Ngubani na i osisazinzulu? Yintoni na indawo walo msebenzi? Ntoni inzululwazi ornithology

Ornithology umele omnye amasebe zezilwanyana jikelele. Yena luzinikele isifundo iintaka, KABLOOM zabo, amalungu, ukuzala. Kwakhona ukufunda unikezelo kwendawo morphology yezi zilwanyana.

Overview

Igama elithi livele ngasekupheleni 16 naturalist Italian kwinkulungwane W. Aldrovani. Ngokoqobo "ornithology" ngesiGrike iguqulelwe njengoko isifundo yeentaka (λόγος -word, iimfundiso kunye ὄρνιθος - intaka). Ngoko ke, kucacile ukuba loo "umsebenzi womntu, osisazinzulu." Omnye wemisebenzi engundoqo umphandi nokumisa iintlobo inani lezilwanyana nezityalo, ukuhlelwa kwazo. Eyona nto ibaluleke ngokukodwa imiba yokhuseleko kweentlobo ezinqabileyo. Kukho kwakhona eyahlukileyo okukhethekile - ugqirha osisazinzulu. Lo msebenzi ubandakanya unyango iintlobo avian, kubandakanywa nezo zikwiindawo kwi imixholo yakho yasekhaya.

ubuchule bophando

Iintaka ziludidi ekuyo, iqanda-ngokubekwa, ezinamaphiko, izilwanyana ezinegazi elishushu. ngemilenze zawo thaca ngohlobo amaphiko. Isakhiwo ekhethekileyo umzimba ivumela isilwanyana ukubhabha. Namhlanje, Noko ke, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeentaka ukubhabha. Uphawu lisahlulayo ubukho ngomlomo ntaka. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi of ornithologists namhlanje kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-9800 zeentaka. Malunga 600 iintlobo zasasazwa kuwo wonke umhlaba Russia. Ngenxa yokuba iintaka ezininzi kangaka ezijongwa iqela ixhaphakileyo ezifuywayo superclass. Izilwanyana ezihlala onke amazwekazi komhlaba, Antarctica ngokunjalo. Umntu ngamnye inkoliso iintaka ezincinane ithathwa ukuba ingcungcu (ubukhulu walo malunga 5.7 cm). Ilungu inkulu eklasini njengenciniba Afrika (ikhula ukuya ku 270 cm). Ngukhokho iintaka mihla iya kuqwalaselwa Archeopteryx (esasihlala malunga nezigidi ezili-150. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo) kwaye maniraptorovye iidayinaso (malunga 80 mln. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo). Amaqela iintaka ezikhoyo namhlanje veerohvostyh infraclass. Yena, ke, yahlulwe ngokweendidi 2: iintaka ukubhabha (ratites) kunye nezinye iintlobo (neognathae).

Background Brief Historical

Ngubani na i osisazinzulu? Xa umntu wokuqala yaqalisa ukuhlola iintaka? Ukuqala nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi, uAristotle wabeka. Yaba nguye lowo wokuqala waqala ukulungiselela iintlobo ezaziwayo ngoko. Aristotle wahlala IV. BC. e. Wadala imisebenzi "Xa iindawo izilwanyana" kunye "Xa kuthe izilwanyana." Ukusebenza phezu kwabo, sesayensi yamandulo yamaGrike ifumanise uhlobo olwahlukileyo iintaka, ezichaza nokwakheka nobomi 160 eentlobo zabo. Le kudidi Aristotelian wawungachananga, kodwa ayizange iguquke de kwenkulungwane ye-17. Kuphela ngo 1676 Frensis Villoubi (sebhayoloji IsiNgesi) kudale ngqangi "Ornithologiae libri ling", nayo emva kokufa kwakhe Isazinzulu uYohane uRay waba. Emva phantse kwenkulungwane, ngo-1758, lo nyaka, umsebenzi Willoughby wafumana nokuqhubekeka yayo imbali odumileyo "Systema Naturae" Karla Linneya. semvelo Swedish kuthunyelwa izilwanyana ngokungqinelana iindidi oluneqela elinegunya, ebumba nokuhlelwa ekhatywayo nth ingcambu kunye neentlobo abizwa. Ngokutsho ukubekwa zonke iintaka yahlulwe ngamaqela amathandathu, apho kwakukho iindidi ezingama-554 ukusuka 78 kwisizukulwana khona. Le systematization (phantse ayitshintshanga) namhlanje. Linnaeus yaphuhliswa isicelo kuphononongo indlela ornitofenologii yeentaka zifuduka. Lonke ulwazi osnorvnuyu malunga iintaka ixesha yaveza umphengululi kunye nombhali Buffon. Zisebenza yapapashwa imithamo ezilishumi "Imbali Birds". Ukususela ngoko, yonke into ezi ntaka, liphonononga osisazinzulu. Ntoni kuluntu lwezenzululwazi, ukuqokelela ulwazi oluyimfuneko? Kule - on.

yenze uphando

Ngubani na lo, osisazinzulu namhlanje? Kwindawo yokuqala - i-mkhanyo. Enye yeendlela ezingabizi kakhulu ukufunda iintlobo zeentaka, imikhwa yabo nobomi ngokubanzi esweni. It linokuyiqhuba ngeliso lenyama. Kodwa njengokuba umthetho, kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezizodwa. Ngapha koko, ngubani i osisazinzulu? Eli nani yenzululwazi, ikakhulu. Abaphandi wasebenzisa iikhamera zevidiyo, iikhamera, zizibonakude ngaphezulu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kusakhelwa - akukho nje Lilungelo leSebe i yeengcali. Namhlanje ke into oyithandayo eqhelekileyo kakhulu. Uqwalaselo ikuvumela ukuba sithathe amanyathelo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lweentlobo ezinqabileyo. Ukongezelela uhlolo olubonakalayo, nakwiintaka baphulaphule. Kwiimeko ezininzi, oku ukunika iinkcukacha ngaphezu kusakhelwa.

crossfeed

Yintoni eyenza i osisazinzulu umkhondo abafuduki zeentaka? Nisishiye - indlela uphando lunamagama - lisetyenziswa ngaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu omnye. Nylon iintaka bafakwa aluminiyamu ekhethekileyo okanye iplastiki (umbala oqaqambileyo) umsesane unyawo. Ngamanye amaxesha kwisixhobo lugxunyekwe khona namba. nisishiye indlela ikuvumela ukuba ukulandelela ngokuchanekileyo kwiindlela ngamaxesha yokufuduka iintlobo zeentaka, ukuze zokuhlala kwindawo ethile nganye. Ngaphezu koko, iintaka kuba abathwali zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kulo mba, iindlela tracking usebenzisa nisishiye ubuchule kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo. Esebenzisa le ndlela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kubalwa inani elisondeleyo ngabanye. Umsebenzi kumgangatho kazwelonke siququzelelwa yiKomiti International of yokukhala kunye necandelo zaseYurophu (Euringom), wasekwa ngo-1962 Echekoparom osisazinzulu e Paris. umsebenzi Kubalulekile kuthatha Euringa uphando ngeendlela ukudibanisa ukuqokelela, ukuhlela kunye nokugcinwa kweenkcukacha.

Ukubaluleka practical zesayensi

nobomi kwiintaka, Ukuhlelwa, ukufuduka, ukwanda, morphology, - ngokufutshane, konke ukufunda, osisazinzulu, kubaluleke ngokukodwa kwezoqoqosho namhlanje. Ngenxa ngezantya ukwandisa nokunyusa umthamo lwezithuthi, umkhweli yezithuthi liye landa kakhulu inani yangqubana iinqwelo-moya neentaka. Ekuhambeni yophuhliso hlali imimandla abantu baba wadibana iisampulu ngeentlobo, uninzi lwazo abathwali izifo ezinobungozi ezifana kwemfuyo, kunye nabantu rhoqo ngakumbi. Ukongeza, ndizingela intsimbi kufuneka nolwemozulu rhoqo kunye nolawulo zemfuduko kunye nenani zeentaka.

Nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi

Xa sibuyela kumbuzo ngubani na, osisazinzulu, singatsho ukuba namhlanje ngokuyintloko oyingcaphephe omsebenzi wakhe ufuna ulwazi kuphela ebaleni biology. Ngelo langoku ibakala ulondolozo kunye eziphilayo yeentaka ekugqibeleni ibandakanya nentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe kwaye kudibanisa abaphandi abasuka kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukususela ngowe-1963, unyaka iintlanganiso rhoqo apho kukho abameli yeziphathamandla ngenqwelomoya ornithologists. Xa kuphuhliso kwinzululwazi njengoko ngaphambili, yaye ngoku, intsebenziswano ngamazwe kubaluleke kakhulu.

ornithology namhlanje

Okwangoku, ehlabathini lonke kukho amaziko ezikhethekileyo amaziko oqeqesho. Ukongeza, ukuba lapapasha iimagazini malunga namakhulu amabini abazinikele inkqubela zamvanje kwinkalo ornithology. Kufuneka ke ukuba yinxalenye papasho nje lwezenzululwazi, kwaye ezinye - lomlinganiswa lokusingqongileyo nezaziwayo. Ngokwemveli, iimpapasho eziveliswa kwilizwe, baziwa ngokuba iintaka athandwa kakhulu ezinamaphiko. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, uhamba «Journal noboya Ornithologie» eNgilane ngo-1852 yapapasha yokuqala «Ibis», eJamani ukususela 1857, unyaka. Xa ngokulungelelanisa umsebenzi izifundiswa zibalulekile kuluntu lunamagama, uninzi lwabo ukusebenza ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela.