Nezadymlyaemye nobhazabhaza (H1, H2, H3) kunye leri ukubaleka umlilo

Inqanaba yanamhlanje inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe aluchaphazeli ubukho into yokuba umlilo kangangamawaka eminyaka liye kwaye ihlala yenye iintshaba kakhulu eziyingozi wokuhlala abantu.

Nangona ukuqaliswa ngokubanzi nemimiselo echaza ukusetyenziswa kokokuhombisa wangaphakathi kuphela izinto non-ukutsha, amanani ayinakutshintshwa: Abantu zezindlu namhlanje yi akukho kuthetha omzimba.

Ngokufuthi, le nto uhlala xa kuthe ndzilo abahlali ukuba ukubaleka, oko kukuthi ukuba asuswe. Eyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo ukuba kuphunywe izakhiwo ezinemigangatho - leri ukubaleka umlilo.

Ingozi kubantu kwimeko lomlilo kuphela ngumlilo. Yingozi nabo ziqhume. Kodwa tshaba kwabangcangcazelisayo engabonakaliyo - carbon monoxide. Umntu akanako phawula imiphumela yayo (nshita nokutsha eqhelekileyo, carbon monoxide akukho ivumba okanye umbala). Carbon monoxide esibonakala uphuhliso olukhawulezayo. Emva kwemizuzu embalwa ixhoba ithe ayaba ezingqondweni, ngoko ke phantse akukho ithuba yokusinda.

Ngoko ke, endlwini nganye ibe yinto ebalulekileyo yosindiso abahlali ngexesha umlilo baxhotyisiwe stairwells nezadymlyaemye. Ziziphi iintlobo nezadymlyaemyh izinyuko stairwells?

Ileli - nto ibalulekileyo yokwakha

Le ezingaphakathi yinxalenye izakhiwo multi-ezinemigangatho. zokwakha yesiqhelo Different ekhonza imiyalezo imigangatho kunye ngezinyuko zokufudusa, t. E. Nezadymlyaemye.

Ubukho yokugqibela yi yinto ebalulekileyo apho inikezelwa yi ukufudusa abantu ngomlilo. Kuba eziliqela nezakhiwo kokuba ibinyanzeliswa isniphu, ngoko qiniseka ukuba ukubonelela bezakhiwo ekudalweni izakhiwo projekthi.

izinyuko baphume: ukuqeshwa

leri baphume kufuneka nakanjani abekho kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo. Le kuyilo iqinisekisa ukhuseleko abahlali ngexesha umlilo okanye kwimeko kwezinye likaxakeka. Ukwakhiwa izinyuko ezingxamisekileyo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izakhiwo kuxhomekeke kwimigangatho ethile ngokuphathelele bubungakanani, uqwalaselo kunye nendawo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba uhlobo imodeli, le nkampani kwezi ziseko - ukuqinisekisa uphume ekhuselekileyo zabantu ukusuka kwisakhiwo xa elililo.

Amaziko kubalimi, abasebenzi kunye nabatyeleli usebenzisa ngezinyuko baphume Ungashiya isakhiwo ngaphandle engozini ubomi kunye nempilo. uphumo Emergency wenzelwe ukukhusela kuyo umlilo, nomsi. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela lula zonke kwisakhiwo.

izinyuko baphume zingasetyenziswa njenge exit enye kula maziko. Oku kuyinyaniso ukuba izityalo ezingenawo nomnyango eyahlukileyo umva. imithetho yokhuseleko emlilweni ithintele ukusebenza izakhiwo ngentla nemigangatho emithathu, hayi baxhotyiswa exit ikheshi.

indawo

iimfuno ezithile ezibekwe phezu kwendawo indawo lwezitepsi ngobungxamo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukubekwa babo emva yokuyila iziko likarhulumente okanye isiphelo, ukuba exit evulekileyo ezicwangcisiweyo.

Ukuba lungiselelo olucetywayo exit likaxakeka ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo, ukuba ileli ukwaba kwigumbi elahlukileyo okanye amabini epasejini. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba xa kuvela umlilo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabantu kunye nokuthintela ibhloko ukwehla kaninzi uphumo kuphela endlwini.

Eli gumbi kufuneka zibonelelwe ucango enganyangekiyo umlilo, olukwaziyo ukuba ubuncinane 1 chasa ukunqanda amadangatye. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukutywinwa namalungu kunye nokususwa ngokukhawuleza yomsi.

Umgangatho nganye mayixhotyiswe kunye ukufikelela stairwell. ububanzi balo kuxhomekeke kubungakanani nokuwela ngokwezigaba. Semi-models zinika indawo lwesiza ngaphakathi egumbini, emnyango leyo ekhokelela kwizinyuko ngaphandle. Le ndlela kakhulu kwiimeko apho kungenakwenzeka ukuba bazalise bodwa lokudlula umsi.

Kuba imithetho ezikhethekileyo evulekileyo uhlobo Ingaphandle: umgama ukusuka ngohlangothi leri udonga-100 cm Oku kunciphisa ingozi elalana yomlilo phezu yokuphuma ngexesha likaxakeka kwaye uthintele ubushushu kobume, ngokunjalo yokukhusela handrail ..

izinto

Ekubeni esi sakhiwo ilungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa kwiimeko likaxakeka, kubandakanywa imililo, iimfuno ezithile ngenxa ukhetho ukusetyenziselwa izinto zalo zokwakha. Imeko ephambili kukuqinisekisa amandla nomlilo ukumelana ezinyukweni kanye. Ngoko ke, izinto ezithandwa kakhulu ezifana ikhonkrithi nentsimbi.

Ukusetyenziswa nezinto ezo olunokutsha, ivuthu- okanye ayikhuphi izinto eziyityhefu xa itshiswa, kuyathintelwa.

Isniphu and GOST

imigangatho Standards GOST kunye isniphu ngokomthetho, okufakela zonke iintlobo kwizinyuko. Bathi inkxalabo nokufuduswa imifanekiso.

• A izinyuko kophahla ukufudusa standard kukuba apho umlinganiselo amaxabiso ngobude span height 2: 1.
• 1 ukuya kutsho ngoMatshi ukuba ubukho degrees 3-18. 2-noMlondolozi Inani labo mayingagqithi iiyunithi ezili-16.
• Ububanzi kombisaka kufuneka akhonze ukuqinisekisa ukhuzo intshukumo, ubungakanani ophezulu - 24-29 cm.
• Ukuphakama Inyathelo ongowona 20-22 cm.
• Ububanzi ezinyukweni kanye inikwe iimfuno ezinjalo, kwangaxeshanye unokuwisa apho abantu 2. Ixabiso elilelona esivakalayo - 1 m uvumelekile ukunciphisa imilinganiselo izakhiwo zangaphandle ukuya kwi-70 cm ..
• Yokudlala phakati kobungakanani imingcelele kufuneka ilingane nobubanzi ezinyukweni kunye uphume kuyo.
• Ukuqinisekisa yokuphuma ekhuselekileyo besakhiwo xa umlilo kufuneka banikwe ufikelelo leri ekhokelela indawo evulekileyo okanye kwigumbi elahlukileyo, ekhuselweyo umlilo, nomsi.

ngezigaba

izinyuko ukubaleka ihlelwa ngohlobo eziphathekayo, amalungiselelo, kunye iimpawu ngesakhiwo. Kukho iindidi ezintathu ezingundoqo ngobungxamo namhlanje ezinyukweni kanye, ezo mpawu ezahlukeneyo ezifana khona, ububanzi kunye uqwalaselo:

• obekwe kwi stairways ezikhethekileyo nezadymlyaemyh ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo;
• Le ibekwe ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo, yaye hayi iindonga enqatyisiweyo;
• kwaye ibekwe ngaphandle isakhiwo Phuma.

Le yokugqibela kusetyenziswa kuphela ngobungxamo, ngoxa iintlobo zokuqala ezimbini izinyuko wambi indawo ekungeneni eziphambili.

Phezu iintlobo zoyilo kunokwenzeka

Ukubaleka kwakhona ngokusebenzisa moya ngqo, banikwe kumaqonga aphakathi. Kwezinye iimeko, kukho xa sithuba ilungiselelo zabo, enxuseneyo okanye ethambekeni kancinane nodonga enyusiweyo izakhiwo nkqo ezifana abacimi.

ayikukhuthazi

imithetho yokhuseleko emlilweni aluvumelekanga ukwakha ileli:

• kunye amanyathelo zabezhnymi;
• kunye wegophe kanye nobude imilo engagunyaziswanga;
• screw;
• kunye amanyathelo nobukhulu ukungalingani.

Zeziphi stairwells nezadymlyaemye?

Ubukho kwezakhiwo ezinjalo endlwini yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko likhulu ubomi kunye nempilo yabantu xa ngomlilo. Baya uhambo ubungakanani ethile, ekufuneka zibekwe kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo izakhiwo zabo.

Enye yeemfuno eziphambili ezibangela uphumo olungxamisekileyo - lodwa ukusuka umsi. nobhazabhaza Nezadymlyaemye azakubalulwa kukuba ngexesha umlilo, musa kuwa PFD (imisi, umsi, njalo njalo. N.).

Ubukho kwezi ziseko ibonelelwa ngobungxamo ngempumelelo abantu kwimeko lomlilo kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo. iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zamiselwa ukuba, ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo oluthile.

iintlobo

Nezadymlyaemye stairwells zohlulwa ngokwendidi eziliqela, Cazulula ukuba ahluke iimpawu ezithile uyilo lwabo, ukubekwa, ukubonelela ukufikelela kuzo kunye nemigaqo yokusebenza. Types of nobhazabhaza:

• H1 ithathwa model lesakhelo. Ezi mpawu uphawu uyilo kukuba ukufikelela esebenzisa indawo evulekileyo. Kufuneka ube indlela nezadymlyaemosti ngomnyango olungxamisekileyo.
• H2 ibonelela pressurization umoya xa kuvela umlilo.
• H3 i-analogue le H2, kodwa ubonelela ophumayo komjikelo uphuma ngesango kwevaranda. Kwakhona onikezele i ozikhethelayo umoya overpressure ukuba ikhutshwa njengoko ngomlilo, yaye ngokuqhubekayo.

izidingo

ukhuseleko umlilo nobhazabhaza enikiweyo imithetho, ezibonelela kulondolozwe ubomi babantu:

• Zonke iileli nezadymlyaemyh efakiweyo izibane kaxakeka.
• Ububanzi womnyango kufuneka abe phakathi kuka 1,2 m kunye nokuphakama - 1.9 m.
• stairways iziphumo Ububanzi akayi kuba sicatshulwa ububanzi kwezi mpawu zingasentla.
• Ufakelo nezadymlyaemoy iiseli ezikufutshane ikheshi eludongeni ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela simahla ofaka umoya amalungiselelo (phezu komgangatho ophezulu).
• Xa zezihlalo ukuba nezadymlyaemym nobhazabhaza akuvumelekanga ukubeka izinto. Yokungena kufuneka engaxinenanga, njengoko inkunkuma kunokuba ingumqobo ukuba baphume abantu kunye nomsebenzi abacimi.
• Ukuvalwa self-indibano izahlulelo uyilo lokwakha esingenakubonwa kwangaphambili kunye iindinyana prorubki kwi bulkheads ezikhoyo zokukhusela umlilo.
• izixhobo ezifunekayo nezadymlyaemyh nobhazabhaza zokubambelela izinto ezingezizo ukutsha kwaye shushu kancinane.

Nezadymlyaemye ubungeke H1

"Building Regulations 'ithi: kwizakhiwo nge ekuphakameni-30 m, ukuba kufuneka amalungiselelo nezadymlyaemye iiseli leri H1.

Olu hlobo kufuna ufakelo ezinyukweni kanye, ezithi zifikeleleke ukusuka kwindawo kumgangatho ophantsi, esebenzisa isithuba nokukhuthazwa open-moya. H1 indawo ibala kuba iveranda, ibhalkhoni okanye ngezinyuko livalelwe apho liye lakhutshwa yesakhiwo. Oku kungenxa imfuneko ukuqinisekisa ubushushu endalo isakhiwo ngumsi ophuma uphumo olungxamisekileyo. Uninzi ukhetho olufanelekileyo kolu hlobo ngezinyuko yi oluphezu sakhiwo. Indawo kakhulu - engile langaphakathi piers ozikhethelayo. osemqoka zoyilo kukungabikho konxibelelwano ngqo kunye imigangatho yesakhiwo.

iiseli zokuhlala H1 avareji - nakwiimbombo kwicala kwicala weso sakhiwo. Bona luphawulwa ubukho uhlobo balcony ukuguquka, kwakunye imiqobo usebenzisa namakhaka. Le leenguqu lwenziwa njengento gallery elivulekileyo okanye loggia kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ububanzi indlela 1.2 m. Ububanzi phakathi zicatshulwa, kwakunye lekhefu ukusuka ulwahlulo ukuya window kufuneka ubuncinane 2 m.

Nezadymlyaemye ileli H2

Kuyiwa H2 yahlulahlulwe kwisakhiwo kumgangatho ophezulu apho kwindawo m ubude 28-50. Iiseli ze H2 wabangela umoya overpressure (umgaqo ezikweni traction). Yena a isigxina okanye kuvula xa alarm umlilo. Kwakhona kuyenzeka ukuba ukufaka pressurization elizimeleyo usebenzisa iimpompo umoya ezibonelela uxinzelelo lomoya ekufuneka nee-supply ngamandla uninterruptible.

Xa eyila i umoya kufuneka ngokufanelekileyo ibale amandla ibambelele (okanye pressurization). Uxinzelelo kufuneka ukuba kuvulwe mahala yeengcango ngomlilo kwizinyuko. Uxinzelelo kumphakamo osezantsi kufuneka ubuncinane 20 Pa, ngomhla eliphezulu - ngaphantsi kwe pascals 150.

Weengqondi okanye zokuphuma nokungena apho inikezelwe kwi iiseli H2 yokungena inconco exhotyiswe ngeengcango ngomlilo. Kolu didi iiseli nezadymlyaemyh isixhobo esifanelekileyo izahlulelo ezithe nkqo bebekwe ngokwahlukeneyo omnye 7-8 imigangatho.

Nezadymlyaemye ubungeke H3

Nezadymlyaemaya kuyiwa H3 akha usebenzisa overpressure. umahluko yabo isixhobo ezizodwa amagumbi hamba-ngenxa ngeengcango self-wokuvala. imilinganiso yabo kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-4 square metres. m. Xa iiseli olu hlobo oluqhutywa isithuba emoyeni yogcino kuhlala yi leri kunye kuphuma ezizodwa. iziqhoboshi intonga lwenziwa qho okokoko okanye isebenze ngokuzenzekelayo xa kuthe kwaqhambuka umlilo okanye umsi.

izinto ngqo

Xa ukudala izicatshulwa baphume nezadymlyaemyh ezininzi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa eziphathekayo. Yena ikhuselekile kwimeko emlilweni-ukhuseleko, ukusebenzisa impahla ixesha elide yaye bekhululekile. Njengoko njengesongezelelo kwizakhiwo isiseko sentsimbi eziphathekayo ezisetyenziswayo, umzekelo, ekwenziweni iingcango okanye iingcingo. Metal kwindoda ungolungileyo ekukhanyeni izakhiwo izakhiwo.

Iziqalelo ngomthi ezisetyenziswa imali encinane: kaloliwe ngomthi okanye ucango yokubamba, nto leyo kufuneka aphathwe kokwakheka ngomlilo.