Sicinga ngoko khona. Rene Dekart: "Ndicinga ukuba, mna ke khona"

Le mbono, esiphakanyiswa Descartes, "Ndicinga ukuba, ke ngoko kukho" (ukuhlokoma ekuqaleni Cogito ergo sum), - inkcazo leyo kuqala lwazo eyadlulayo, emva kwenkulungwane ye-17. Namhlanje uthathwa ingxelo yentanda, eyenza into ebalulekileyo ingcinga mihla, ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi, rationalism Western. Kuvunyiwe igcinwe udumo kwixesha elizayo. Namhlanje, ibinzana elithi "Ucinga, ngoko khona" yazini nawuphi na umntu esifundileyo.

Ingcingane Descartes

Descartes yaphuma lo umgwebo njengoko ukuchaneka lokwenyaniso kuqala, zibe yathandabuza, kwaye yiyo leyo singakha "ukwakha" ulwazi lokwenene. Le ngxoxo kufuneka ithathwe njenge uhlobo lotsalo "ucinga lowo ikhona, ndiyacinga, ngoko ndiya khona." Undoqo kwayo, phezu koko, xa samodostovernosti, ubungqina bobukho njengesifundo yokucinga: nasiphi na isenzo beengcinga (kwaye ngokubanzi - amava osezingqondweni, ukumelwa, ngokuba yokucinga ayiphelelanga kwi cogito) ibhaqa imithambo, ndicinga nge shazi ekhanyayo. Oku kubhekisela isenzo sezingqondweni samoobnaruzhenie isifundo: Ndacinga zibone- ucinga le ngcamango, ngokwam, wema emva umxholo wayo kunye nezenzo.

ongakhetha formuilirovok

Option Cogito ergo sum ( «ukucinga, ngoko khona") owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo Descartes lisusiwe, nangona amazwi oku ngokungafanelekanga kusetyenziswa njenge mpikiswano ngokubhekiswa msebenzi ngo 1641. Descartes sayoyikela babe they sebenzisa soqulunqo umsebenzi ngaphambili ivumela yahlukile imeko apho wayesebenzisa oko emazwini akhe, ukutyhilwa kwalo. Ukufuna ukuba kude ekudaleni okwimo ukutyhilwa lako ethile njengokuba ngokoqobo kwakuthetha ngokubona ngoko nangoko inyaniso, self-kuyabonakala, umbhali we "Ndicinga ukuba, ke ngoko khona" kususa inxalenye yokuqala yesivakalisi ngasentla, kwaye amagqabi kuphela "Mna" ( "Ndim" ). Abhale (Reflections II), ngalo lonke ixesha, xa sisithi "Mna", "Ndim", okanye yokuba ziqondeka ingqondo, umgwebo uya kuba yinyaniso nakanjani.

Nefom yokuthetha, cogito Ego, ergo sum (in translation - "Ndicinga, ke ngoko khona"), intsingiselo apho ngoku, ndiyathemba Niziqondile, kubonakala njengoko ingxabano 1644, enomxholo othi "Principles of Philosophy". Ibhalwa Descartes in Latin. Noko ke, le nto ulwimi kuphela iingcinga "Ucinga, ngoko, zikhona." Kwakukho nabanye.

Lwandulelwe Descartes, Augustine

Descartes akufumaneki kuphela impikiswano "Ndicinga ukuba, ngenxa yoko khona." Ngubani uthe amazwi afanayo? Phendula. Kudala phambi kokuba lesi sazi onjalo ingxabano ecetywayo yi eSt Augustine Ekubambaneni kwabantu mabeme yakhe ababengakholwa. Izakufunyanwa encwadini yemicimbi bulumko ebizwa ngokuba "ISixeko kaThixo" (11 incwadi, 26). Eli binzana umsindo kangaka: Si fallor, sum ( «Ukuba mna ephosakeleyo, ngoko, ngoko mna").

Umahluko phakathi iingcamango Descartes and Augustine

Umahluko osisiseko phakathi Descartes kunye Augustine, nangona kunjalo, iziphumo, injongo nemeko impikiswano "Ndiba ngoko khona".

Augustine uqala ingcamango yakhe ngoluvo abantu ekhangele umphefumlo wakho, qaphela ngokomfanekiselo kaThixo ngaphakathi kwabo, kuba sikho thina, kwaye siyazi ngayo, yaye sithanda ulwazi lwethu nokuba. Le mbono bulumko ekwafanekisa le ebizwa ngokuba yi-ezintathu indalo kaThixo. Augustine iphuhlisa ukuthelekelela kwakhe, esithi akoyiki nayiphi na inkcaso malunga iinyaniso ngentla inxalenye izifundiswa abohlukeneyo usenokubuza, "Kuthekani ukuba ulele" nzulu ngezinto bathi ngenxa yesi sizathu ikhona. Ngokuba Asinakuze simkhohlise uThixo ngumntu ayikho.

Ukukhangela nokholo umphefumlo wakhe, Augustine ekusebenziseni le ngxoxo uza kuThixo. Descartes ukhangela ngayo ukuthandabuza uza ezingqondweni, kwisifundo, into ecinga, nto leyo efunekayo esisiseko yi ucace kunye nokucacisa. Loo nto cogito kuqala pacifies, ezitshintsha yonke kuThixo. Okwesibini - njengengxaki into yonke enye into. Ngokuba, emva zabubamba kwi inyaniso yokuba ubukho bakhe yabantu, kufuneka ujonge kuloyiso ezikhona, yahlukile "Mna" uhlale ezama kulo mzekelo yokucaca kunye nokucacisa.

Descartes ngokwakhe wachaza umahluko phakathi argument yayo kunye ilizwi Augustine impendulo yakhe Andreas Colva.

YamaHindu parallel "Ndicinga ukuba, mna ke khona"

Ngubani wathi iingcinga ezinjalo kunye mibono uphawu kuphela rationalism Western? Kwi-East, naye wafikelela kwisigqibo esifanayo. Ngokutsho S. V. Lobanova, Russian Indology Descartes lo mqondo kwi -bulumko Indiya omnye imigaqo esisiseko iinkqubo monistic - Itheyibhile yeengcombolo kaThixo Advaita Vedanta and Kashmir Shaivism, okanye para-Advaita, ummeli idumileyo Abhinavagupta. Le Isazinzulu ukholelwa ukuba lo isityholo lufakwa phambili njengoko ukuthembeka ephambili apho ukwakha ulwazi, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, kubalulekile.

Ukubaluleka kwale ngxelo

Ilizwi "Ndicinga ukuba, ngoko, zikhona" loluka Descartes. Emva kwakhe, zobulumko ezininzi wanika imfundiso ulwazi kubaluleke kakhulu, yaye balapho kuye kuba mhle kakhulu. Le ngxelo yenza ezingqondweni zethu othembeke ngakumbi angade azikhathaze. Kwaye, ingakumbi, ingqondo iyinto ezizizo ngaphezu abacinga ngayo kwabanye. Kuyo nayiphi na intanda niqale Descartes ( "Ucinga, ngoko khona") ekhoyo akholisa ukuba luluvo kunye ngumbandela ingqalelo njenge into ezimeleyo ukuba yaziwe. Ukuba kunokwenzeka ukwenza usebenzisa ifayileyemveliso loko sele yaziwa kuthi malunga nohlobo engqondweni.

Le Isazinzulu kwenkulungwane ye-17, igama elithi "okucinga" ngoxa ngokukweka kuphela iquka isibakala sokuba kwixesha elizayo iya kumakishwa yi iinkcuba nje isiqaqa. Kodwa elundini bulumko kubonakala umxholo theory elizayo. Xa ngokukhanya ukucaciswa Descartes andizincini inyathelo uchazwa olubalaseleyo yokucinga.