Middle Ages - oku ntoni leminyaka? Yintoni kumaXesha Aphakathi emva kwexesha

Abanemvume - ixesha wophuhliso ngokubanzi uluntu lwaseYurophu, bagqume 5-15 AD ngenkulungwane th. Oku kwaqalisa ixesha emva kokuwa omkhulu uBukhosi baseRoma, phezu - ekuqaleni revolution yezoshishino eNgilani. Ngexesha lezi kwiinkulungwane ezilishumi Europe lifikile indlela elide yophuhliso, luphawulwa yokufuduka enkulu kwezizwe, ukuyilwa amazwe eziphambili aseYurophu kwaye ukuvela ezinqabileyo eliligugu imbali - i icawa zwe.

Yintoni uphawu aphakathi kumazwe

ixesha nganye umlando iimpawu zayo ezizodwa. Ithuba yembali kungekho ngaphandle.

Ixesha of the Ages Aphakathi - is:

• uqoqosho kwezolimo - uninzi lwabantu abasebenza kwezolimo;
• i ngakumbi ubukho bezinto uluntu lwasemaphandleni komzi (ingakumbi kwixesha lokuqala);
• indima enkulu kulo ibandla;
• ukubambelela iziyalezo zamaKristu;
• Zomnqamlezo;
• feudalism;
• ukuvela kumazwe;
• Culture: icawa Gothic, iintsomi, imibongo.

Middle Ages - oku ntoni leminyaka?

Ixesha yahlulwe izihlandlo ezithathu eziphambili:

• Early - 5-10 kwiinkulungwane th. n. e.
• High - 10-14 kwiinkulungwane th. n. e.
• Kamva - leminyaka imizuzu 14-15 (16). n. e.

Umbuzo of "abanemvume - oku oko kwiNkulungwane" Akukho impendulo ecacileyo, kukho isilinganiso kuphela - kwinqanaba umbono yeqela mbali.

amaxesha amathathu zahluke kakhulu enye kwenye: ekuqaleni ixesha elitsha eYurophu abanamava kwamaxesha - amaxesha kozinzo nokuqhekeka, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-15, kwakheka uluntu kunye neenqobo ezahlukileyo zenkcubeko yesintu.

Ongunaphakade inzululwazi ukungavisisani mainstream engenye

Ngamanye amaxesha uyakwazi ukuva amazwi :. "Antiquity - i kumaXesha Aphakathi" indoda abafundileyo qhiwu intloko yakhe, xa weva le ulahlekiso. inzululwazi esemthethweni ucinga ukuba Ages Aphakathi - sexesha, lwaqala emva kokuba kuthinjwe i-Western uBukhosi baseRoma xa bakhona kwinkulungwane 5. n. e.

Noko ke, ababhali-mbali ezizezinye (Fomenko) musa ukwabelana ngokombono nenzululwazi esemthethweni. Isangqa zabo, uyakwazi ukuva amazwi :. "Antiquity - i kumaXesha Aphakathi" Kuya kubaliselwa kungekhona ngokungazi, kodwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Ngubani na ababengakholwa, nokuba ngubani ongenalo - kwakho isigqibo. Sisabelana imbono yembali esemthethweni.

kwaqala njani konke; kwawa omkhulu uBukhosi baseRoma

Ngokuthinjwa eRoma bakhona - oku isiganeko kakhulu nembali yaba ekuqaleni kwexesha eYurophu.

Empire zathatha iinkulungwane-12, ngeli xesha, iye efunde amava angathethekiyo kunye nolwazi lwabantu abathe atshoniswe zisabonakala emva kokuba izizwe ezingaphucukanga le Ostrogoths, Huns kunye Gauls wathabatha inxalenye yayo wasentshona (476 BC. E.).

Le nkqubo ngcembe: kuqala, ngaphandle kolawulo eRoma wathimba kweli phondo, yaye ke wawela Centre. Inxalenye esempuma ubukhosi, nekomkhulu yayo eConstantinople (ngoku Istanbul) waze ngenkulungwane ye-15.

Emva kokuba bamba wengxowa eRoma bakhona Europe waziphosa yobumnyama. Naphezu kweziphazamiso ezibalulekileyo ukudideka, izizwe bakwazi ukuhlanganisa ukudala imeko eyahlukileyo kunye banenkcubeko eyahluke mpela.

Abanemvume Early - ke Ixesha "yobumnyama": 5-10 kwiinkulungwane th. n. e.

Ngeli xesha, iphondo uBukhosi baseRoma baba kumazwe; iinkokeli Hun, yaye Franks wathi ngokwabo iindwalutho, iigrafu, kunye nezinye izihloko ezinzulu. Okumangalisayo kukuba, abantu bakholwa babantu onegunya kunabo waza wathabatha amandla abo.

Kwathi kanti, izizwe ngumbharbhari abazange sasendle ukuze, njengoko unokuthelekelela sicingela ukuba saba Ekuthwaseni sokumiswa yaye esazi kwi yokunyibilikisa isinyithi kwinqanaba kwakudala.

nazo Eli xesha langutana ni ngenxa yokuba kwakukho emafeni ezintathu:

• abefundisi;
• asebukhosini;
• abantu.

Ukuze abantu ngayo abalimi, amachule kunye nabathengi. Ngaphezu kwama-90% abantu abahlala kwiidolophana wayesebenza emasimini. uhlobo ukulima kwezolimo.

Abanemvume High - 10-14 kwiinkulungwane th. n. e.

bemilingo yenkcubeko. Eyokuqala luphawulwa ukuyilwa inqubo ethile, uphawu umuntu ephakathi. Ngomhlaba banzi: kwakukho umfanekiso omhle, ukuba iyavakala ngokuba, yaye ihlabathi intle-gingxi.

Inkolo wadlala indima enkulu - Abantu babenqula uThixo, ukuya ecaweni wazama ukulandela imilinganiselo yeBhayibhile.

Ukuze babe ezizinzileyo urhwebo phakathi East and West: nabarhwebi kunye nabakhenkethi ababuya kumazwe akude, imveliso uzisa, iikhaphethi, iziqholo kunye namava amatsha kumazwe exotic Asia. Konke oku kube negalelo ekwandeni jikelele kwimfundo eYurophu.

Ngeli xesha kwakukho umfanekiso lomntu-a knight, ngubani kule mini amantombazana kakhulu efanelekileyo. Noko ke, apha kukho ezinye bokuqonda, ebonisa neodnoznanost nembonakalo yakhe. Kwelinye icala, lo knight wayeyindoda okhaliphileyo, ukhaliphe, Ndifungile ubhishophu yokuzithethelela ilizwe labo. Ngelo xesha kwakunzima nangenkohlakalo obusemaqhingeni - ekuphela kwendlela ukulwa ingxokolo bakhona ezingaphucukanga.

Yena Qinisekisa waba "ibhinqa", kuba alwa ngawo. UPawulos, singatsho ukuba knight - umzobo impikiswano kakhulu, eliquka iimpawu kunye ezimbi.

I Ages Middle kade - kwinkulungwane imizuzu 14-15 (16). n. e.

mbali Western cinga ekupheleni kumaXesha Aphakathi, kwafunyanwa Melika ngu Columbus (Oktobha 12, 1492). mbali Russian nombono eyahlukileyo - ekuqaleni revolution industrial ngenkulungwane ye-16.

I-Autumn of the Ages Aphakathi (igama wesibini elithile emva kwexesha) waphawulwa ukuyilwa kwizixeko ezikhulu. Kwakhona, kwakukho amakhulu-isikali yamahlwempu uphakamo - ekugqibeleni waba iklasi free.

IYurophu ubunzima ilahleko enkulu yobomi ngenxa isibetho. Isifo wathabatha ubomi obuninzi, abemi ezinye izixeko siwile ngesiqingatha.

Abanemvume kade - ixesha ubhalo isiphelo osisityebi era kwimbali yaseYurophu, eyathatha malunga Millennium.

Elikhulu Iminyaka War: umfanekiso uJoan of Arc

Abanemvume kade - na imbambano phakathi eNgilani France, eyathatha ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka.

isiganeko esibi, wabeka uphuhliso kumda wesangqa ye eYurophu, kwaba yiMfazwe Kwiminyaka Elikhulu '(1337-1453 gg.). Akuzange kakhulu imfazwe kwaye ukuphumelela ngokupheleleyo. Ukuyondelelaniswa esi siganeko zembali ekuthiwa zamehlo phakathi eNgilani France, ngamanye amaxesha ludlulele lusanda esebenzayo.

Oku kwaqala nge yengxabano EFlanders, xa ukumkani eNgilani baqala ukubeka zamabango isithsaba isiFrentshi. Ekuqaleni, impumelelo eyayihamba kunye UK: neyabalimi ngezigaba ezincinane bamaxhoba woyisa kartel isiFrentshi. Kodwa ke umqondiso kwenzeke: uJoan of Arc owazalwa.

Le ntombazana neyi ume obudoda waba emibi kakuhle kunye nolutsha abawazi kwimicimbi yasemkhosini. Wakwazi yokuhlanganisa isiFrentshi kwaye amaBritane ngokomoya ukulwa umva ngenxa izinto ezimbini:

• Wakholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba oku kunokwenzeka;
• Wabiza yokumanya onke isisiFrentshi ebusweni kotshaba.

Isiphumo of War the Kwiminyaka Elikhulu ' yaba uloyiso eFransi, uJoan of Arc wangena imbali nje Heroine wesizwe.

era medieval yaphela likwiphulo lokongeza uninzi lwamazwe aseYurophu kunye lokusekwa uluntu lwaseYurophu.

ixesha kweziphumo ukuya kwimpucuko yaseYurophu

Ixesha yembali of the Ages Aphakathi - neminyaka eliwaka, uphuhliso inomdla yempucuko Koloni. Ukuba umntu ofanayo uyawuvelela kuqala kumaXesha Aphakathi kusasa, emva koko ndafudukela ngenkulungwane ye-15, uza befunde kwindawo enye, olukhulu ukuze ezo utshintsho.

Makhe sithi gqaba kubala iziphumo eziphambili zamaXesha Aphakathi:

• ukuvela kwizixeko ezikhulu;
• ukwabiwa kwiiyunivesithi eYurophu;
• ukwamkelwa ubuKristu uninzi lwabemi baseYurophu;
• scholasticism Avreliya Avgustina kunye Fomy Akvinskogo;
• inkcubeko ekhethekileyo kumaXesha Aphakathi - an lwezakhiwo, uncwadi nobugcisa;
• ukuzimisela zaseNtshona yaseYurophu neqonga entsha yophuhliso.

Inkcubeko zamaXesha Aphakathi

Ixesha of the Ages Aphakathi - ikakhulu isiko isici. Ngaphantsi kokuba luqondwa ingqiqo ebanzi, ebandakanya impumelelo engaphathekiyo kwaye obubonakalayo abantu ngelo xesha. Ezi ziquka:

• bokwakha;
• iincwadi;
• ukupeyinta.

bokwakha

Ukuba icawa ezininzi odumileyo yaseYurophu zakhiwa kule xesha. ngcungela wadala wandiyolisayo yokwakha kwi iindlela ezimbini ezithile: ongumRoma Gothic.

Eyokuqala wasungulwa zasentshona Yurophu kwi 11-13 kwiinkulungwane th. Oku yezakhiwo hlukile, ilifinyeze zaba. Iicawa kunye iinqaba kwi indlela Romanesque kule mini umfutho ingqiqo of the Ages Aphakathi mnyama. Eyona idumileyo ziquka Bamberg Cathedral.

Indlela zwe angazishiyi nabani lingenandaba: ngenkohliso, azihluphe izakhiwo Gothic izimanga.

Kuyo Gothic - France. Ehlabathini 12 yaqala ukubonakala isakhiwo yokuqala ngale ndlela. Baye zizakubalulwa moldings ezintle, ekhangele ezulwini, yaye ezininzi zeglasi ilitha nebala.

Umhambi nobunzima kakhulu baya kufumana icawa ezininzi ngalinye kunye namaholo idolophu kwi amazwe Western Europe. Noko ke, ingqalelo kakhulu abadumileyo:

• Notre Dame;
• EStrasbourg Cathedral;
• Cologne Cathedral.

iincwadi

uncwadi yaseYurophu kumaXesha Aphakathi i ngokuncedisana izibongo zamaKristu, ukucinga yamandulo iintsomi yeqhawe. Akukho namnye uhlobo loncwadi lingenako ihlabathi azinakufaniswa iincwadi kunye iibhaladi ezibhalwe ngababhali ephakathi.

Amanye amabali ngezinto amadabi baxabisa! Zigula buyinto umdla: Abantu ababandakanyekayo kwidabi enkulu kumaxesha (umzekelo, i-Battle of Ganstingse), singaqondanga ababhala: baba amangqina zokuqala ziganeko.

Eyaziwa Ababhali ephakathi baba:

• Aurelius (basikelelwe) Augustine - uyise scholasticism. Waye wajoyina i-ingcamango kaThixo ukusuka bulumko yamandulo yakhe 'City of kaThixo. "
• Wabe Alighieri - ungummeli okhanyayo imibongo ephakathi. Wabhala "The Divine Comedy."
• Zhan Maro - yokubhala iprozi. Famous umsebenzi - "Kananjalo amakhosikazi zeencwadi manenekazi amanene."

Abanemvume - oku ilixa zokulwa kunye noncwadi ezintle. Kwi indlela yobomi, amasiko nezithethe zabantu esinokuyifunda ababhali iincwadi.

yokudweba

Cities wakhula, wakha iicawa, ngokulandelelanayo, yaye kwakukho imfuneko ngomhombiso zokuhomba lwezakhiwo. Ekuqaleni, lo ochaphazelekayo izakhiwo ezidolophini ezinkulu, kwaye ngoko ke izindlu zabantu abazizityebi.

Abanemvume - ixesha ukubunjwa yokudweba yaseYurophu.

On mizobo edume ebonisa imifanekiso zeBhayibhile - The Virgin uMariya Mntwana, isifebe waseBhabheli, "I Annunciation" njalo-njalo. triptychs Ukunaba (imifanekiso ezincinane ezintathu omnye) kunye diptrihi (imifanekiso ezimbini enye). Amagcisa beqabe iindonga ecaweni, iiholo idolophu, zaveza iifestile zeglasi nebala ukuba amabandla.

art medieval kuhlangene ne ubuKristu kunye kunqulo Virgin Mary. Masters eboniswa ngayo eyahlukileyo; kodwa sinokuthi enye into - le mifanekiso ezimangalisayo.

Abanemvume - ixesha phakathi kwimbali yamandulo kunye mihla. Kuyinto eli xesha kwavula indlela kwenkqubo yezoshishino kwaye ezifunyaniswe enkulu eendawo.