Ebephi eConstantinople? Njengoko ngoku ekuthiwa eConstantinople?

Isixeko edume kuye lo mzi akusayi kufumana, kunjalo indawo amagama ezininzi, iintlanga ubukhosi ... The ibange obungunaphakade waseRoma, nelaye lasisiseko ubuKristu Orthodox kunye ikomkhulu ubukhosi, ebe ikhona kwekhulu ... Xa iimephu mihla, uyaphila kwaye iyakhula. Le ndawo abekuyo eConstantinople, ibekwe engekude kakhulu kuthi. Kwimbali kwesi sixeko kunye neentsomi yayo ezukileyo kuxubusha ngayo kweli nqaku.

ukuvela

Yaphinda umhlaba, ephakathi enolwandle ngeenxa zombini - noLwandle lweMeditera, abantu baqala kwi BC ngenkulungwane VII Njengoko bathi iitekisi zamaGrike, kunxweme mantla Bosphorus wambeka iyikoloni eMileto. Asian Coast Strait obzhili Megara. Izixeko amabini emi ezijongeneyo - kwinxalenye yaseYurophu eMileto yaba Byzantium, elunxwemeni emzantsi - Megara Kalhedon. Le meko ukuba elalini ukulawula i Bosphorus. urhwebo umsengi phakathi kwamazwe oLwandle Olumnyama kuLwandle iAegean, nokuhamba rhoqo kwempahla, urhwebo kunye neenqanawa zomkhosi ohambo ukunika imisebenzi namasiko zombini ezi zixeko, nto leyo eya kungekudala abe mnye.

Ngenxa yoko, le ndawo kwaza ke Bosporus, kamva igama bay ye-Golden Horn, yaye ingongoma enye apho isixeko kweConstantinople.

Iinzame thatha Byzantium

Zizityebi nabantu abadumileyo Byzantium kwatsala ingqalelo iinjengele ezininzi nabanqobi. Malunga 30 neminyaka ukudliwa kaDariyo, Byzantium waba phantsi zegunya ubukhosi yamaPersi. Golf ubomi ethule kangangamakhulu eminyaka emasangweni ayo wasondela umkhosi wokumkani kwelaseMakedoni - uFilipu. iinyanga eziliqela zokungqinga akuphumelelanga. Abemi izama nomi akhetha ukuba ndothulele umnqwazi abahlaseli ezininzi, kunokuba senze amadabi bamagazi ezininzi. Yoyisa Byzantium waphumelela omnye ukumkani eMakedoni - Alexander Omkhulu.

Emva yahlukana Aleksandra Makedonskogo ubukhosi, esi sixeko saba phantsi kwempembelelo eRoma.

UbuKristu eseByzantium

namasiko amaRoma nesiGrike kwimbali nenkcubeko akubona imithombo kuphela inkcubeko elizayo kweConstantinople. Lemveli kwintsimi olusempuma wamaRoma, unqulo entsha, njengoko twa umlilo onke amaphondo waseRoma yamandulo. uluntu bangamaKristu zibe kwayo abantu ukholo ezahlukeneyo, kunye kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo emfundo kunye nengeniso. Kodwa sele ngexesha labapostile, AD ngenkulungwane yesibini, kwakukho izikolo ezininzi zamaKristu kunye ezikhumbuzo zokuqala iincwadi zamaKristu. NgeeLwimi ubuKristu kuxhaphaka asakhulayo le mangcwaba kwaye utsho ngakumbi ngokwayo ihlabathi.

kubalawuli bamaKristu

Emva ngokwahlukana, imfundo karhulumente enkulu kwinxalenye esempuma uBukhosi baseRoma baqalisa kuzilungiselela njengelizwe lamaKristu. UMlawuli uConstantine wathabatha amandla kwisixeko samandulo, waza wasithiya ngokuba eConstantinople, emva ngokwakhe. loshushiso lwamaKristu ayisenziwa, iitempile kunye neendawo zonqulo kukaKristu waqalisa ukuba iziqu nangokomyinge eziphakamileyo zonqulo. UConstantine ngokwakhe wabhaptizwa lokufa kwakhe ngo-337. Abalawuli rhoqo ukukhuthaza nokukhusela ukholo lwamaKristu. A Justinian VI ngo. BC UbuKristu ushiye kuphela unqulo karhulumente eyayinalo izithethe zamandulo kummandla yoBukhosi baseByzantium.

eConstantinople iitempile

inkxaso State ukholo omtsha kube nefuthe elihle kubomi kunye isakhiwo sezopolitiko esi sixeko sidala. Ilizwe apho eConstantinople, ezele iitempile ezininzi kunye neempawu ukholo lwamaKristu. Emizini ubukhosi kwakukho amabandla, zaye zabanjwa iinkonzo, etsala gaba yayo kunye adepts ngakumbi. Omnye icawa zokuqala odumileyo zavela ngeli xesha, waye itempile Sofia eConstantinople.

Church of St .. Sofia

Umsunguli yawo uKonstantin Veliky. Eli gama uye enkulu eMpuma Yurophu. Nozipho ebizwa saint ongumKristu, owayephila BC ngenkulungwane II Ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa uYesu Kristu ubulumko yokufunda. Ukulandela umzekelo eConstantinople, iicawa lokuqala lamaKristu eli gama asasazwe kuzo zonke emazweni esempuma bukhosi. Unyana uConstantine kunye yindlalifa kwitrone yaseByzantium, umlawuli Constantius yakhiwe itempile, nto leyo ngakumbi entle banzi. ubomi iminyaka elikhulu elinamanci kamva, ngexesha intshutshiso sikweni le wezakwalizwi zamaKristu yokuqala sobulumko Ioanna Bogoslova, eConstantinople iitempile zatshatyalaliswa yi abo bavukeli, kwaye Cathedral of St .. Sofia itshiswe emhlabeni.

Ukuvuselelwa icawa kwenzeka ebudeni bolawulo loMlawuli Justinian.

umlawuli New umKristu ezinqwenelekayo ukuba yakhiwe loo ndlu yecawa. Ngokutsho kwakhe, i Hagia Sophia eConstantinople kufuneka imbeko, nabazinikeleyo ecaweni yakhe linyanzelekile ukuba Zizigqithile ubuhle kunye nobukhulu naliphi na iziko eli hlobo ehlabathini. Kuba ukwakhiwa kwale wobugcisa yoMlawuli wamema labazobi ezaziwayo-kakuhle kwaye abakhi ixesha - Amphimachus ukusuka Thrall kunye Isidore of eMileto. Xa bezakhiwo ukuzithoba basebenza abancedisi ikhulu, yaye amawaka-10. Abantu babeqeshwe ngqo kwi sakhiwo. Umnikelo Isidore kunye Amphimachus yaba izinto ezininzi ogqibeleleyo zokwakha - lenyengane, nezemarmore, kunye amatye anqabileyo. Ukwakhiwa lweminyaka emihlanu, kwaye isiphumo zangaphaya kobesikulindele.

Ngokutsho akhawunti ababephila, Ulihlanganisele kwindawo apho itempile eConstantinople walawula phezu kwisixeko samandulo, ngathi inqanawa emimangweni. Ngomhla ummangaliso emangalisayo bahlanganisana ukubona amaKristu zonke umbuso.

Ukwenziwa buthathaka waseConstantinople

Kwinkulungwane VII ngo-Arabhu Peninsula, a silwe omtsha karhulumente Islamic - Arabhu Caliphate. Phantsi koxinzelelo wakhe Byzantium waphulukana amaphondo ayo wasempumalanga, ngelixa ummandla yaseYurophu ngcembe yoyiswa saseFrigiya, nokuxubana, Bulgarians. Ummandla apho eConstantinople, liye ngokuphindaphindiweyo bahlaselwa engqongwe irhafu. UMbuso baseByzantium ukuncipha isikhundla salo eMpuma Yurophu, yaye ngokuthe ngcembe wawa kwamazinyo.

ngo-1204 i imikhosi zokholo kwi kwizithuthi yelo kunye elihamba yaseFransi wathabatha eConstantinople ekungqingweni nasekuxinweni kwiinyanga-elide. Emva ukumelana elide umzi yawa kwaye limisiwe yi zabahlaseli. Umlilo ziye imisebenzi ezininzi zobugcisa kunye ezikhumbuzo. Kwi indawo apho wayemi ezinabantu natyebileyo eConstantinople, kuba Sivikivekile, baphanga ikomkhulu Romeyskoy uBukhosi. Ngowe-1261 amaByzantine akwazi ukuba baphinde babe eConstantinople ukusuka Latins, kodwa ukubuyisela umzi ngobukhulu wayo wangaphambili akwenzeki.

ubukhosi Ottoman

Ngu XV ngekhulu Ottoman ngokubonakalayo kwandiswa imida yayo ukuya imimandla yaseYurophu, esasaza Islam ngekrele kunye ukunyoba iqhotyoshelwe umhlaba ngakumbi nangakumbi impahla yakhe. Ngowe-1402, i-Turkish Sultan Bayezid sele wazama ukuba eConstantinople, kodwa woyiswa yi Amir Timur. Le bahlulwa Anker buthathaka iingalo ubukhosi, saza sayandisa ixesha bathuleyo ubukho kweConstantinople enye engamashumi amahlanu.

Ngowe-1452, Sultan Mehmed 2 emva ngocoselelo namalungiselelo waqokela ngokubamba i ikomkhulu loBukhosi baseByzantium. Pre-wathabatha unonophelo lokubamba izixeko ezincinane, eyirhawula eConstantinople kunye namahlakani ayo waqalisa nasekuxinweni. Ngobusuku kaMeyi 28, wasiwa 1453 umzi. iicawa ezininzi zamaKristu yaphendulwa zamaSilamsi, imifanekiso abangcwele kunye neempawu ubuKristu shwaka iindonga icawa, kwaye phezu St. Nozipho moya iceba.

UMbuso baseByzantium yaphela, kunye eConstantinople yaba yinxalenye Ottoman.

Ulawulo Suleiman Zobungangamela wanika eConstantinople i "Golden Age" ezintsha. Xa akha suleymaniye Mosque, nto leyo iba uphawu ngenxa amaSilamsi, ngokufanayo uhlala of St .. Sofia wonke amaKristu. Emva kokufa Suleiman Ottoman lonke ixesha sisekho kwayo ukuhombisa kwisixeko samandulo obukhulu izakhiwo kunye bokwakha.

Olukhulu igama leso sixeko

Emva capturing isixeko baseTurkey akazange ngokusesikweni uyinike igama kwakhona. Kuba amaGrike, nto iye yaqinisekisa ukuba igama layo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukususela emlonyeni abahlali Turkish Arabhu baqalisa isandi ngakumbi "Istanbul", "Stanbul", "Istanbul" - aqhubeka waba eConstantinople. Ke kaloku wabiza iinguqulelo ezimbini imvelaphi la magama. Hypothesis lokuqala lithi igama - embi umkhondo ibinzana lesiGrike elithetha "Mna ndiye kungena kuwo umzi, ukuya emzini." Enye ingcamango isekelwe phezu igama Islambouli, elithetha "isixeko Islam". Zombini iinguqulelo banelungelo lokuba khona. Enoba lwalunjani, igama baseConstantinople isasetyenziswa nangoku, kodwa kubomi bemihla ngemihla iza kwaye iqine, kwaye igama Istanbul. Kule fomu yesixeko waya iimaphu kumazwe amaninzi, kuquka eRashiya, kodwa amaGrike lo mmandla ogama lakhe behlonipha uConstantine.

Istanbul owayephila

Le ndawo uphi eConstantinople, ngoku ziphethwe Turkey. Noko ke, umxholo dolophu sele batshabalalayo; sisigqibo abasemagunyeni Turkish ukuya ezinkulu 1923 lidluliselwe Ankara. Nangona eConstantinople, ngoku ekuthiwa Istanbul, abakhenkethi abaninzi kunye neendwendwe kwi Byzantium yamandulo lisekhona isixeko esikhulu ngamatye ezininzi izakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, izityebi kwi wokungenisa emazantsi, yaye usoloko ekhumbulekayo.