Iminyaka yobomi Hristofora Kolumba: engobomi, yohambo, ezifunyaniswe

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba wamazwe yodumo akwazi ukufumanisa Melika ngoncedo uKumkani eSpeyin, waba inzalelwane kweItali. abangaphantsi kweminyaka yokuphila Hristofora Kolumba kwenzeka kwi ukungakhuseleki kwi- Apennine lizwe. Wazalwa e Genoa ngo-1451, kwaye lifundileyo University of Pavia. Ukususela ekuzalweni kwakhe babehlala kufutshane elwandle waza wagqiba ekubeni azinikele ukuba ahambe. Kubalulekile kwakhona nento yokuba iminyaka yobomi Hristofora Kolumba kwenzeka ngexesha eendawo ezifunyaniswe, xa baseYurophu aphuma amanzi oLwandle lweMeditera waza waqalisa ukufuna indlela India.

Ukuqala navigation

urhulumente christian ezixhaswa oomtiloshe ukuze bafumane ukufikelela kwizibonelelo eninzi. Kwanangaphambi Columbus abahloli Portuguese bahamba empuma ugu lwase Afrika. Kule 70s, uChristopher wagqiba ukufumana indlela eya kwilizwe elikude indlela yasentshona. Ngokutsho izibalo bakhe, kufuneka uye kwelo cala kwi ngama kwe elikwiiCanary Islands, emva koko kuya kuba lula ukufikelela elunxwemeni Japan.

Ngelo xesha wayephila ePortugal, owawusisazulu zonke navigation yaseYurophu. Yena inxaxheba kwiphulo eGuinea, apho Elmina nqaba yakhiwa ngo-1481. Ngelo xesha linye i ngumphandi namabhongo batyelela eNgilani, Iceland kunye Ireland, apho wafunda malunga ntsomi bengingqi malunga Vinland. Ngoko ke, ngemihla yamandulo, Vikings ngokuba ilizwe kwazo. Yaba kunxweme North America. Ngenxa yokuba kumaXesha Aphakathi kwakungekho unxulumano olukhulu phakathi wobuhedeni kunye Christian Europe, eScandinavia, ukufunyanwa zihlandlo azikhange.

umbutho yokuhamba entshonalanga

Iminyaka emininzi, ubomi Hristofora Kolumba ichithwe xa ezama ukwenza urhulumente okanye abarhwebi ezahlukeneyo imali ngohambo lwakhe ukuya ngasentshona. Ekuqaleni, wazama ukufumana ulwimi abaku NEGOTIANT ukusuka lweenkobe Genoa, kodwa abavumanga esichengeni imali yabo. Ngowe-1483, le projekthi ubeke etafileni ye-Portuguese uKumkani João II. Kwakhona unqabe nobiza.

Emva kwale lawa, uChristopher waya eSpeyin. Apho wakwazi ukuba acele inkxaso iindwalutho zasekuhlaleni, bamzisa kukumkani nokumkanikazi. Spain ngokusemthethweni akazange yayingekabikho. Endaweni yoko, kwakukho ezimbini ithi - Castile naseAragon. Umtshato abalawuli babo (uFerdinand noIsabella) ihlanganisa izizithsaba ezimbini kwi enye. Esi sibini wanika abaphulaphuli Umlawuli. Waye waqeshwa myalelo, apho ukuhlola iindleko kunye nendlela oku ugwetyelwayo i lezeMali. Iziphumo okuqala ukungazi Columbus. Wala yaye wacela ukuhlaziya uyilo. Emva koko bazama ukuthethana nokumkani Ngilani Portugal (kwakhona).

ISivumelwano ne Spain

Ngowe-1492, Spain hlasi Granada waza waphumelela Reconquista - ukugxothwa Muslim ukusuka Iberia. Ukumkani ukumkanikazi kwakhona likhululekile nemiba yezopolitiko inxaxheba kwiphulo le Columbus. Wathi Igama lokugqibela Isabella, owavumayo akayibekela bonke ubuncwane babo buqu kunye nezacholo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iinqanawa kunye nezibonelelo. Mariner uye wathembisa ukuba wayeya kuba viceroy onke amasimi avule. Kubalulekile kwakhona isihloko amanene bakhe Admiral loLwandle Ocean, yaye ngoko nangoko lona.

Ukongeza abasemagunyeni Colombian yanceda umnini Martin Alonso Pinzón, owathi wanikela omnye iinqanawa yabo ( "Pinta"). Kwiphulo lokuqala nayo inxaxheba Karakka "Santa Maria" wodwa "noNina". Lonke iqela abantu ezilikhulu babandakanywe.

I uhambo lokuqala

ubomi iminyaka Hristofora Kolumba echithwa. Wakwazi ukuba iphupha lakhe. Uninzi iinkcukacha uhambo lwakhe lokuqala ukuya ngasentshona eyaziwa ngenxa log emkhombeni, nto leyo wayigcina yonke imihla kuthi. Ezi rekhodi nanto ezisagcinwe ngenxa yokuba umbingeleli Bartolome de las Casas kwiminyaka embalwa lenze ikopi yephepha.

August 3, 1492 iinqanawa baseSpeyin bayishiya zibuko. September 16, wavula uLwandle Sargasso. October 13 endleleni leenqanawa izwe ayaziwa. Columbus weza siqithi zize zakhiwe kuyo ibanner Castile. Yena igama San Salvador. Apha baseSpeyin kuqala wabona icuba, umqhaphu, umngqusho kunye neetapile.

Nge Aboriginal Columbus wafumanisa ubukho kwesiqithana enkulu, nto leyo kancinci ukuya ngasemzantsi. Yaba Cuba. Ke uhambo basakholelwa ukuba ethile e East Asia. Ezinye iziqwenga Aboriginal yegolide kwafunyanwa waphefumlela iqela ukuqhubeka ukukhangela ubutyebi.

olunye kwesayensi

Disemba 6 uyaziwa kwisiqithi saseHispaniola, leyo ke kuthiwa saseHispaniola. Nangaphambi koko, omnye ngeenqanawa "Pinta" laba kolawulo Columbus, yaza induna waya kukhangela ukuba omnye siqithi, leyo kuthiwa baba ubuncwane.

December 25 "Santa Maria" wafika kulo ulwalwa, emva koko neqela lakhe wahlala eHaiti kunye lezibonelelo unyaka kunye isixhobo for self-yokuzikhusela. Columbus enqanaweni wokugqibela "Nina" waya eYurophu. Apha endleleni wadibana "Pinto", eqhubekileyo sigoduka.

Buyela eYurophu

NgoMatshi, hambo wabuyela Spain apho ekugqibeleni waba waziwa ezifunyaniswe Hristofora Kolumba. Yaba ngummangaliso ngokwenene baseYurophu, ngubani kuqala wabona amaNdiya, ezithatyathwe kwiziqithi lulahla "Nini". Hambo Hristofora Kolumba wabangela ezininzi izipho uhlobo akabonakali zikude - .. izityalo New, iziqhamo, njl Iindaba kwimpumelelo baseSpeyin kwakhokelela ekubeni kumqolo ozakuzo. Nokuba phakathi kwenkulungwane XV, Portugal evela upopu ilungelo lokuba nomhlaba ngaphantsi wavula ngaphandle Afrika Cape Bohador. Ekubeni kwakukholelwa ukuba kokufunyanwa iziqithi ziyinxalenye Indiya, ethetha phakathi amagunya ezimbini ubume zabo zomthetho.

Ngowe-1494, phantsi yolamlo Pope waseRoma watyikitywa iSivumelwano Tordesillas, apho ubunini kula mazwe emida yi inkululeko of Cape Verde.

Le hambo lwesibini

Nokuba phambi kokuqalisa uhambo yesibini Hristofora Kolumba. Ngeli xesha, phantsi kolawulo lwakhe, oko sele iinqanawa 17. Akumangalisi oku, ngenxa yokuba gosa ngoku ubabalo omkhulu wokumkani, ukumkanikazi kwaye uninzi yeenkosi iSpanish, aqhutywa waqala ukumnika imali uhambo.

Uhambo yesibini Hristofora Kolumba yayahlukile ukusuka nangoku yokuqala kunye nokwakhiwa weqela. Eli xesha imikhumbi kuphela oomatiloshe. Bekongezwayo iimonki bevangeli ukuba ndibhaptize abantu bomthonyama. Kwakhona, indawo yayo yathathwa yi ngamagosa kunye nezidwangube baba ukuba balungelelanise ubomi lithanga isigxina ngasentshonalanga.

Kwiintsuku ezingama-20 ezinika umdla yavulwa Dominica kunye Guadeloupe, apho wayehlala khona Caribs, azakubalulwa isimo sengqondo ndlongondlongo ekuyeni abamelwane zoxolo. I ngqa nabo phezu elunxwemeni kwisiqithi Santa Cruz. Ngelo Nqabakazi efanayo Virginia kunye Puerto Rico yafunyanwa.

Amazwe kwiziqithi

Iqela wayefuna ukuya oomatiloshe kusala ngasemva eHaiti ngexesha kwiphulo lokuqala. kuphela izidumbu kunye mathambo kwisiza nqaba. Ngelo xesha linye ke iinqaba La Isabella kunye Santo Domingo ezisekelwe. Ngelo xesha, urhulumente Spanish wagqiba ukutshintshela amalungelo awodwa kwenye Columbus esasihamba - Amerigo Vespucci. UChristopher ubuyazi loo nto, waza waya eYurophu ukungqina ukuba umsulwa. Ngelo kwinkundla yakomkhulu, wathi sele ifikelele Asia (nakubeni ke Cuba). Hristofor Kolumb amagqabantshintshi ukuba nje igolide apho kwaye ngoku phantsi amaphulo amatsha Ungasebenzisa labour entolongweni kuba nenzuzo enkulu kwezoqoqosho.

Le hambo lesithathu

Ngoko ke waqalisa kwiphulo wesithathu Hristofora Kolumba. Ngo-1498 inqanawa yakhe weza eHaiti waya ngasemzantsi, apho, xa ntetho ka-waka, babeza kuba imigodi yegolide. Ngaloo kwafunyaniswa kwisiqithi Trinidad, nasemlonyeni i Orinoco River eVenezuela namhlanje. Akuba lo hambo, hambo wabuyela eHaiti (saseHispaniola), i bezithanga apho sele benze uqhushululu. Abayithandi oko banikwa ilizwe. Kwaba lelo xesha ke wagqiba ekubeni athabathe ukusombulula amaNdiya yengingqi babe ngamakhoboka sandise yonaniso zobuqu.

Noko ke, oku akuthethi ukusombulula le ngxaki iphambili, nto leyo umiselwe thina izinto Hristofora Kolumba. In Spain nangoku asikazifumani igolide. Ngelo xesha, Umatiloshe IsiPhuthukezi Vasco da Gama wakwazi ukufikelela i-India wokwenene. Ngokungqinelana nesivumelwano kunye Castile yena elingqukuviweyo Afrika wabonakala kweli lizwe kulindeleke kakhulu. Ukusuka apho wazisa Portugal eninzi ubulawu ukuba ayifumaneki eYurophu. Baye axabise ngokomrhumo.

Abasemagunyeni iSpanish, eqonda ukuba udlala ocean uhlanga ummelwane wakho, wagqiba kwelokuba lokurhoxisa ububange zophando Columbus. waye wesiphaluka wabuyela eYurophu.

Le hambo wesine

Imbali Hristofora Kolumba makhasi kakubi kakhulu ukuba belithe leza ngexesha uhambo lwakhe ngempumelelo kuye unento eninzi abahlobo abanempembelelo - ababawa kunye iindwalutho. Bacenga uKumkani uFerdinand ukuba ngumatiloshe elinye ithuba niye uhambo yesine.

Ngeli xesha, Columbus wagqiba ukuya ngasentshona, bedlula iziqithi ezininzi. Ngoko ke wavula kunxweme mihla Central Melika - Honduras kunye ePanama. Kuye kwacaca ukuba Atlantic Ocean ivaliwe kwintsimi enkulu. September 12, 1503 Columbus wakha wabashiya vula siqithi wabuyela eSpeyin. Apho wagula kakhulu.

Ukufa kunye nexabiso obafunyanwa

Ukusuka kule ndawo ezifunyaniswe ukwenza ezinye Noomateloshe, kwaye Hristofor Kolumb. America sele umazibuthe for entsha ezininzi yaye ukulungele ukuba ukutyebisa ngokwabo. Life Hristofora Kolumba, elingumthombo, zingabi nezifo. Wafa May 20, 1506 eneminyaka engama-54. Le lahleko iye wahlala phantse mntu eSpeyin. Ixabiso kwesayensi Columbus zacaca kuphela emva kwamashumi ambalwa, xa conquistadors bafumanisa igolide eMelika. Oku wavumela Spain ukuba azityebise kwaye kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela ukuba ukumkani nempembelelo yaseYurophu.