Kozlov Pet Kuzmich - ngumphandi Russian Mongolia, China kunye eTibet, ilungu Game Great: engobomi, olufunyanisiweyo, amabhaso

Kozlov Pet Kuzmich (1863-1935) - umhambi Russian, wamazwe saseAsiya, omnye wamalungu abaziwayo Game Omkhulu. Ke waba lilungu Wawongwa woMbutho Geographical Russian, ilungu le-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences kunye enye biographers zokuqala Przewalski. Namhlanje sijonga ubomi kunye nomsebenzi yale ndoda ephawulekayo zolwimi ngokunzulu.

ebuntwaneni

Kozlov Pet Kuzmich, izibakala umdla nobomi ukuba ucinge ngoku, owazalwa ngo-Oktobha 15, 1863 kwidolophu encinane Dukhovshchina ukubayinxalenye iphondo ESmolensk. Unina umhambi elizayo rhoqo abandakanyeke wokufama. Uyise waba ishishini elincinane. Abazali sinikele ingqalelo ingako abantwana yaye zange awukhathalele zemfundo zabo. Qho ngonyaka, uyise ka uPetros wawagxotha neenkomo Ukraine ukuba usomashishini osisityebi. Xa uPetros wayemdala kancinci, waqalisa ukuhamba kunye noyise. Mhlawumbi ngexesha ezi hambo, inkwenkwe wamthanda kunye uhambo lokuqala olude.

Pet ros phantse kungakhathaliseki nosapho. Ukususela kwiminyaka yokuqala umntwana benelungelo wayithanda ncwadi. Iindawo ezinika umdla amabali mfana ukufunda imini yonke. Kamva, njengokuba umntu odumileyo, Kozlov uya kuba ekumnikeni mabali ebuntwaneni bakhe, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokunqongophala yokuvela ecacileyo.

ulutsha

Xa wayeneminyaka eli-12, le nkwenkwe wathunyelwa kwisikolo iminyaka emine. Emva kokuphumelela kwakhe kwiminyaka eli-16, uPetros waqalisa ukukhonza kwi-ofisi utshwala, nto leyo iqhele 66 kweekhilomitha ukusuka kwidolophu yakhe. umsebenzi ingabangeli obungabangeli mdla akazange ukwanelisa loo mntu ukwazi ezingenamandla abaselula. Wazama ukufundisa thina wagqiba ukubhalisa Institute sikaTitshala.

Ngaphambi nje oku, amaziko zenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo, inkonzo zoluntu geographical kunye nezobhalo eNgilani, eJamani, eFransi, eJapan China waqalisa ukuhlola ngenkuthalo Asia. Kungekudala iyasebenza kwaye Society Russian Geographical, owasekwa ngo-1845. umdlalo Big Kwadlula singadli ngokuphuma egusheni xa zomkhosi kugqatso yenzululwazi. Kwanaxa ngamaxesha xa Kozlov wasebenza amahashe ukwaluka basike ka ESmolensk, countryman wakhe UNikolai Mikhailovich Przewalski wayesele phezu kumaphepha-ndaba neemagazini. Ulutsha iingxelo ufunda ngomdla umdla, umphandi zokuhamba kunye namakhwenkwe amaninzi dream ukuphinda zobuqhawe bakhe. Kozlov ufunde Przhevalsky ngehlombe ethile. Amanqaku kunye neencwadi ziye zabangela ukuba uthando romantic for Asia kunye ungubani umhambi akufumana ngobungqola uPetros umfanekiso intsomi hero. Noko ke, amathuba abafana neembila fanayo, makayixhome ngokuzolileyo, kancinane.

Nolwazi Przheval'skiy

Xa ingozi, Kozlov Pet Kuzmich wakha wadibana umfanekiso wakhe oqingqiweyo. Kwathi ngehlobo lowe-1882 kufuphi ESmolensk, kwidolophana Sloboda, apho emva kwiphulo elandelayo yaya kuma phezu kwilifa lakhe oyisa odumileyo laseAsiya. Ukubona ngokuhlwa egadini zixoxe inkwenkwe, UNikolai Mikhailovich wagqiba ukubuza isizathu sokuba ndandiwuthanda kangaka. Siguquke kwaye ndibona umfanekiso wakhe oqingqiweyo, uPetros wavuya kakhulu. Kancinci umoya, wathi ISAZINZULU yombuzo wakhe. Kubonakala ukuba Kozlov ebecinga ntoni ebona iinkwenkwezi Tibet zibonakala mhlophe ukuba kwenzeke ukuba kwenzeke ngonaphakade ukubona oku mntu kakhulu. Umhambi elizayo wathi Przhevalsky ngokunyaniseka enjalo, ukuba akazange nokuba mathidala, wamema naye udliwano-ndlebe.

Nangona umahluko ngobudala kwaye ubume ekuhlaleni, emacaleni ezazihambisana kakhulu. Le Isazinzulu wagqiba ukuba umhlobo wakhe oselula ubabalo inyathelo ngenyathelo ukuba ziziswe ehlabathini yokuhamba yobungcali. Phakathi Kozlov and Przheval'skiy ekugqibeleni saqalisa ubuhlobo ngokunyanisekileyo. Feeling ukuba uPetros wanikwa ngokupheleleyo kwimeko, apho inzululwazi ngokwakhe phantsi ngokunyanisekileyo, wathabatha uxanduva lokuba athathe inxaxheba kubomi mfana. Ekwindla 1882, UNikolai Mikhailovich umhlobo umfana wacela ukuba naye ekhaya yaye oko okukhawulezileyo ukufunda. Ubomi isithixo Manor kwabonakala ukuba iphupha Kozlov kaThixo fairytale. Yena ke zigutyungelwe kwi -ngomtsalane amabali umdla ubomi iyadinga, kwakunye nobukhulu kunye nobuhle bendalo Asia. Waza uPetros wagqiba ekubeni kufuneka kubekho liqabane Przewalski. Kodwa kuqala kufuneka ufumane imfundo epheleleyo aphakamileyo.

NgoJanuwari 1883 Kozlov Pet Kuzmich wadlula uviwo ngenxa ikhosi epheleleyo yezikolo zasesekondari. Emva koko kwafuneka aye nge emkhosini. Isibakala sokuba UNikolai Mikhailovich wathabatha yinxalenye yeqela lakhe uhambo, kuphela ngabo imfundo yasemkhosini. Belisenziwa apho ke waba yezizathu eziliqela njongo, oyintloko phakathi kwabo - imfuneko ukubuyiselana uhlaselo abaxhobileyo bendawo. Emva kweenyanga ezintathu, uPetros Kuzmich waye abhalisela kwi kwiphulo yesine Przewalski. Esi siganeko iqhawe review lwethu ezakuwakhumbula ebomini.

uhambo lokuqala

uhambo lokuqala Kozlov kweli hambo Przewalski kwenzeka ngo-1883. Injongo yawo ukuhlola i North East Turkestan kunye Tibet. Olu hambo yayikukuba Kozlov ngendlela emangalisayo. Phantsi kwenkokhelo i ngcebiso onamava kwaye steeled yena kule uphando. UTom negalelo uhlobo okukhulu Central Asia kunye ekulweni ngamanani lee bakule ndawo. Olo hambo lokuqala yaba umhambi abo basandula kuqalisa, nangona zonke ulangazelelo lwakhe, enzima kakhulu. Ngenxa kubaphandi eliphezulu ukufuma waba ixesha elininzi kuba iimpahla ezimanzi. Izixhobo iSADC umhlwa, impahla yakho ngokukhawuleza ukufumana emanzi kunye nezityalo eziqokelelweyo ukuze herbarium, kwaba nzima ukuba zome.

Kwiimeko ezinjalo, uPetros Kuzmich wafunda ukudubula ngokuma ezibonakalayo, limisele ukuphakama, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ngokuqaphela ophando endalo, nto leyo ibandakanya ukufunyanwa iimpawu zayo eziphambili. Ukongeza, wayedibana lombutho phulo expeditionary kwi sezulu esibi. Ngokutsho umhambi, ukufundisisa Central Asia yaba kuba lukhanyiso ekhokelayo, nto leyo ebonisa lonke ikhondo lobomi kamva.

Amazing

Sibuya ekhaya emva uhambo konyaka-2, Kozlov Pet Kuzmich waqhubeka ukuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza ngakwicala ekhethiweyo. Yena oluphuma yobungcali babo kwizifundo zenzululwazi zendalo, ezizwe kunye neenkwenkwezi. Phantse phambi kokuthumela kwiphulo elandelayo, uPetros Kuzmich kwenziwa igosa, waphumelela St. Petersburg Military School.

Le hambo lwesibini

Ekwindla ka-1888 Kozlov kuhambo lwakhe lwesibini phantsi kwesikhokelo Przewalski. Kodwa ekuqaleni hambo, e Karakol Mountain, kufuphi Lake Issyk-Kul, umkhenkethi omkhulu NMPrzhevalsky wagula kakhulu waza wafa nje emva koko. Ngokutsho ukufa isicelo lo mhambi, wangcwatywa kwi ngakuLwandle Issyk-Kul.

Lo mkhankaso uqalwe e ekwindla wonyaka olandelayo. intloko yakhe wamiselwa Colonel M. V. Pevtsova. isidima Last wathabatha umyalelo, nangona wayesazi ukuba endaweni Przewalski akanakuphila ngokupheleleyo. Kulo mba, kwagqitywa ekubeni ucuthe ndlela, elinganisela ukufundisisa Chinese Turkestan, Dzungaria kunye nenxalenye esemantla i Tibetan Plateau. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba umkhankaso wajika iphele, abathathi-nxaxheba bakwazi ukuqokelela izinto voluminous zembali neendawo, nesabelo esinzima ye-yeharim Petru Kozlovu, ikakhulu ukwenza izifundo East Turkestan.

Le hambo lesithathu

Uhambo olulandelayo Kozlov kwenzeka ngo-1893. Ngeli xesha, iphulo yophando wawusalathiswa V. I. Roborovsky ekwenzeni kanye umsebenzi weso oncedisayo esiphezulu Przewalski. Injongo yale hambo yayikukuphonononga emantla-mpuma Tibet kunye kummango Nan Shan. Kweli hambo, uPetros Kuzmich wayenza ngokuzimeleyo ahlola ezisingqongileyo. Ngamanye amaxesha kwakufuneka aye yedwa ukuya ku-1000 leekhilomitha. Ngelo xesha ke waqokelela isabelo yengonyama yeengqokelela umyezo we hambo. Xa V. I. Roborovsky gabhu waqalisa akhalaze yempilo, Kozlov wayalelwa ukuba ukukhokela hambo. Yena zaphumelela umsebenzi wazisa eli tyala ekupheleni. Sibuya ekhaya, umphandi thaca ingxelo, nto leyo ubizwa with "Ingxelo oyintloko nabagadi babaviwa abancedisayo ohambo P. K. Kozlova."

uhambo lokuqala ezizimeleyo

Ngowe-1899, umhambi neqembu yakhe indima yokuba yintloko hambo. Injongo ye-nxaxheba babeqhelene eMongolia Tibet. Uqhankqalazo abantu 18, apho abaphandi-4 kuphela, bonke abanye - wonogada. Indlela iqala kwisikhululo zeposi zeAltai zibekwe kufutshane nomda Mongolian ngayo. Emva koko ke babaleka ngenxa Mongolian zeAltai, Central Gobi kunye Kama - iindawo phantse unexplored kwicala elingasempumalanga Tibetan Plateau.

Ngophando kwi efikelela kuyo Yellow River, i Mekong kunye iteksti-uJiang, amalungu uhambo aye ajongana ngokuphindaphindiweyo izithintelo zasendalweni kunye balapho ndlongo. Noko ke, bakwazi ukuqokelela orographic unique, zejoloji sezulu, umyezo nezinto zezityalo. Abahambi kwakhona zisikhanyisele ubomi zezizwe kancinane-owaziwa Eastern Tibetan.

Mongolia ngumphandi Russian owakhokela olo hambo, mathupha inkcazelo eneenkcukacha izinto ezahlukeneyo zendalo, kuquka libekiwe ezinobude oziimitha 3200 kwaye achazwe apha ka-385 leekhilomitha Qinghai Lake; headwater Yalong River kunye Mekong, kwakunye iperi nasentshonalanga systems Kunlun bezikhethwe kokudlulileyo engaziwayo kwinzululwazi. Ukongeza, Kozlov wenza izincoko okhanyayo wobomi labemi kunye kwezoqoqosho Central Asia. Phakathi kwabo umi ngaphandle inkcazelo izithethe Tsaidam Mongols.

Ukususela hambo Mongolian-Tibetan Kozlov wazisa ukuqokelelwa intabalala enezityalo nezilwanyana yeendawo uphando. Ebudeni hambo, akazange nje ukujongana kumaqela abaxhobileyo zabantu bendawo, onombolo yakhe yafikelela kubantu 300. Ngenxa yokuba eli phulo phantse emibini iminyaka, eSt Petersburg weva ukuba ukungaphumeleli ngokupheleleyo kunye nokufa. Kodwa oku kungabanga ukuthintela Kozlov Pet Kuzmich. Incwadi "Mongolia and Cam" yaye "Cam kunye indlela emva," kuchazwe iinkcukacha kulo hambo. Kuba uhambo enemveliso enjalo Kozlov wafumana imbasa yegolide le Society Geographical Russian. Ngoko Game Big ndafumana omnye umncedi eliqaqambileyo.

Mongol-Sichuan uhambo

Ngowe-1907, i-ilungu Wawongwa woMbutho Geographical Russian, waya uhambo lwakhe wesihlanu. Eli xesha indlela wasukela Kyakhta ukuya Ulan Bator, ngoko ke imimandla ephakathi kwaye olusemazantsi Mongolia, indawo Kukunor yaye, ekugqibeleni, ukuya emntla Sichuan. Uninzi isiphumo ebalulekileyo kokufunyanwa kwi Gobi Desert iintsalela aloo mzi ofileyo Hara-Hoto, nto leyo zagutyungelwa isanti. Ngexesha kumbiwa isixeko eyafunyanwa kwithala leencwadi ezingamawaka amabini, isabelo ingonyama ngayo esibhaliweyo kurhulumente Si xia, owathi kamva kwaba ulwimi Tangut. Le ukuvumbulula kwakukhethekile, kuba akukho myuziyam indawo ehlabathini ekugunyazisayo ingqokelela elikhulu enjalo yeencwadi tungutskih. Uyafumana ukusuka Hara-Hoto kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimbali nenkcubeko, njengokuba ngokwegrafu ibonise iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobomi kunye nenkcubeko kukarhulumente lamandulo Xi xia.

Amalungu hambo bahlanganisana izinto olubanzi ngenkcazo bezizwana Mongolian kunye Tibetan. bona ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ehlawulwa lidala yaseTshayina kunye nehlelo amaBhuda. Kwakhona a lot of material umyezo kunye ngezityalo lwaqokelelwa. uphando lokufumanisa Special yingqokelela woodcuts yeencwadi zokuprinta imifanekiso, eziye zasetyenziswa eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba kushicilelo yokuqala eYurophu.

Ukongeza, Hara-Hoto efumaneka kuphela ukuqokelelwa yehlabathi engamaphepha iphepha XIII-XIV iinkulungwane. Kwakhona bagubhe Hara-Hoto bazisa kakhulu zonke iintlobo imifanekiso, amanani yehlelo kunye amakhulu imifanekiso dha kwi isilika, iinkuni, iphepha kunye ngeqhiya. Konke oku bafika e-Academy of lwembali Sciences kunye noMlawuli Alexander III.

Emva bangabonwa kunye noviwo ngenyameko isixeko kwabafileyo, amalungu umkhankaso wadibana kunye Qinghai Lake, uze indawo encinane yaziwa Amdo, zibekwe aguqe kwiYellow River.

Kolu hambo, wamazwe Russian ka Mongolia iye kwakhona yazisa osisityebi ingqokelela izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, phakathi ezibe iindidi ezintsha, kwaye nkqu kwisizukulwana. Iziphumo uhambo ISAZINZULU zichazwe kwincwadi yakhe "Mongolia kunye Amdo kunye nesixeko abafileyo Hara-Hoto", epapashwe kuphela ngo-1923.

ukulondoloza Security

Ngowe-1910, umhloli wawongwa imbasa enkulu negolide IsiNgesi kunye Society Geographical Italian. Xa iRussia yaba nenxaxheba kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, Colonel Kozlov wavakalisa umnqweno lujoyine yomkhosi. Wala yaye wathunyelwa matutu Irkutsk oyintloko ukuba ukuthengwa eenkomo umkhosi.

Ekupheleni-Oktobha Revolution, ekupheleni kuka-1917, Mongolia umphengululi, China kunye eTibet, ngelo xesha owayesele uMajor General, Commander in Askania Nova kwiphondo Tauride. Injongo yohambo - ukwamkelwa amanyathelo ukukhusela indawo ekhuselweyo of emathafeni kunye IGdańsk Zoo. Wakwenza amandla, ISAZINZULU sele kwenziwe konke okusemandleni ukukhusela lesikhumbuzo ezizodwa zemvelo. Ngo-Oktobha 1918, yena ingxelo kuMphathiswa wezeMfundo ukuba Askania Nova ndalisindisa ilizwe zayo zexabiso wahlala lomelele. Ukhuselo olusa phambili Reserve, wacela ukuba zidluliselwe Academy of Sciences of Ukraine aze anikwe ithuba lokuzuza amavolontiya 15-20. Kulo mzekelo, Kozlov bacela phantsi uxanduva lwakhe buqu 20 afohlela, FOUND kunye revolvers, kwakunye nenani efunekayo ye neekhatriji kubo. Ekupheleni kuka-1918, xa ixesha ingakumbi enzima War Civil, enkosi iinzame Major-Jikelele Kozlov, abantu abamalunga nama-500 abantu abasebenza kulo myezo.

Le hambo entsha

Ngowe-1922, iinkokheli eSoviet yagqiba ukuba silungiselele hambo ku Central Asia, apho wamiselwa intloko Kozlov Pet Kuzmich oneminyaka eli-60 ubudala. Umfazi yabahambi - osisazinzulu Elizaveta indoda yokuqala yaba inkampani hambo. Nangona imidala injalo yawo, umhambi yayizele lwamandla nochulumanco. Kuhambo lwakhe yesithandathu, eyathatha ukususela 1923 ukuya 1926, abaphengululi Lwavavanya inxalenye elincinane ngokwentelekiso kumantla Mongolia, nohehema lwesitya sokuhlambela eliphezulu umlambo Selenga.

Kwakhona, umhambi ifumene iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zenzululwazi. Kwinkqubo Noin-Ula, wafumana amangcwaba kancinane ngaphezulu kwama-200 kwaye bachitha zamaqula zabo. Kwathi kanti, yaba yokungcwaba Hun kwiminyaka engama 2,000 eyadlulayo. Le izinto ezifunyanwa ngabembi bezinto iye yaba yenye mkhulu zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Scientist kunye noogxa bakhe wafumana izinto ezininzi lwenkcubeko yamandulo, apho ungafumana umfanekiso olunzulu uqoqosho kunye nobomi Huns kwixesha: BC kwekhulu II. e. - I n c. e. Phakathi kwazo kwakukho ingqokelela ebanzi wezobugcisa ngayo iikhaphethi kunye amalaphu lwamaGrike-Bactrian ubukumkani, oluba ukususela BC kwinkulungwane III. e. yi II AD. e. kumantla yanamhlanje-Iran, Afghanistan nomntla-ntshona India.

On top of entabeni Ikhe-Bodo, ebekwe kwi-Mongolian zeAltai, kwintaba ephakame yeemitha 3000, abahambi bafumanisa i khan yamangcwaba yamandulo.

Nangona kunjalo, lo ukufunyanwa lukhulu hambo yesithandathu Kozlov yaba kokufunyanwa ezintabeni kwimpuma Khangai engcwabeni izizukulwana 13 kwinzala Genghis Khan. Waba umkhenkethi yokuqala yaseYurophu abathabatha inkosi Tibet. Kozlov onaye kuye imvume okhethekileyo, nto leyo efunekayo ukuze kuveliswe labalindi engxondorheni likhusela iindlela elikomkhulu Tibetan of Lhasa. Nangona kunjalo, i-British kuthintele kwii zezazinzulu Russian e Lhasa. Ilungu of the Game Great, uPyotr Kozlov yaye abazange bayifumane kule dolophu. kwi ingxelo yesithandathu hambo, wapapasha incwadi "Journey eMongolia. 1923-1926 "

imisebenzi olunye

Kwiminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe Kozlov Pet Kuzmich, ukuvulwa leyo waziwa kakhulu, akazange amlahle iphupho uhambo olude. Ngokukodwa, wayecebe ukuba aye Lake Issyk-Kul, ukuze kwakhona baqubuda ukuya kwelabafileyo yenkosi yakhe, uze uxhamle ubuhle bendawo. Kodwa ezintandathu abaphandi yaba Uhambo lokugcina. Emva kokuba umhlala, waphila ubomi obuzolileyo eLeningrad naseKiev. Noko ke, ixesha elininzi lichithe kunye nomfazi wakhe, kwindlu log encinane kwilali Strečno (50 km ukusuka Staraya Russa).

Naphi na apho ahlala mhambi, wakhawuleza zaye zasasazeka phakathi ummelwane abatsha. Ukuba bangenise abantu abatsha ukwazi ukuba namava abo, umphandi balungiselela izangqa ze zemvelo abaselula, waya kwilizwe ukunika iintetho, wapapasha imibhalo yakhe kunye namabali. Le lesayensi wayesazi ngubani Kozlov Pet Kuzmich. Ivula Asia wamnika kulwamkelo nayiphi kwizangqa. Ngowe-1928, i-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences elimkhethileyo ilungu ngokupheleleyo. A Society Geographical Russian kunikezelwa kuye Molteno of N. M. Przhevalskogo. Phakathi Abahloli Central Asia ye XX nzulu Russian ngekhulu uye endaweni ekhethekileyo.

Kozlov Pet Kuzmich wafa September 26, 1935 ukususela sclerosis intliziyo. Ke wangcwatyelwa emangcwabeni ESmolensk yamaLuthere.

impahla

Imbeko Kozlov ebizwa Glacier Ridge Tabyn-Bogda Ola. Ngowe-1936, imbeko iminyaka eyi-100 ngokuzalwa igama yabahambi lanikwa Dukhovshchina wesikolo apho iingcali sebeqala ukuba siqonde ihlabathi. Ngowe-1988, eSt Petersburg Iflede eniyisebenzisa yavulwa Museum umhambi.

Kozlov Pet Kuzmich, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu elifutshane yafikelela esiphelweni, ababuyanga badle kuphela ngexesha obafunyanwa ezinkulu, kodwa wadala kuyo umntu. Wayigqiba uqalise Przheval'skiy kubulawe 'amabala amhlophe "kwimephu ye Asia. Kodwa ekuqaleni Kozlov, ihlabathi lonke nxamnye naye.