpolitiki. YaseCato emehlweni inxaxheba ekukhuliseni umntwana. Xa ekhula, uyise wagqiba ukubhala i "Manual" kuye (eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Ukuze unyana ka-Mark"), nto leyo ebekwe ubulumko ngowakhe kunye nembali ka eRoma. Yaba amava lokuqala zoncwadi ze yaseCato Omdala. Abaphengululi Modern bakholelwa "Manual" i-encyclopedia yokuqala yamaRoma, aqulathe ulwazi malunga inokusebenza, amayeza kunye nezolimo.

"On ezolimo"

Ledger, ezaziphuma Elder emva yaseCato - "On ezolimo" (kwakhona eliguqulelwa ngokuthi "On ezolimo" okanye "Agriculture). Libhalwe malunga 160 BC. e. Umsebenzi luqokelelo iingcebiso 162 kunye nengcebiso malunga nolawulo estate zasemaphandleni. AseRoma babebizwa latifundia. amafa Enkulu yezikhulu baba Kumaziko kulinywa yengqolowa, newayini kunye nemveliso namafutha omnquma. ngokubanzi zisetyenziswa yabasebenzi khoboka.

Ukuba umsebenzi ababephila wacebisa yaseCato Omdala? Eyokuqala imbali "On ezolimo" lungohlulwa lube iinxalenye ezimbini zesakhiwo. Okokuqala kuqulunqwe ngocoselelo, kodwa yesibini ngendlela eyahlukileyo ingalawuleki. It ugalelwe izindululo iintlobo ngeentlobo amayeza emveli ukuya zokupheka. Inxalenye yokuqala, kwelinye icala, ukuba iyafana zezifundo zaqulunqwa ngokucwangcisiweyo.

Ekubeni le ncwadi iye lwenzelwe ngqo uluntu lwasemaphandleni, ayinakuba yi kanye iziseko, yaye adweliswe lwengcebiso kunokuba ezithile, umbhali kwawo yaseCato Omdala. ingcamango Economic umsebenzi wakhe simo inzuzo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwiifama. Umbhali linge linenzuzo luyingenelo ingqalelo izidiliya, kulandele iigadi zemifuno onkcenkceshelwayo njalo njalo. D. Ngelo xesha wagxininisa inzuzo zengqolowa, nto leyo ngokweenkcukacha emsebenzini wakhe wama yaseCato Omdala. Quotes kule ncwadi ngoko isoloko isetyenziswa yi abanye ababhali bamandulo kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Namhlanje imbali uthathwa lesikhumbuzo unique zoncwadi lidala, ekubeni ngaphezu nawuphi na umthombo ichaza ubomi yasemaphandleni zehlabathi yamandulo BC kwekhulu II. e.

"Elements"

"Elements" - omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo, ibhalwe yaseCato Omdala. "Kwi ezolimo" yaziwa ukuba kakhulu ngenxa yokuba le ncwadi iye yaqhubeka kule fomu ngokupheleleyo. "Elements" nto isetyenziswayo kuphela ngohlobo ngamaqhekeza saa. Ku semitomnik azinikele imbali waseRoma ukususela ekusekweni isixeko ukuya BC kwinkulungwane II. e.

YaseCato Elder, ingcamango lombutho incwadi leyo ezintsha, waseka isimbo wenza zithandwa kuphando yokugqibela follow-up. Yena kuqala bagqiba ekubeni bayeke iifom kwimibongo uye iprozi. Ngaphezu koko, ababengaphambi kwakhe babhala imisebenzi zembali kwisiGrike, ngoxa yaseCato mazisetyenziselwe kuphela Latin.

Incwadi le umbhali eyahlukileyo imisebenzi langaphambili ukuba akukho owomileyo umlando ezi zibakala yaye uzama ukufunda. Zonke ezi ziqhelekile nemimiselo ezincwadini zesayensi mihla yavela yaba yaseCato Omdala. Photographically bathatha siganeko, wanikela zovavanyo zabo umfundi athembele imfundiso yakhe ndiyithandayo kukuwa lenkolo amaRoma yoluntu.