Ngo-bulumko yoqheliso - it ... Induction Theory William Whewell

Kwalo kunye ezenza iindlela kwingqiqo aqhelekile kakhulu ubuhlakani kunye bulumko. Baya ingabonwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kwelinye icala, oko iindlela ezinegalelo kungenzeka ukuba siphethe inkcazelo entsha leyo efumaneka sele. Kwelinye - bachazwa ngokuthi iindlela ezizodwa kwingqiqo. Cinga umahluko phakathi kwabo kunye iimpawu kwindlela zolwazi nolahlo ngokubanzi, ezifana induction.

Philosophy: iingqiqo ezisisiseko neendlela ezahlukeneyo ulwazi

Igama elithi "kokutsalwa" liguqulelwe Latin lithetha "ukususwa." Oko kukuthi, xa kulo naliphi jikelele, ulwazi abstract i uqeqeshelwa ukuba uhlobo yakhe labucala okanye ezithile. Induction bubonakala "nkongomiso." Oko kukuthi, ukuba edibene gabalala ezithile ulwazi zabucala, amava okanye iziphumo zophando. Ngo-bulumko yoqheliso - nto idla indlela okufumana imigwebo zizonke ukusuka data zovavanyo. Kukholelwa ukuba kutsalwe inika ulwazi oluthembekileyo ngakumbi, ukuba indawo yalo. Kuyinto yanelisayo, kwaye nangokwamkela ulwazi olusekelwe nenzululwazi yaseYurophu, ngakumbi kwimathematika. Kodwa yoqheliso kuphela 'ukuthetha' inyaniso, kuyanceda ukufumana naye. It has a indalo probabilistic yaye, njengoko umthetho, oku kubangelwa kwendalo yeengcinga. Le yokuqhelaniswa engaphelelanga ekuthiwa. Kuyinto uhlobo yale ndlela yokufunda. Ukuba le ngxelo ethile obubonisa bonke ngabanye, sisebenzisana kunye induction ngokupheleleyo. Kwimathematika, njengoko umthetho, sebenzisa ukutsalwa. Noko ke, loo nto ibizwa ngokuba indlela ezenza ukuba. Yonke le ndaba egameni elikuwo ezizodwa apho le ndlela isekelwe.

Trip kwimbali yamandulo

Ngo-bulumko yoqheliso - indlela yokwazi owazalwa kunye nemfundiso kaSocrates. Kodwa ukuqonda kwakhe kule ndlela ezahlukeneyo ukusuka leyo eyaziwa kuthi ngoku. Wabiza indlela uthelekiso ukuphelisa, xa isifundo kwamatyala ikakhulukazi ezilahliweyo iinkcazelo sincinane, yaye ixabiso yabo yonke. Ngenxa ukuvela iimfundiso Aristotle alutshintsha olo bulumko yonke yamandulo yamaGrike. Induction lamiswa njenge umgaqo ekufumaneni ulwazi eziqhelekileyo izinto ezithile. yokuqiqa ezifana uchazwe dialectical. I-sobulumko enkulu ebizwa ngokuba indlela yokuqhelaniswa, lo syllogism esahlukileyo. Umgaqo iphambili yokufumana ulwazi bakholwa ixhuzulwe.

Renaissance

Kwenzeka ntoni ngeli xesha na bulumko? Induction - isiseko sale inzululwazi, wacinga amanani Renaissance. Bona amgxeka kakhulu Aristotle, njengoko ingcamango yakhe scholasticism, leyo ingqalelo lixesha kwaye kudodobalisa uphuhliso zisekwe. Ingakumbi ezinkulu kulo mba yaba Frensis Bekon. Wayekholelwa ukuba imali ebanjwayo kukho ukuthembela amagama kunye nemiqondiso, kwaye ukuba nevuthisayo aliqulunqileyo ngokuchanekileyo, ngoko bonke bephela zisekelwe kulwazi akwenzi ngqiqo. Wathembisa ukwenza nentetho equkayo, obafunyanwa yenzululwazi, kungekhona ukucacisa kuzo ngokusekelwe neengcamango ezikhoyo.

Induction kwi "New Organon"

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba nangona ubutshaba Aristotle, Bacon phantse walandela imigaqo yakhe. Kwakhona wamelana uqhelwaniso syllogism, kunye nomsebenzi wakhe enkulu ebizwa "New Organon", kuqhankqalazelwa isiGrike enkulu. Phakathi iziganeko nezibakala, kokuqwalasela nzulu ngezinto, kufuneka ukukhangela ingqiqo hayi kangako nobudlelwane imbangela. Bona esekelwe kumahluko, ezifana, iibhalansi kunye notshintsho ezinxulumeneyo. Ngenxa uqhelwaniso Bacon yaba indlela engundoqo nenzululwazi yaseYurophu kunye kutsalwe umdla buthathaka. Kodwa ke, emva kokuba Descartes, intanda waphinda wabuyela syllogism njengesiseko ukufikelela ulwazi lokwenyaniso.

Buyisela kuFacebook. UJohn Stuart Mill

Oku ISAZINZULU IsiNgesi kwakhona amgxeke indlela aqale ngo obunzulu. Wathi syllogism kukuba enyanisweni inguqu ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye nesenzeko esithile, hayi ukusuka jikelele ukuya ethile. Njengoko ubona oko xa equkumbela isiseko ezenza inyaniso zenzululwazi. Mill uyakhula likwancedisa ukukhanya Bacon. Ukusuka umbono wakhe,-bulumko yoqheliso - nto iindlela ezine, leyo ezihambelanayo.

• Eyokuqala kuzo - wavuma. Oko kukuthi, xa kukho ukufana kwi iimeko ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ebonakalayo necacileyo sisebenzisana yokuba sifundo.
• Okwesibini - lo mahluko. Ngokomzekelo, into yenzeka kwi nesenzeko mnye, kodwa angekhoyo elinye, kodwa eminye zonke iinkcukacha into efanayo. Ngoko ke, umahluko unobangela.
• Eyesithathu - a ngesikali. Masithi sichazela kwezinye iimeko ezithile ezibangela ezithile isenzeko. Ngoko ke yonke into kule meko nga kuthathwa Iifekthi eziseleyo.
• Okokugqibela, indlela efanelekileyo. Xa siphawula ukuba emva kwenzeka esinye ngumkhuba xa utshintsha into enye, ngoko kukho kobude phakathi kwabo.

Ifilosofi lenzululwazi: yoqheliso njengenye iintsika zawo

IsiNgesi lexicographer kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba Uidyam Whewell, owathi wabhala intlaninge imisebenzi ezahlukeneyo lwamacandelo, wayengomnye abachasi ezigqamileyo Dzhona Styuarta Mill. Sekunjalo, yena, naye, wayekholelwa ukuba yoqheliso unalo ixabiso elide ulwazi. Oku lulandelayo isihloko imisebenzi yakhe ebalulekileyo. incwadi yakhe "The Ifilosofi i ezenza Sciences" wadala yezigcawu ngengqiqo ngokungqongqo ulwazi. Yaba lo mntu kufanele isigama mihla kwinkalo yophando. Ngokomzekelo, wenza igama ethandwa kakhulu "inzululwazi", ngesandla ukukhanya kwayo, Yintoni na le izazinzulu ekugqibeleni wayeka ukuba kuthiwe 'intanda wemvelo. " imfundiso yakhe yoqheliso umdla gqitha yaye sele bungalahleki kwesinomhlwa nokubaluleka kwayo unanamhla. Akumangalisi Whewell wabiza omnye wabaseki ifilosofi nesayensi.

Enye jonga i imfundiso yoqheliso

Zonke sobulumko obunzulu nohlulwe injongo kunye luluvo. Ngokwembono yakhe, konke ukwazi iphuma izimvo okanye ukushukumisa. Kodwa ithiyori, livela ngamava (ezenza), sisalathisi inkqubela kwinzululwazi. Kwaba ngathi yaqokelelwa kancinci kancinci i data amava eziyintlanganisela experimenters, kwaye sebenzisa ukuvulwa ukucacisa unobangela kunye nemithetho ekuyimiseleni. Whewell wayekholelwa ukuba uyaqhubeka umsebenzi uFrancis Bacon, ngoko ke phikisana Mill kwi nenkolelo yokuba yokugqibela itolikwa kancane kakhulu induction, nciphisa it ukudlulisa kanye ukufana. Le yinkqubo apho iinyaniso jikelele 'esibayeni' kwizifundo izibakala ezithile, kukhokelela kuphuhliso inzululwazi kunye nokukhuthaza kuyo kwangaphambili. Ithiyori yoqheliso William Whewell na ingcamango ukusebenza "gabalala," zengqondo ngathi kukho uhlobo ibhulorho inxibelelanisa indibanisela ezithile izibakala. Ngoko ke, "lichaza" abaphandi kwingcamango ukuba unako esilisebenzisayo ukuveza izinto eziliqela ezahlukeneyo ngawo umthetho esisiseko.

Njengoko i ukwamkelwa ezenza kuqondwa ngexesha lethu

Ngoku isayensi kunye nefilosofi waqonda zombini ezi ndlela yolwazi. Yoqheliso ebanjwayo zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Kodwa ukuba nengqondo kunye inyaniso kumaziko kusekho isiseko ulwazi lwenzululwazi mihla. Imizekelo yoqheliso epheleleyo - xa kukho uluhlu olupheleleyo lwazo zonke izinto ngokusekelwe obugqitywa yonke iqela yabo - akuxhaphakanga kakhulu. Isikakhulu iingxoxo ezisekelwe le ndlela, probabilistic. Bamele kwizigqibo induction ayiphelelanga. Kakade ke, amava - kuba sisixhobo kakhulu ukuze sifumane inyaniso. Kodwa indlela ezenza isebenza kuphela xa kukho umyalelo mdla izinto dwa Mill. Ukuba alithoba ekhulwini yabantu - abantu-sasekhohlo ekunene, isibakala sokubandakanyeka uluntu akukhethi into yokuba umntu lwesandla-sasekhohlo. Ngoko anengqondo usoloko ichaza imida iindlela ezenza ukuba. Bavame amathuba kuphela yaye zifuna izizathu ezongezelelweyo kunye nobungqina. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo isifaniso. Kwiminyaka embalwa ( "imikhondo") kwi-ukufana kwi nesenzeko. Noko ke, le ukufana isenokuba ikhe kwaye akusoloko abonisa causation. indlela engaphelelanga yoqheliso kuba sisiseko ulahlekiso. Ze neemposiso zingangeniswa izidalwa zakhe.

yoqheliso imfuneko ukuvavanya yeengcinga zenzululwazi

A umgxeki ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze "Indlela olunabele kwiinkalo zonke" ukuba uphando Karl Popper ugqala isiseko solwazi theoretical component ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Uzama ukuphendula le mibuzo mithathu ephakanyiswe ngabo. Ngaba kunokwenzeka zokuzigwebela, ukuveza uhlobo wendawo kuba isekwe kumava? -Sobulumko ukholelwa ukuba kukho, yaye ngoko ke induction, ukususela umbono wakhe, kule meko awusebenzi. Noko ke, kule miba mibini ilandelayo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ngaba kunokwenzeka, ucela Popper cingela ukuba ingcamango ethile bubuxoki, ukuba iinkcukacha zovavanyo ukukuphikisa oko? Ewe, Kakade ke, uthi. Kwaye ukuba kukho iingcamango ezininzi, yaye abanye babo namkhanyela amava, kwaye ezinye - hayi? uya koko khetha thina abo sakwazi "kusinda". Ngoko ke, ngokutsho Popper, yoqheliso njengendlela yokuqinisekisa-bulumko idlala indima enkulu. Isinceda sibone falsity iingxelo, kodwa hayi ngenyaniso yawo. Ngoncedo lwawo, sinako ukubona ezo yeengcinga ukuba zezona ukumelana xa ukuvavanya.