Nobel Prize winners Russia kunye yiSoviet Union physics, ezoqoqosho, kunye neencwadi

Nobel Amabhaso anikezwa ngonyaka e Stockholm (Sweden) kunye Oslo (Norway). Bona ingqalelo amabhaso eziliqela ezibalulekileyo zamazwe ngamazwe. Kusekwe zabo Alfred Nobel - i-Swedish umsunguli, ngeelwimi, tycoon, sezifundo sobulumko. Wangena phantsi imbali le Umsunguli dynamite (leyo elilodwa lomenzi ngo-1867), wadlala indima enkulu kuphuhliso lwamashishini iplanethi yethu. In iqulunqwe ngu Alfred Nobel baloko waxelelwa ukuba yonke imali yakhe ixabise-mali, injongo - ewonga amabhaso abo sikwazile ukuzisa inzuzo enkulu eluntwini.

I Nobel Prize

Prize imbasa namhlanje kwiinkalo of chemistry, inzululwazi, amayeza, uncwadi. Imbasa Prize Peace.

laureates Nobel Russian uncwadi, inzululwazi kunye economics ziza kuboniswa kweli nqaku. Uya simazi iibhayografi zabo, ezeza impumelelo.

ixabiso kaNobel iphezulu. Ngo-2010, ubukhulu yayo malunga $ 1.5 million.

I-Nobel Foundation yasekwa ngo-1890.

Russian Nobel Prize Laureates

Ilizwe lethu sibe nebhongo lamagama, ukumdumisa kwinkalo physics, uncwadi kunye economics. Nobel Prize winners Russia kunye yiSoviet Union kwezi ndawo zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Bunin I. A. (literature) - 1933.
• Cherenkov P. A., uFrank I. M. kunye wachaza oku I. E. (physics) - 1958.
• Pasternak BL (literature) - 1958.
• Andau L. D. (physics) - 1962.
• Basov N. G. kunye Prohorov A. M. (physics) - 1964.
• Sholohov M. A. (Literature) - 1965.
• Solzhenitsyn AI (literature) - 1970.
• Kantorovich L. V. (economics) - 1975.
• Kapitsa PL (physics) - 1978.
• Brodskiy I. A. (literature) - 1987.
• Alferov zh I. (physics) -. 2000.
• Abrikosov A. A. and Ginzburg, L. (physics) - 2003;
• Andre Geim kunye Novoselov uKonstantin (physics) - 2010.

Uluhlu ngethemba uza kuqhubeka kwiminyaka elandelayo. Nobel Prize winners Russia kunye eSoviet Union, amagama apho acatshulwe ngasentla, ziye zanikezelwa hayi ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kuphela kwiindawo ezifana physics, uncwadi kunye economics. Ukongeza, iinkokeli lizwe lethu waniphawula amayeza kunye zomzimba, imichiza, yaye bafumana amabhaso ezimbini ehlabathini. Ke kubo, singathetha ngelinye ixesha kwakhona.

KaNobel ku Physics

zesayensi abaninzi lizwe lethu zanikwa eli bhaso libaluleke kangaka. Sixelele okuninzi malunga ezinye zazo.

Wachaza oku Igor Evgenevich

Wachaza oku Igor Evgenevich (1895-1971) wazalelwa e Vladivostok. Yena unyana injineli yoluntu. Kulo nyaka, mna eScotland kwiYunivesithi Edinburgh, kodwa emva koko wabuyela ekhaya isidanga ngo-1918 kwi-Faculty of Physics. Isazinzulu elizayo waya ngaphambili kwi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, apho wakhonza umzalwana inceba. Ngowe-1933 wamela ithisisi zobugqirha bakhe, yaye emva konyaka, ngowe-1934, waba umphandi kwi-Institute of Physics. Lebedev. Le Scientist wayesebenza emasimini yenzululwazi, ethe wafunda kancinane. Ngoko ke, wafunda relativistic (okt, ezinxulumene ne imfundiso odumileyo ka, ecetywayo Albertom Eynshteynom) ukusetyenziswa quantum kunye nethiyori ye-ngumongo atomic. Xa 30 elivisayo ulawulwa kunye I. M. Frankom ukuba achaze ifuthe Cherenkov-Vavilov - eluhlaza incindi ukuvutha into eyenzeka phantsi kwempembelelo radiation gamma. Kungenxa yezi zifundo kamva wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel. Kodwa wachaza oku impumelelo yakhe iphambili kwinzululwazi ingqalelo umsebenzi isifundo kwamasuntswana cebetshu nuclei atomic.

Andau Lev Davidovich

Andau Lev Davidovich (1908-1968) wazalelwa Baku. Uyise wayesebenza njengomqhubi petroleum. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-iminyaka elishumi elinamithathu,-nzulu elizayo olugqibileyo kwikholeji iimbeko, yaye elinethoba, ngowe-1927, waphumelela kwiYunivesithi iLeningrad. Lev Davidovich waqhubeka nemfundo yakhe ndiniphangalalisa omnye wabafundi isidanga zezona ngcali zinetalente kwi kwivawutsha Commissar. Apha inxaxheba neesemina olwenziwe phambili zesayensi yaseYurophu - Paul Dirac kunye Max Wazalwa. Andau bebuyela ekhaya waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe. Kwiminyaka 26, kuye kwafikelelwa iqondo Doctor of Science, yaye kamva ngonyaka waba ngunjingalwazi. Kunye ne Lifshitsem Evgeniem Mihaylovichem, omnye wabafundi bakhe, waba isifundo esilungiselelwe abafundi iziqu kunye zesidanga physics theoretical component. P. L. Kapitsa wamema Lva Davidovicha ukusebenza kwiziko bakhe, kodwa emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa kamva sisazinzulu ngo-1937 xa ukulahlwa lobuxoki wabanjwa. Kwathi ke, umnyaka uphela wayengenalo ithemba yokuhlangula waba entolongweni, yaye ireferensi kuphela Stalin Kapitsa yasindisa ukuphila ubomi bakhe: Andau wakhululwa.

Italente sisazinzulu waba ezininzi. Wachaza le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa fluidity of helium elulwelo, wadala thiyori ulwelo quantum ndifunda oscillations of electron plasma.

Prohorov Aleksandr Mihaylovich

Prohorov Aleksandr Mihaylovich kunye Basov uNikolay Gennadevich, Russian abaphumelele Nobel Prize kwezesayensi yemvelo, wafumana eli bhaso libaluleke kangaka ngenxa kokusungulwa laser.

Prokhorov owazalelwa eOstreliya ngowe-1916, apho wayehlala nabazali bakhe ukususela 1911. Baye elubhacweni eSiberia ngurhulumente tsarist, waza wabaleka amazwe. Ngowe-1923, le ntsapho wabuyela sisazinzulu elizayo eSoviet Union. Alexander waphumelela honors evela Physics kwiSebe University iLeningrad waza wasebenza ukususela-1939 kwi-Institute. Lebedev. impumelelo lwakhe lwesayensi ezinxulumene nokwakheka radio. Le Isazinzulu lwaqhutywa ngo-1950 kunye nerediyo-rhoqo spectroscopy kubanjiswene ne Basovym Nikolaem Gennadevichem yaqulunqa ekuthiwa-masers - oscillators eziphilayo. Ngenxa kule fyabo, baye bafumana indlela ukwenza amaza erediyo wamandla. izifundo ezinjalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba oogxa babo Soviet luyaqhutywa Charlz Tauns, waseMelika physics, ngoko amalungu ekomiti wagqiba kwelokuba eli bhaso phakathi kwakhe kunye neengcaphephe Soviet.

Kapitsa Pet Leonidovich

Uluhlu iqhubeka "laureates yemvelo Russian Nobel". Kapitsa Pet Leonidovich (1894-1984) wazalelwa Kronstadt. Uyise ngumfo wamajoni, uLieutenant-Jikelele, kunye nomama wakhe - umqokeleli of lwemveli kunye notitshala edumileyo. PL Kapitsa ngo-1918 izidanga kwi-Institute e St. Petersburg, apho wayefunda phantsi Ioffe Abrama Fedorovicha, i yamachiza obalaseleyo. Kwimeko imfazwe yamakhaya kunye revolution ke akunakwenzeka ukuba isayensi. umfazi Kapitsa kunye ababini abantwana bakhe wafa ngexesha bhubhane yesifo. Le Isazinzulu wafudukela eNgilani ngowe-1921. Apha wasebenza odumileyo Cambridge University Centre kunye umcebisi yinzululwazi nguErnest Rutherford, yamachiza odumileyo. Ngowe-1923, uPeter Leonidovich waba ngugqirha zenzululwazi, yaye kwiminyaka emibini kamva - ilungu Trinity College - umbutho wawuyinyhweba izazinzulu.

UPyotr Leonidovich wasebenza ikakhulu physics zovavanyo. cryogenics ingakumbi abanomdla. yakhiwa Ingakumbi izifundo zakhe e-UK kunye ngoncedo Rutherford Laboratory, kwaye ngo-1934, i-nzulu idale ye yokunyibilika helium. Pet Leonidovich ngaloo minyaka lalidla ekhaya, yaye kutyelelo ukuba iinkokheli eSoviet ukukholisa sisazinzulu ukuze ahlale. Kwiminyaka 1930-1934 wazakhela laboratory ngokukodwa kweli lizwe ngenxa yakhe. Ekugqibeleni nje akazange kukhululwa eSoviet Union ngexesha kutyelelo olulandelayo. Ngoko Kapitsa waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe kakade apha, yaye ngo-1938 ukuya ukuvula le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa superfluidity. Kuba oku ngo-1978 yena wawongwa Prize Nobel.

Andre Geim and Novoselov uKonstantin

Andre Geim and Novoselov uKonstantin, Russian abaphumelele Nobel Prize physics, wafumana le mbasa Wawongwa ngo-2010 ukufunyanwa yakhe graphene. Le izinto entsha evumela ukuba kuyandisa kakhulu isantya imisebenzi intanethi. Kwathi kanti, oko makafake ukuguqula kumandla ombane ubungakanani bokukhanya izihlandlo 20 ngaphezu naziphi na izinto eyaziwa ngaphambili. Le kufunyenweyo yomhla we-2004. Ngoko ke zinezihloko kuluhlu "kaNobel Russian kule nkulungwane yama-21."

Prize for Literature

Ilizwe lethu usoloko idume ubuchule yayo yokuluka. Abantu nezimvo ngamanye amaxesha ephikisanayo kunye neembono - Russian laureates Nobel kwiincwadi. Ngoko ke, A. I. Solzhenitsyn and I. A. Bunin abachasene kolawulo eSoviet. Kodwa M. A. Sholohov wayesaziwa Communist azinikele. Nangona kunjalo, bonke Abaphumelele Nobel Prize Russia munye omnye - italente. Ngokuba kuye, baye bazukiswa eli bhaso libaluleke kangaka. "Indlela abaphumeleleyo ezininzi Nobel Prize for uncwadi eRashiya?" - eniyicelayo. Impendulo: kukho ezintlanu kuphela. Ngoku ukwethula ukuba ezinye zazo.

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich (1890-1960) wazalelwa eMoscow kwintsapho Leonida Osipovicha Pasternaka, artist odumileyo. UMama umbhali elizayo Rosalia Isidorovna, yaba nomdlali abanetalente. Mhlawumbi le nto Boris Leonidovich njengomntwana waphupha umsebenzi umqambi umkamntu, wafunda umculo kanye Skryabina A. N. Kodwa uthando kwimibongo iphumelele. Boris Leonidovich nodumo wazisa imibongo namabali "Gqirha Zhivago", enikelwe bayahlelwa koongqondo Russian, wamgwebela le ntlungu. Isibakala sokuba abahleli phephancwadi boncwadi, apho umbhali wanikela umbhalo wakhe, umsebenzi uthathwa anti-eSoviet yaye wala ukupapasha kuyo. Ke Boris Leonidovich wanika indalo yakhe phesheya, e-Italy, apho yapapashwa ngowe-1957. asebenza eSoviet iqiniso ukupapashwa kwinoveli kwi West ithandwa, kunye Boris Leonidovich wagxothwa Union kwi Writers '. Kodwa le noveli wazenzela Nobel Prize. Ukususela ngo-1946, umbhali kunye imbongi utyunjwe le mbasa, kodwa yanikwa kuphela ngo-1958.

Ekunikezelweni eli bhaso libaluleke kangaka oku, ngokutsho abaninzi, imveliso yakowabo anti-eSoviet na amagunya abanomsindo. Ngenxa yoko, BL sisongelwe ukugxothwa eSoviet Union kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukuphuma ekufumaneni i-Nobel Prize. Kuphela emva kweminyaka engama-30 Evgeny, unyana ka umbhali omkhulu, uyise wakhe wafumana imbasa kunye idiploma.

Solzhenitsyn Aleksandr Isaevich

Okumiselwe Solzhenitsyna Aleksandra Isaevicha kwakungekho ephawulekayo ngaphantsi umdla. Wazalwa ngo-1918 e-Kislovodsk, nobuntwana kunye neminyaka yokuqala kaNobel elizayo kwenzeka Rostov-on-Don kunye Novocherkassk. Emva kokuphumelela Faculty of Physics and Mathematics e Rostov University uAleksandr Isaevich wayengumfundisi yaye kwangaxeshanye, xa engekho Wabufunda eMoscow, kwi-Institute yoncwadi. Emva kokuqalisa kweMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, lowo uphumeleleyo elizayo odume kunayo ibhaso uxolo waya ngaphambili.

Solzhenitsyn, nje phambi kokuba imfazwe, wabanjwa. Isizathu soku ke ukugxekwa yakhe iidilesi Iosifa Stalina efumaneka oonobumba nombhali imingcele emkhosini. Kuphela ngowe-1953, emva kokufa Iosifa Vissarionovicha, wakhululwa. Le magazini "Yehlabathi Elitsha" ngowe-1962 apapasha inoveli yokuqala ngulo mbhali othi "Ngenye imini Ivana Denisovicha", nto leyo ithetha ubomi babantu enkampini. iimagazini zoncwadi uninzi zilandelayo imisebenzi Solzhenitsyn yoshicilelo wala. Isizathu ukubabiza yokuqhelaniswa anti-eSoviet. Kodwa Aleksandr Isaevich akazange anikezele. Yena, njengo Pasternak kwendisa ngaphandle ngqangi yakhe, apho ke ziye zapapashwa. Ngowe-1970, i-Nobel Prize e Literature yanikezelwa kuye. Kumsitho iimbasa umbhali Stockholm andizange ndiye, kuba abasemagunyeni eSoviet akazange avunyelwe ukuba ashiye ilizwe. ESoviet Union akuvumelekanga, kwaye abameli weKomiti yeNobel, uza kunikezela ophumeleleyo ibhaso kwilizwe lakhe.

Ngokumalunga bayahlelwa umbhali, ngowe-1974 wagxothwa eli lizwe. Ekuqaleni wayehlala eSwitzerland, emva koko wafudukela US apho wayekhona wanika emva kwexesha kakhulu Nobel Prize. Kwi-West, yanyatheliswa imisebenzi yakhe zaziwa ngokuba "Nqabakazi Gulag" "Amagama kuqala," "Umhlaza Ward." Solzhenitsyn ngo-1994 wabuyela eRashiya.

Ezi laureates Nobel Russia. Uluhlu zincediswe elinye igama, leyo kunqunyukelwa ukukhankanya.

Sholohov Mihail Aleksandrovich

Siya kukuxelela ngomnye wababhali Patriotic Great - Sholohove Mihaile Aleksandroviche. Isiphelo sakhe sahlukile ngaphezu iqela urhulumente waseSoviet (Pasternak kunye Solzhenitsyn), kuba ixhasa urhulumente. UMikhail Alexandrovich (1905-1980) wazalelwa kwi-Don. Wachaza ngoko Veshenskaia, kwilizwe yakhe encinane, kwimisebenzi emininzi. UMikhail Sholokhov wagqiba esikolweni 4 kuphela. Yathatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo imfazwe yamakhaya ezibangele ukuba ukhethe kwiintsalela ingqolowa osisityebi Cossacks suborder. Umbhali elizayo wayesele ebutsheni bakhe waziva ubizo lwakhe. Ngowe-1922 waya eMoscow, kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva waqala ukuzivakalisa iimagazini namaphephandaba amabali zabo kuqala. Ngowe-1926, kwakukho ingqokelela "emathafeni Azure" yaye "amabali Don". Ngo-1925 waqalisa ukusebenza ngomhla inoveli "nenzolo aqukuqela i Don", azinikele ubomi Cossacks kwixesha ezibalulekileyo (War Civil, Revolution, iMfazwe Yehlabathi I). Ngowe-1928 kwafika nokuzikhanyisa inxalenye yokuqala yalo msebenzi, yaye 30 eyagqitywa waza waba ngaphezulu creative Sholokhov. Ngowe-1965, umbhali lawongwa ngebhaso Nobel ngo Literature.

laureates Russian Nobel kweZoqoqosho

Ilizwe lethu kule ntsimi Akuzange kubekho kangaka njengoko iincwadi kunye physics, apho kukho ezininzi i laureates Russian. Prize Economics usaqhubeka kuphela nje omnye compatriot wethu. Sixelele okungakumbi ngalo.

Kantorovich Z Vitalevich

laureates Russian Nobel nakwezoqoqosho zimelwe ngamagama enye kuphela. Kantorovich Z Vitalevich (1912-1986) yeyona ngezoqoqosho kuphela Russia ukuba kunikwa le umvuzo. Yena wazalwa Isazinzulu kwintsapho kagqirha eSt Petersburg. Abazali bakhe ebudeni bemfazwe yamakhaya, wabaleka, waya kuhlala Belarus, apho wachitha unyaka. Vitaly Kantorowicz, uyise Kantorovich wabhubha ngo-1922. Ngowe-1926, i-nzulu elizayo wangena ngentla iLeningrad University, apho wayefunda, ukongeza iinzululwazi zendalo, imbali wanamhla, yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko, imathematika. Faculty of Mathematics kwaye bathweswa izidanga ekupheleni kweminyaka eli-18 ubudala, ngo-1930. Emva koko Kantorovich wahlala kwiyunivesithi njengomfundisi. -22, Z V. uba unjingalwazi, kunye nonyaka kamva - kunye nogqirha. Ngowe-1938 wamiselwa-mveliso ilebhu Umcebisi ngamaplanga, apho umsebenzi wokudala indlela ulwabiwo lwezibonelelo eyahlukileyo bawandise loKusebenza owenziwa phambi kwakhe. Ngoko ke yasekwa indlela ekubunjweni kweenkqubo. Ngo-1960 i sisazinzulu wafudukela naseNovosibirsk, apho ngelo xesha iziko computer ebeliqulunqwe ngalo, uninzi phambili kweli lizwe. Apha waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe. In naseNovosibirsk Scientist waphila de-1971. Ngeli xesha ke wawongwa Prize Lenin. Ngowe-1975 yena bawongwa, kunye T. Koopmans Nobel Prize, abasamkelayo ngegalelo lakhe kwithiyori ulwabiwo lwezibonelelo.

Ezi ke Russian laureates eziphambili Nobel. 2014 yayiphawuleka ngokufumana le Prize Patrick Modiano (literature), Isamu Akasaki, uHiroshi Amano, Shuji Nakamura (physics). Zhan Tirol wafumana ibhaso kummandla wezoqoqosho. Phakathi kwazo kukho laureates Nobel Russian. 2013 Kwakhona eli bhaso libaluleke kangaka ngenxa bakuthi. Bonke abaphumeleleyo babe nabameli bamanye amazwe.