Ngubani na lo noko ubhala uRichard Imibhobho?

Usapho yamaYuda-Polish emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I Ndazalwa-mbali odumileyo American, ingcali kwi kwimbali USSR naseRashiya Richard Payps. Nokufika lwamaNazi Imibhobho ebunzimeni Ndisinde kuhlala Poland kunye udluliselwe kumazwe amaninzi, kuquka "chernorubashechnuyu" uMussolini Italy baba ekugqibeleni eUnited States, Ohio. Richard Imibhobho nafundayo kwikholeji waza waqalisa ukuya kukhonza kwi moya American, nto leyo ekhokelele nokufunyanwa ngabemi beli lizwe. Xa imfazwe, ndafumana uqeqesho elungileyo ngumguquleli evela Russian.

umhlaba

Emva kwamabutho uRichard Imibhobho watshata iziqu Harvard University, apho wayefunda kunye sobulumko esidumileyo, abaziingcali yaseYurophu ingcamango yezembali Crane Brinton, bungqinelwa icala olona kwinzululwazi mihla, wayinyusa abaninzi kakuhle yaziwa kulo lonke elo lizwe amanani kwezentlalo nezopolitiko.

Imibhobho wadibana ithisisi zobugqirha ngo-1950, emva koko esebenza Harvard University zomthonyama. Sele ngowe-1963 waba unjingalwazi Richard Imibhobho, ngo-1968 - umlawuli we-Russian kwiZiko loPhando kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard, yaye ngowe-1973 waya kusebenza amalungelo ngumcebisi oyintloko lwazi Institute of lezifundo Russian kwiYunivesithi Steenforda.

"Team B"

Iqela B yahluke gqitha ukusuka 'Team A ", kuba inxenye kakhulu kukuba uninzi nto kwakufuneka abe counterweight kumalungiselelo izimvo zoluntu. In "Team A" iingcali zisebenza kuphela olunye ulawulo - CIA umhlaziyi, lo gama iqela yena wazibandakanya ngo-1976 Imibhobho, waye ezaziqhutywa ziingcali 'iliso kunye nomkhosi umhlala-phantsi.

Noko ke, omabini amaqela zidalwe yentloko yovavanyo CIA ngayo isisongelo ukusuka eSoviet Union States. CIA umlawuli ngelo xesha Dzhordzh Bush. Ukususela ngo-1981, iBhunga lezoKhuseleko National imiba emininzi yomgaqo-nkqubo US ngenxa kwiMfundiso of uRonald Reagan kunye Pipes uRichard umshado. ISebe State, ngoko amashumi eminyaka bahlala indawo yomsebenzi engundoqo umbhali kwezopolitiko. It is Imibhobho zobonelelo kunye noogxa bakhe izitena okuqala athathwa ngaphandle uyayincula urhulumente USSR emi phezu kwayo, yi ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa kwanobuchule eziphuhliswe ngokukhethekileyo kwezopolitiko.

khona ngoku

Bobabini ngaphambi nasemva kokutshatyalaliswa USSR kwezenzululwazi yezopolitiko yaseMelika phakathi amaninzi adla kwilizwe lethu, ukunceda ukuba balonakalise ngaphakathi malunga 1958. Ngoku lilungu lekomiti American ojongene uxolo Chechnya, apho, ngokutsho kwakhe, lula ukulungisa iingxabano. Ngaxeshanye, uyaqhubeka ukuhlola imbali Russia abaninzi Russian wacaphuka funda into ngoko ubhala uRichard Imibhobho.

Inqaku lwakhe olukhulu ngamathuba athile kwaye eRashiya. Ukongeza, ukuba basebenzisane bayawafundisisa la ezaziwayo-kakuhle inkcaso yakhe, ngeliphandle, umbuso kwilizwe - i-School of Studies zezopolitiko e Moscow - Richard Imibhobho rhoqo ifika kweli lizwe ukunika iintetho. Athabathe inxaxheba ezahlukeneyo iiklabhu ingxoxo, unika ndlebe kwabeendaba Russian angaphandle kwiziphumo (idla intlekele kuthi) umsebenzi wayo.

Imbali Russia ngokusebenzisa amehlo Imibhobho

Richard Imibhobho, incwadi leyo aphuma ezahlukeneyo phantse bonke linokuva othile imbali eRashiya, ngendlela eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo yokubona uphuhliso kwilizwe lethu, ayikho ngokubonakalayo nje isibakala sokuba lendlela eyahlukileyo ngokubalulekileyo usuka trajectories zophuhliso kwamanye amazwe '. Utsalela ukufana kunye isifundo isenzeko ye-Oktobha Revolution ukuya kude ezidlulileyo Russia, umkhondo imvelaphi iingcamango zamaKomanisi apho. Ngokutsho kwakhe, i Moscovia aphakathi nje akazange afune ukuba ufifi propati yabucala, leyo ngokupheleleyo izahlule lonke elaseYurophu. Yena wedwa umnini - i-Grand Duke.

Oko kuphela etyeni yonke ubuncinane kancinci uqhelene imbali karhulumente Russian. Eneneni, nesikhulu nako alahle wokulondoloza imali, kodwa hayi impahla izifundo zakhe. Imibhobho engeyiyo wasinda kakhulu alichaze igama elithi "zezindlu zooyise". Nangokubeka iinkosana zethu ookumkani okanye ukungabi zomthetho, akunamsebenzi luthathele ingqalelo ukuba lizwe iyakhula ngempumelelo, ukukhula emazweni eentshaba oyisa. Amaziko eziphambili feudalism, wakha eYurophu, apho Imibhobho njengoko eejaji, akazange ukuthintela kuchithwa emilambo igazi, leyo Ivanu wethu Groznomu kwaye ongazange wasicinga.

"Ongenamthetho Chronic"

Le ncwadi, ejongisisa lo mkhuba Pipes Richard ( "Russia Phantsi Old Nomkhosi"), Isimanga, waye ndaba ufundisiso olunzulu kwiiyunivesithi Russian kunye namaziko. postulates umbuso neyingozi eziqulathwe sibonisa into yokuba akwamkelekanga kwaphela. Unako ukufunda ezi ncwadi ngendlela zemfundo kuphela xa abafundi sele ifunyenwe zembali ezi isiseko solwazi. Ukwandisa imimango zokufunda mpikiswano.

Imibhobho kunye nenkcubeko Russian kakhulu musa nje, kwaye kule ncwadi unika yakhe uvavanyo elibi, ebeka ityala ngqo uhlobo lo mhlaba, nto leyo eye walibumba yahluke kakhulu amaxabiso Western.

Zobulumko: Russian ne American

Ukukhetha bavume e Russia Imibhobho ikholelwa impazamo enkulu. Kodwa ukucaphula Chaadaeva yethu ngalo mba, kufuneka ukuqonda ngakumbi eninzi uye iimpawu ezizinzululwazi sobulumko Russian. Kunye Pipes Richard ( "Revolution Russian" kunye nezinye umsebenzi wakhe - ingqinisekiso ngqo yale) - emva ezininzi - imitya acatshulwe ayafana, apho Chaadaev ufumana umsantsa kunye impucuko yaseNtshona ngokunxulumene zoludwe Byzantium - bucala lolukhulu impucuko yamaKristu.

Apha sikhumbula ezinye ubuKatolika igazi uzuza omnye, yaba amasebe ezinkulu Ukholo: UHlaziyo nangoku "taxied". isebe yaseByzantium yobuKristu ayonto anamagazi; kwakungekho imikhankaso. Nkqu impikiswano nangakumbi uhlahlelo ngeembono Imibhobho 'kwi-nkqubo yethu Gogol kunye Pushkin, maxa wambi umangalisayo, kodwa kaninzi - ukuhleka.

ukufana okumangalisayo

Pipes Richard ( "Imvelaphi amalungelo oluntu" kwaye phantse zonke ezinye umsebenzi wakhe zibandakanya ulwazi zanikezelwa kule topic) ubona ezifanayo omkhulu phakathi kolawulo eSoviet Union kunye ku Germany. Oku waphinda awayesoloko ukuba iba ngathi uhlobo mantra, phantsi kwempembelelo apho nangoku ufumana ubuncinane ukucinga lubonakala kukungabikho ngamava obomi yabemi.

Kaninzi, yaye emilonyeni ezahlukeneyo ngoku kufuneka ukuva oku eyoyikekayo ubuxoki zabo kunye nengxelo sikweni yi. Oku neenkqubo zopolitiko, akukho nkqubo lwangaphakathi okanye lwangaphandle eyelele nayiphi na amanqanaba ubukho mazwe mabini aba bafana.

Njengoko yiSoviet Union wabulawa

Apha kuyimfuneko ukuze babone Imibhobho izandla ukugalelwa ngamanzi. Njengesiqhelo ke i "Intambanane 'ukusekwa American, nguye umohlwayileyo Reagan - njengomcebisi ukuba CIA kunye nentloko National Security Council of isebe - ukuthatha amanyathelo ezininzi kakhulu ukuba ingcinezelo nentshabalalo USSR. Yaba nguye lowo, ukuba ingcaphephe ngendlela yabo ukutolika imbali Russia, eUnited States waqinisekisa nguMongameli ukuba yiSoviet Union - a sondo ngemilenze udongwe.

koxinzelelo olukhulu lulandele emva eUnited States: Ukuxhasa mujahideen e Afghanistan kunye Chechnya, ukuwa kwamaxabiso oyile kunye nosungulo kumatshini ubuxoki kunye lombutho nothungelwano olubanzi yezikolo apho uqeqesho elizayo "Abahlaziyi abaselula". Network, ngasendleleni, kwafikela zonke republic elikomkhulu kunye namaziko ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi enkulu sobummandla kunye mmandla, yaye esi sikolo yee-enkulu kuhlala kwinqanaba kweekomiti karhulumente. Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, eSoviet Union iwa. Ngaba abalandeli Ndiyayincoma iincwadi "indlela ezimbini Russian." URichard Imibhobho iphumelele.

Russia akayi kuba ukubangisana?

Imibhobho ukholelwa ukuba kudala ngaphambi kokusekwa kwayo, eRashiya wenza nto waphupha ngale indima eluntwini ehlabathini. Injongo yale ngxelo yalo ukweyisela - nokuba akulohlazo ngakumbi ilizwe enkulu kuluntu (hayi kuphela West, kodwa ke ekhaya) uluvo.

Noko ke, Russia Imibhobho imbono ayibalulekanga kangaka. izenzo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kakuhle kubhekwe uphazamiso kwimicimbi zethu zangaphakathi. Geopolitics welizwe lethu kuxhomekeke kwindawo yayo eendawo, nto leyo endinga nje ukuba ibe ngamandla amakhulu. Umda inde, qhagamshelana ne-Europe, i Kude kunye noMbindi Mpuma - zonke iingxaki zehlabathi, kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye iziganeko zehlabathi nje asikwazi ukuthatha indawo ngaphandle kwenxaxheba yethu.

Imibhobho kunye nezazi Russian

Le Isazinzulu idumileyo wepolitiki waseMelika wazisa umsebenzi pre-revolution eRashiya, nezazi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umdla umbhali ayihambi radicals nje kwaye babebambelele, abo babebambelele khona inkampu ukuba wasivuna ukumkani, kobuOthodoki lobuzwilakhe. Ezithile esinye-sidedly ingqalelo le yinxalenye yabantu Russian uRichard Imibhobho. Ipropati kunye nenkululeko - Ngawo la macandelo mabini lwamaxabiso zakhe zehlabathi, apho iingxaki azizimelanga zodwa geqe ukusuka kwenye. Kodwa kuthekani inkalo ye sengqondo Russian, kusoloko lusekelwa phezu ngobuhlwempu bayo? Akuyi Imibhobho nje alizithathi kusenokwenzeka, yena bengazi ukuba khona kwalo.

Kodwa kanzima nje, yena othetha Buthi Verkhovod kwaye ngoku eRashiya, ukungaqondi engaqhelekanga - uhambele. Oku zezoqoqosho silinene, ukuphucula ilizwe ngenxa yabantu ekuthiwa umva ngemvelo hayi smart kakhulu, hayi ofumana naluphi amalinge okuqhubekayo. Oku isizwe zamahlathi njengabaphuphayo yemiyalelo kumaxesha, kuba ngamagosa bakhanyiselwa kunye neenkokheli zobuhlelo. A ngokwenene abantu abakrelekrele Imibhobho alizithathi, ngokungathi njengabangabangakho, akukho Herzen okanye Kropotkin okanye Bakunin okanye Lopatin okanye Plekhanov wayengenamdla. Kodwa demonization Vladimira Ilicha Lenina, umntu ezilikhulu izihlandlo ezininzi ophezulu-flying ingcinga bulumko, ngaphezu ingqalelo apha umbhali yaqala kwincwadi Richarda Paypsa.

wamagama

In imisebenzi Imibhobho yobuninzi zonke iintlobo iingcaphulo kunye iimbekiselo, ezo mbali Russian ndikutsalile efana kunye neNtshona yeYurophu. Kodwa ke ukufunda ngakumbi siqhubeka, kokukhona umbuzo othi: ingaba umbhali lo bahlekisa kuthi, ngezi iimbekiselo kulo mongo? Bacinge kukuba iitekisi iqanjwa iingcinga sele ezikhoyo kuloo phambi kokuqala zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ndakubona phakathi zobulumko Russian kunye nabalobi zonke iintlobo ngodaba ngenxa ezahlukeneyo ukuxhaphaza.

Xa ufunda kubonakala ukuba lo smart Imibhobho rassmeotsya kumqolo olandelayo, esithi yena babenza, njengoko kubhaliweyo ayikholeleki. Kodwa akukho. Imibhobho nangoku eqhubekile. Kwaye into ehlekisayo.